CIRCUIT-ACTION Qu,z • 709

KEY FORMULAS
Comparator
R2
13-1 VUTP = R1 + R2 (+ Vo11t(max)) Upper trigger point

13-2 VLTP = Ri R2+ R2 (-Vo11t(max)) Lower trigger point

13-3 VHYs = VUTP - VLTP Hysteresis voltage

Summing Amplifier
13-4 VoUT = -(V1N1 + V1N2 + ••• + VJN11) n-input adder

13-S Adder with gain

13-6 Scaling adder with gain

Integrator and Differentiator

l:!.Vo,u
13-7 - - = -V;n
- Integrator output rate of
6.t RiC
change

13-8 Vo.,= -(~c)R c 1 Differentiator output

voltage with ramp input

TRUE/FALSE QUIZ Answers can be found at www.pearsonhighered.com/f1oyd.

1. The output of a comparator has two states.
2. The reference voltage on a comparator input establishes the gain.
3. Hysteresis incorporates positive feedback.
4. A comparator with hyteresis has two trigger points.
5. A summing amplifier can have more than two inputs.
6. The gain of a summing amplifier must always be unity (I).
7. DAC stands for digital-to-analog comparator.
8. An Rll.R ladder circuit ii. one fonn of DAC.
9. An integrator produces a ramp when a step input is applied.
10. In a practical integrator, a resistor is connected across the capacitor.
11. When a triangular waveform is applied to a differential, a sine wave appears on the output.
12. In a practical differentiator, a resistor is connected in series with the capacitor.

CIRCUIT-ACTION QUIZ An~rs can be found at www.pearsonhlghered.com/f1oyd.

1. If R2 opens in the comparator of Figure 13-3, the output voltage amplirude will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
2. Jn the trigger circuit of Figure 13-9, if R 1 is decreased to 50 kO, the upper trigger-point
voltage will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
710 • BASIC OP-AMP CIRCUITS

3. If the zener diodes in Figure 13-13 are changed to ones with a rating of 5.6 V, the output volt-
age amplitude will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
4. If the top resistor in Figure 13-22 opens, the output voltage will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
5. If VIN2 is changed to -1 Vin Figure 13-22, the output voltage will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
6. If VINt is increased to 0.4 V and VIN2 is reduced to 0.3 V in Figure 13-23, the output voltage
will
{a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
7. If VIN3 is changed to -7 Vin Figure 13-24, the output voltage will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
8. If R1in Figure 13-25 opens, the output voltage will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
9. If the value of C in Figure 13-35 is reduced, the frequency of the output waveform will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
10. If the frequency of the input waveform in Figure 13-40 is increased, the amplitude of the
output voltage will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change

SELF-TEST Answers can be found-at www.pearsonhighered.com/f1oyd.

Section 13-1 1. In a zero-level detector, the output changes state when the input
(a) is positive (b) is negative (c) crosses zero (d) has a zero rate of change
2. The zero-level detector is one application of a
(a) comparator (b) differentiator (c) summing amplifier (d) diode
3. Noise on the input of a comparator can cause the output to
(a) hang up in one state
(b) go to zero
(c) change back and forth erratically between two states
(d) produce the amplified noise signal
4. The effects of noise can be reduced by
(a) lowering the supply voltage (b) using positive feedback
(c) using negative feedback (d) using hysteresis
(e) answers (b) and {d)
S. A comparator with hysteresis
(a) has one trigger point (b) has two trigger points
(c) has a variable trigger point (d) is like a magnetic circuit
6. In a comparator with hysteresis,
(a) a bias voltage is applied between the two inputs
(b) only one supply voltage is used
(c) a portion of the output is fed back to the inverting input
(d) a portion of the 04tput is fed back to the noninverting input
7. Using output bounding in a comparator
(a) maJces it faster (b) keeps the output positive
(c) limits the output levels (d) stabilizes the output
Section 13-2 8. A summing amplifier can have
(a) only one input (b) only two inputs (c) any number of inputs
 PROBLEMS ♦ 711

r 9. If the voltage gain for each input of a summing amplifier with a 4. 7 kfl feedback resistor is
unity, the input resistors must have a value of
(a) 4.7 k!1
(b) 4.7 k!1 divided by the number of inputs
(c) 4.7 k!1 times the number of inputs
10. An averaging amplifier has five inputs. The ratio RtfR; must be
(a) 5 (b) 0.2 (c) I
11. In a scaling adder, the input resistors are
(a) all the same value (b) all of different values
(c) each proportional to the weight of its input (d) related by a factor of two
Section 13-3 12. In an ideal integrator, the feedback element is a
(a) resistor (b) capacitor (c) zener diode (d) voltage divider
13. For a step input, the output of an integrator is
(a) a pulse (b) a triangular waveform (c) a spike (d) a ramp
14. The rate of change of an integrator's output voltage in response to a step input is set by
(a) the RC time constant (b) the amplitude of the step input
(c) the current through the capacitor (d) all of these
15. In a differentiator, the feedback element is a
(a) resistor (b) capacitor (c) zener diode (d) voltage divider
16. The output of a differentiator is proportional to
(a) the RC time constant (b) the rate at which the input is changing
(c) the amplitude of the input (d) answers (a) and (b)
17. When you apply a triangular waveform to the input of a differentiator, the output is
(a) a de level (b) an inverted triangular waveform
(c) a square waveform (d) the first harmonic of the triangular waveform

PROBLEMS Answers t.o all odd-numbered problems are at the end of the book.
BASIC PROBLEMS
Section 13-1 Comp.irators
1. A certain op-amp has an open-loop gain of 80,000. The maximum saturated output levels of
this particular device are ± I 2 V when the de supply voltages are ± 15 V. If a differential
voltage of 0.15 mV rms is applied between the inputs, what is the peak-to-peak value of the
output?
2. Determine the output level (maximum positive or maximum negative) for each comparator in
Figure 13-60.

+
sv-=-
~
(a) (b) (c)

.A FIGURE 13-60