IT CHAPTER ONE SUMMARY ‫عمل الطالب محمد بن عبدهللا بن هالل الرمحي التنسونا من صالح دعائكم‬

PART1-COMPUTER BASICS
THE COMPUTER DEFINITION:
1. It is an electronic machine that takes data as input operation, processes data as processing operation, generates required
information as output operation and, stores it if desired

Computer system

# Computer system: It is made up of multiple electronic components that consist of four broad
categories, serving in the information processing cycle.

# Important definition about the information processing cycle:

1.Inpout: Those components helping user to insert data to the computer

2.Output: Those components providing results of processing to the user

3.Processing: Those components moving and processing data inside the computer

4.Storage: Those components storing software and data until it is needed

characteristics of Computer

#Characteristics of computer are as follows:

1. High seed

2.Storge: there are many types of storge some storge can store large amounts of data while other storge can recall data very fast

3.Accuracy (‫(الدقة‬: computers are completely accurate; this means that computers are 100% error free.

*Important note: computers errors usually come from a data input error or software error.

4.Reliability (‫(المصداقية‬: computers are machine that operate according to their hardware and software specification for a long
period of time. They are also designed to be easily maintained.

5.versatility (‫)البراعة‬: computer can perform multiple tasks simultaneously (‫)الوقت ذاته‬.

6.Diligence: computers don’t have any human traits.

7.Rersource sharing: computers can connect to other devices and share their resources or vice versa.

Types of computers: important types of computers

#Microcomputers or PCs (Personal Computers): are small and inexpensive, designed for a single user. Although, they are
designed for a single user those can be linked to another device to form or join a network computer.

*Types of Microcomputers:

1. Desktop computers: are usually used at home, work, or school. These are designed to be positioned on a
desk and are usually a collection of system unit, keyboard, mouse and monitor.

2. Laptops or Notebooks: are battery-powered computers and are portable, letting users to use them everywhere.

3. Tablet computers: handheld and easy to carry laptops, they provide touch screen option for keying and
navigation
4. Smartphones: are devices those are the combination of a mobile phone and a handheld computer. They can
perform the tasks like computers, such as, surfing the internet, and using desktop applications etc.

Computer types supercomputers Mainframe computers Minicomputers

(Enterprise servers) (Midrange servers)
size Occupy the whole floor Occupy big room Midsize servers

cost The most expensive expensive Not given

speed The fastest fast normal

Power of computing Hundreds of millions of Powerful server can supporting only hundreds of
instructions per second handle thousands of users simultaneously from 4
users simultaneously and to 200 clients.
capable of processing
and storing large
amounts of business
data

The usage nuclear energy research, those are part of network Not given
weather forecasting, system, also support
electronic designing, many program
evaluation of geological applications and execute
information, and scientific them simultaneously
simulation
Types of
computer

PAERT2-HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Basic Parts of a Computer: A computer’s basic parts are made up of the system unit, keyboard,
monitor and mouse

(A) The System Unit:

1. power supply: It is used to convert AC (Alternative Current) power to low-regulated voltage DC

(Direct Current) power that can be supplied to the components of the computer system. Each wire
carries a different voltage. Each connector has appropriate wires to deliver the exact voltage required

2. Motherboard: It is the major circuit board, on which all components are placed and connected. It contains
Central Processing Unit, RAM, ROM, connectors for (HDD, Optical Drive CD/DVD/BD), expansion slots,
network interface card etc. The expansion slots they have and the external ports they support.

#Imopratant note: Expansion Slot

- It adds capabilities that are not available on the motherboard. It is used to insert an expansion card such as a
graphic card, a network card or a sound card, which gives additional features to a computer.
3. Memory:

#Types of memory:

(1) RAM (Random Access Memory): It is used as a temporary storage space, in which the CPU has
direct access to stored data, programs or results. When the computer is shutdown or the power is cut-
off, the content of DRAM would be lost or cleared.

(2) ROM (Read Only Memory): is type of primary memory that is a small chip located in motherboard, stores the instructions
permanently. This chip is used during the start-up of the computer. The program inside ROM includes a function called POST
(Power-On Self-Test).

#Imopratant note: POST (Power-On Self-Test) It is a program used to diagnose and test the hardware
and software components of the computer.

3. Central Processing Unit (CPU): CPU consists of Control Unit, Arithmetic and Logical Unit and
Register. It holds millions of small transistors and pathways those carry the information, instructions,
perform calculations as per the given commands, and generates the output as per the given
command.

(*) Control Unit (CU): controls and sequences all the processes performed by processor. It
manages the flow of data through the components of the CPU. It organizes the whole
computer, gets commands from the RAM and ROM, understands and acts on the commands,
generate signals for the other parts of computer to perform different tasks, guides and
controls the actions of the input and output devices.

