SMART TRAFFIC LIGHT SYSTEM

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Fig.1 smart traffic light system

The project is aimed at designing a density based dynamic traffic signal
system where the timing of signal will change automatically on sensing the
traffic density at any junction. Traffic congestion is a severe problem in most
cities across the world and therefore it is time to shift more manual mode or
fixed timer mode to an automated system with decision making capabilities.
Present day traffic signalling system is fixed time based which may render
inefficient if one lane is operational than the others. To optimize this problem
we have made a framework for an intelligent traffic control system.
Sometimes higher traffic density at one side of the junction demands longer
green time as compared to standard allotted time We, therefore propose
here a mechanism in which the time period of green light and red light is
assigned on the basis of the density of the traffic present at that time.

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This is achieved by using PIR (proximity Infrared sensors). Once the density
is calculated, the glowing time of green light is assigned by the help of the
microcontroller (Arduino).

The sensors which are present on sides of the road will detect the presence
of the vehicles and sends the information to the microcontroller(Arduino)
where it will decide how long a flank will be open or when to change over the
signal lights. In subsequent sections, we have elaborated the procedure of
this

OVERVIEW

The overview of this project is to implement Density based traffic controlling

system using IR technology and Arduino controller. Arduino is very efficient
architecture which can be used for low end security systems and IR is widely
adapted technology for communication.
1.2 Purpose
Purpose of the current work is to study and analyse the counting and
controlling system by using Arduino controller.
1.3 Scope
Current work focuses on how to use effectively IR and Arduino controllers for
digital security systems.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

1. Research by R.S.Karthiga .1,J.Vanmathi,D.Dharani .2 ,

Ms.S.Janaranjani.3, P.Sudarsan have been done to improve the
intelligence and dynamicity of traffic light systems. All these researches
are geared towards reducing heavy traffic congestions.
2. These traffic congestions caused by improper control of vehicles lead to
stress, time wastage, accidents, excess fuel consumption, economic
problems and high emission of carbon monoxide (CO). Researchers
have based their propositions focusing more on the sensing technology
communication and decision making strategies .
3. Aziz Yuldashev in his work de-signed a traffic light control system based
on vehicle density in VANET. Based upon the priority algorithm and
vehicle density, the traffic light was dynamically changing the waiting
time .The VANET communication was used to design an adaptive traffic
light where the vehicle waiting time in traffic signals is reduced
4. In a conference paper published by Bilal Ghazal .1, Khaled
ElKhatib .2 ,Khaled Chahine.3 Mohamad Kherfan., they studied and
developed an intelligent traffic control system that dynamically

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allocates green light time using vehicular actuated signaling so as to

minimize the waiting time of vehicles at intersections .
5. The methodology adopted involved the calculation and allocation of the
time required by each road based on the traffic density.
6. Vinidha RA, Banuprakash PR, Paul G, Asir NR, and Prasad L 2017, et al
considered two modes of traffic light sequence. One is the normal
sequence while the other is the emergency sequence. They designed a
system that can change its sequence back to the normal sequence
after triggering for the emergency modes by using the Programmable
Integrated Circuit (PIC) 16F877A microcontroller programmed in the C
language.
7. Vahedha, Naga J, et al used video processing technique to calculate the
density of vehicles on each road by simply subtract back-ground image
from the foreground and then applying some morphological operations
to determine the number of vehicles waiting on each road .
8. In the article published by Kirushnacumar A, Arun M, Kirubanand A,
Mukesh S, and Aravindan, A, et al, they proposed a traffic light control
system controlled by using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Their
model presents a realtime adaptive system based on wireless sensors
for intelligent control
9. Stefan Lammer, et al proposed a self-control of traffic lights that is
constructed using Optimization strategy. It uses priority based
scheduling to measure vehicle queue length and the traffic light timing
upon queue length such that an instability in the queue length causes
the traffic signal time to be changed while a stable queue length causes
no change in the traffic model

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2.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Traffic congestion is a significant issue in urban areas, leading to

increased travel times, fuel consumption, and pollution. Traditional
traffic light control systems operate on fixed time intervals, which do not
adapt to real-time traffic conditions. As a result, traffic congestion and
delays occur, especially during peak hours. The problem statement for
this study is to design and develop a density-based traffic light control
system that dynamically adjusts signal timings based on the density of
vehicles at intersections. The goal is to improve traffic flow, reduce
congestion, and enhance overall transportation efficiency.

2.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVE

1. Evaluate system performance: Conduct simulations or field tests to

assess the performance of the density-based traffic light control
system. Measure key performance indicators such as average travel
time, queue length, and vehicle throughput. Compare the results with
traditional fixed-time control systems to quantify the improvements
achieved.