(*) Arithmetical and Logical Unit (ALU): does the actual processing. It carries out arithmetic tasks, such as: +, -, *, / and logic
operations, such as: >, >=, <=, = <>, AND, OR, NAND, NOR on the operands in computer instruction words.

(*) Register: is one of a small set of data holding places those are the part of a computer processor. It may hold an instruction, a
storage address, or any other kind of data. The size of the register is expressed in bits. Nowadays, the available capacity of
register is 32-bit and 64-bit or more.

PART3-DATA REPRESENTATION:

The smallest unit of data in a computer is BIT.A bit is a single binary digit and has a value of 1or 0.

# CUP CORES: Modern CPUs have multiple cores, so they can complete multiple tasks simultaneously as if they physically were
more than one CPU. A core consists of a separate set of CPU components (CU, ALU and register).

(*) Important note: The CPU’s cores are in the same chip. An example of a CPU that has one or more cores is Core 2 or Dual Core.
These CPUs have 2 cores. Quad-Core CPU means it has 4 cores, and Octa-Core CPU means 8 cores.
#Caches memory: A cache is a small amount of very fast memory located near or
within the CPU.

We use caches memory to minimize the latency between the CPUs and normal
memory types. The CPU is sometimes idle because of delays between the request
for data and the delivery of data from the memory. The bus (pathway) between
the memory and the CPU is not fast as the CPU’s internal speed, so several clock
cycles may pass when the CPU is processing this action. The delay caused by the
waiting for another component to deliver data is called latency.

#Types of caches memories: L1, L2 and L3

Table 1.2 shows how cache make a difference in delivering data from the different levels of cache and the main memory.

#CPU Performance Factor:

 The CPU maximum speed, which is measured in billions of hertz (cycles per second) or gigahertz (GHz). Gigahertz means
1,000,000,000=10 Hertz.

 Another factor is the CPU word size, which is the number of bits that the CPU (per core if it is multicore) can accept as input
simultaneously. CPUs usually have 32-bit or 64-bit word size.

 Number of Cores

 Cache existence and its size.

(*) Important note: To show CPU, RAM and Disk properties of any PC that use MS. Windows, only press on the keyboard keys
“CTRL + SHIFT + ESC “to open Task Manager then click more details and select Performance.

4. Computer Ports:

#Types of ports:

1. Universal Serial Bus (USB): is most common multipurpose port that connects all types of external devices such as external hard
disk, flash disk, printer, scanner, digital camera, mouse, keyboard and even smartphones.

o There is difference between type of USB and Data Transfer protocol of the USB:

 USB types refer to the shape of the port and connector

 While (Data Transfer protocol) refer to the technology used in that type.
#USB types (table):

(*) Important notes:

(A) the symbol indicates that the port

support video, so that port can be connected direct to the monitor.

(B) USB4: Was developed in 2019 by intel and Apple which used thunderbolt 3
technology from Apple company with speed = 40 Gbps. Thunderbolt 3 ports,
used by Apple, are fully compatible with USB devices and cables, the port and
connectors come in Type C.

(C) The USB type C (USB 3.1 and USB 4) will substitute most or all port for many reasons:

1. The connector can be inserted in both sides.

2. It can be used for charging Laptops.

3. The speed of transmission is very high from 10Gbps to 40 Gbps.

(D) Ethernet port (RJ-45): this port used to connect to the network or high-speed internet.

(e) Audio port (3.5mm port): it used to plug speakers, headphones and microphones.

-green for speakers and headphones

-bule for line input

-pink for microphones

(F)Display adapter: is used to connect a computer monitor.

Display Adapter types abbreviation figure

Video Graphics Array

VGA
Digital Visual Interface DVI

The High-Definition HDMI

Multimedia Interface
#Input Devices: Input devices allow the user to communicate with the operating system and application.

Types input device The usage Figure

Keyboard enable to enter typed data

and this is the basic way to
communicate with the
computer

* Mechanical mouse: which has

a rubber ball underneath.

*Optical mouse: which uses LED (Light Emitting Diode)

*Enable the user to move the * Trackball: with a ball on top or on one side that
onscreen pointer
you roll with the fingers
Pointing device
*Touch Pad:

* Light Pen

*The scanner will convert the

Scanner paper document into a digital
file such as jpeg, tiff or even a
pdf file.
converts human voice data
Voice data entre into a digital signal.

* Stored digital images or

Digital Camera video that can be transferred
to a computer
*Used with internet
Web Camera applications for video chatting
or video conferencing.

*Is a character -recognition

Magnetic Ink Card technology used to ease the
process of determining the
Reader (MICR)
validity of cheques, which use
special type of ink. The ink
holds the contents of
magnetic substance that is
machine readable.

*It is a device that scan the

handwritten printed text and
Optical Character
convert to machine-readable
Reader (OCR)
code

*Bar Code and QR code *Is a device used to read bar

Reader coded data or QR (Quick
Response) Code. It scans ‘1D’
bar coded or ‘2D’ QR coded
image and sends to computer
(*) Notes:

*Bar coded data: it is 1D

*QR (Quick Response) Code Scanner:

*Is a 2D barcode, a square panel with encoded data in both dimensions.

*QR code can store more data than bar codes.

#Out pout devices: make the computer’s processed information available to the user.

1.Display screen: is a video screen that the computer uses to provide information to a user.

*Types of display screen:

Types of display screen Definition Figure

LED (Light Emitting Diode)
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

display large sized images, videos

or computer data on a flat white
Digital projector
surface or wall

2.printer: is used to print information on the paper and is referred as hard copy.

*Types of printers:

Types of printers Definition Figure

It creates image on the page by striking the page It prints letter by letter
Dot Matrix through an inked ribbon. so is slow
sprays liquid ink on the page through a set of very It prints line by line
Inkjet Printer small nozzles (ink jets). it uses either heat or so is faster than
electricity to squirt out the ink through the nozzles.
a dot matrix.
It can handle high- volume printing, it produces good- It prints page by page
Laser Printer quality and high-resolution output. A laser printer prints
by creating an image of the page on a rotating drum so, it is faster
(toner) using varying levels of electrical charges . than other types of printers.

is a large-format printer that can create high Plotter is available in

Plotter precision drawings like blueprints, maps, and inkjet or laser technology.
engineering drawings.

is new technology in printing that uses plastic resin,

3D Printer rather than ink. It lays down layers of plastic in a
particular arrangement to produce a 3D object.
#Storage Device: A storage device is where programs and data are stored or written for a long period of time or permanently. It
is also used for carrying data from one computer to another. It is not accessible directly to the CPU that is why slower for
read/write operation.

*Types of internal disks:

Type of disk Definition capacity Figure

stores the digital information in the form It could store up around
Magnetic Tape of recording. It is packed in cartridge and
100 TB of data.
plastic case.
It is composed of 4-6 metallic disk platters 500 GB/1TB/ 2TB/3 TB
Hard Disk Drive and both sides of the disk are used for
or more
(HDD) data storage except the upper and lower
disk. It is very sensitive that is why the
casing is protectively sealed
No moving mechanical components such ON MENTIONED
Solid State Drive as HD. SSD has a larger capacity than USB
(SSD) where the microcontroller is optimized to
improving the throughput
The fastest internal disk
*Types of external disks:

Type of disk Definition capacity Figure

is a portable hard disk that is used 500 GB/ 1TB/ 2TB / 4TB or
External Hard Disk to carry data from a computer or as
more.
a backup device.

Flash Drive _ (2/4/8/16/32/64/128/256/512)

GB
1TB or 2TB
is an optical device use a laser 1. Compact Disk (CD): 700MB
Optical Disk beam to store data.
2. Digital Versatile Disk (DVD):
4.5GB per layer or 8.4GB per
double layers
3. Blu-ray Disk (BD):
25GB per single layer and 50GB
per double layer and 100GB
and 128GB on a BD-XL format

(*) Important notes:

A. An internal hard disk is faster than an external hard disk.

*Types of optical disks:

Types of optical disks Definition capacity

Compact Disk (CD) It uses red beams to store data. 700MB

Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) It uses red beams to store data. 4.5GB per layer or 8.4GB per double
layers

Blu-ray Disk (BD) It uses blue beams to store data. 25GB per single layer and 50GB per
double layer and 100GB and 128GB on
a BD-XL format
#Optical Disk Drives:

(*) The fastest and slowest memory speed:

#Communication Device: A hardware component that can transmit an analog or digital signal on a telephonic network,
transmission lines or wireless networks.

Types of Communication Device Definition of the device figure

Modem is a device that can send and receive

data over a telephone network.

Network Interface Card Ethernet card, used to connect a

computer with a network by using a wire
(NIC) (cable) with wired NIC or without wire,
through wireless NIC.

Switch and Router * Switch is a network device that

connects computers inside a network
* Router is a device that connects
several networks and connect network
with internet.

Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) connects a computer or other equipment

wirelessly
Device

PART4-SOFTWARE COMPONENTS:

(*) Software components:

(A)Definition of software: A program that made to accomplish a particular task.

(B)Definition of program: it is series of commands written to find the solution of a specific problem.

(*) Types of software:

1. System software. 2. Application software.

(*) System software: Which makes the computer start and keep it running, perform elementary tasks.

(1) running application. (2) files management. (3) correction errors.

(*) System software includes the following:

(1) BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). (2) operating system.

(3) system utilities that add many maintenance functions.

(*) BIOS (Basic Input/Output System):

1. It is permanent program inside ROM.

2. BIOS work steps:

(A)Booting process start in black screen when the computer turned ON

(B)BIOS automatically run and preforms POST (The POST is a part of the BIOS
program).

(C) The POST ensures that all critical hardware devices are functioning properly,
including the CPU, RAM, and the motherboard.

(D) If the POST discovers any problem, an error message will appear on black screen or beep sound will be heard.

(F) If there is no problem then the BIOS looks for the operating system to complete the boot process and load it to the RAM.

(*) Operating system: a set of programs that control the resource of the computer.

(1) the functions of operating system:

 Provides user interface to give commands and receive feedback.

 Performs communication with hardware and instructs it for necessary actions to accomplish task.

 Runs programs and manage.

 Performs controlling and management for the file storage.

*Important information:

Examples of operating systems are Unix, Linux, Mac OS, Microsoft Operating Systems (MS-DOS, Windows 3.1, 95, 98, 2000, NT,
XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10) and includes Android and IOS for mobile phones.

(*) System Utilities:

(A) These programs work with operating system

and perform services that keep OS running
smoothly.

(B)These programs are developed to:(customize, analyze, configure, and maintain) the
computer.

(C)Windows come with built-in system utilities. However, it needs to have other programs
such as, Anti-virus, Backup and Restore, Data compression, Disk cleaner and File manager.

(*) Device Driver: it used to control a particular hardware; it works with OS to makes suer
the device works correctly. And

It tells computer how the device is working.

(*) Application software (end-user programs):

(A) It is designed to accomplish a range of coordinated functions, tasks or activities that benefit the user
(B) Categories of Application Software:

1_General Purpose Software (off-the shelf” software (ready-made) or Package software): word processors, spreadsheets,
graphical designing software, databases, desktop publishing software, multimedia applications, and web browsers.

2_Custom Software (Tailor-made software): the software used by the military, missile operation, hospital application software,
banking system software.

(C) Programming Language:

1_is a software used to create programs, controls the behavior of a machine or to express an algorithm.

Example: Java, C++, Visual Basic, Python, and Ruby.

2_Each programming language needs a compiler or interpreter to convert the source code from a programming language into a
machine code.

Example: Visual Basic, C++, while interpreter used by: Python and Ruby.

(D) Virus: It is a program that could harm other programs by changing their properties. And Antivirus is a software developed to
detect and remove computer viruses.

(*) End-user License Agreement (EULAs):

A_ you have to this agreement accept if you want to install the software and if you press cancel then you can’t download it.

(*) software copyright: A protection for any software from copying or installation without fully licensed

A_ types of software have copyright:

(1) Commercial Software: purchased to get a license key which is needed for the installation of the program.

(2) Shareware: programs that can be used at no cost for a particular period of time, with limitations and restrictions.

Example: Mac OS X and Microsoft office.

(3) Freeware (General Public License (GPL)): programs that is available for use without any cost but with restrictions, such as it
can’t be modified, re-distributed and re-engineered without the author’s permission.

(*) open-source software (Public Domain Software): It is free from copyright, and the source code is available for everyone to
use. So, we can freely use, modify, and sell it to others.

Example: Linux.

(*) Plagiarism: Is the use of other work, without giving the credit, and posing that the work belongs to us.

(*) Copyright infringements: Apply the original work, which has a copyright, could get us sued.

(*) How to buy a computer?

1_ Purpose. 2_Price. 3_ Operating System. 4_ Size. 5_Proscesser. 6_Memory. 7_Storage. 8_Brand. 9_warranty.

PART5-WORKPLACE AND ENGONMICS:

(*) Ergonomics (‫)ﺑﯾﺋﺔ اﻟﻌﻣل‬: is the design and arrangement of a workplace and devices for the human usage (like human posture,
sitting position) so the user could work together with the device towards maximum efficiency and safety.

(A)Injuries related to computers:

1_Aches and pains due to bad posture. 3_Eye strain.

2_Repetitive strain injury (RSI). 4_ Electric shocks due to dangerous wiring.

(*) Workplace should have:

 Adequate lighting and ventilation.

 Appropriately positioned monitor.

 Indirect sunlight.

 A comfortable desk with good leg room.

 An adjustable chair.

‫ﺗﻢ ﺤﻤﺪ ﷲ‬
#STUDENT NOTES AND FEEDBACK:

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