1. Consider safety and pedestrian needs: Ensure that the proposed traffic
light control system incorporates pedestrian safety measures, allowing
sufficient time for pedestrians to cross the road safely. Design
algorithms that strike a balance between optimizing vehicle flow and
providing adequate pedestrian access.

1. Address scalability and feasibility: Consider the scalability of the

proposed system, as it should be adaptable to different intersections
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and capable of handling varying traffic loads. Evaluate the feasibility of

implementing the system by considering factors such as cost,
infrastructure requirements, and technological feasibility.
2. Develop a real-time traffic monitoring system: Design a robust system
that utilizes sensors or cameras to monitor vehicle density at
intersections accurately. The system should capture real-time data on
the number of vehicles present in each lane or approach.
3. Analyze and process traffic data: Implement algorithms and techniques
to process the collected traffic data and determine the vehicle density at
each intersection. Analyze the data to identify patterns, congestion
hotspots, and optimal signal timings for different traffic scenarios
4. Design adaptive traffic light control algorithms: Develop algorithms that
dynamically adjust the signal timings based on the current traffic
density. The control system should prioritize lanes or approaches with
higher vehicle density, ensuring efficient traffic flow and minimizing
congestion.

CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS

3.1Hardware Requirements:

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ARDUINO UNO

The Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14

digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power
it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. You can tinker with your
UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst-case
scenario you can replace the chip for a few Rupees and start over again.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of:

Arduino Software (IDE)

1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the
reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno
board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model
for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated
boards see the Arduino index of boards.

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Fig. 3.1Architecture of Arduino UNO

ATMEGA328 MICROCONTROLLER PIN-MAP

Fig.3.2 Arduino ATmega328 Pin-Map

Technical Specifications :

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Table 3.1:aurdino specification

IR SENSORS

An infrared sensor is an electronic device, which emits in order to

sense some aspects of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the
heat of an object as well as detects the motion. Usually in the infrared
spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations. These
types of radiations are invisible to our eyes , that can be detected by an
infrared sensor. The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and
the detector is simply an IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the
same wavelength as that emitted by the IR LED.

LM358 IC 2 IR transmitter and receiver pair · Resistors

of the range of kilo ohms.
Variable resistors.
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LED (Light Emitting Diode)

In this project, the transmitter section includes an IR sensor, which transmits

continuous IR rays to be received by an IR receiver module. An IR output
terminal of the receiver varies depending upon its receiving of IR rays. Since
this variation cannot be analysed as such, therefore this output can be fed to
a comparator circuit. Here an operational amplifier (opamp) of LM 339 is
used as comparator circuit.
hen the IR receiver does not receive a signal, the potential at the inverting
input goes higher than that non-inverting input of the comparator IC
(LM339). Thus the output of the comparator goes low, but the LED does not
glow. When the IR receiver module receives signal to the potential at the
inverting input goes low

RESISTOR

In density-based traffic light control systems, resistors may be used in

various components and circuits. Here are a few examples of where resistors
can be utilized:

Sensor Circuits: Resistors are commonly used in sensor circuits to set the
operating conditions and calibrate the sensitivity of the sensors. For
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instance, in the case of inductive loop detectors, resistors may be employed

to adjust the sensitivity or impedance matching of the detection circuit.

Voltage Divider Circuits: Voltage divider circuits, consisting of resistors, are

often used to measure analog signals from sensors or to scale down voltage
levels for microcontrollers or other processing units. In a density-based traffic
light control system, voltage dividers can be used to interface with sensor
outputs or to scale down voltage levels for analog-to-digital converters
(ADCs) to measure vehicle density.

Current Limiting: In certain components, such as light-emitting diodes

(LEDs), resistors are used as current-limiting resistors. These resistors are
placed in series with the LEDs to control the amount of current flowing
through them and prevent damage due to excessive current. In traffic light
systems

Fig.3.4 resistor

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LEDs

LEDs (Light-Emitting Diodes) play a crucial role in traffic light control

systems, including density-based systems. LEDs offer numerous
advantages, such as energy efficiency, long lifespan, and fast response
times, making them ideal for traffic signal applications. Here's how LEDs
are utilized in density-based traffic light control:

Traffic Signal Lights: LEDs are commonly used as the light source in
traffic signal lights. Each signal light unit typically consists of multiple
LEDs, including red, yellow, and green LEDs. These LEDs emit bright and
highly visible light, ensuring clear indications for drivers and pedestrians.

Density Indicators: In density-based traffic light control systems, LEDs

can be integrated into density indicators to provide visual feedback on the
current traffic conditions. For instance, a set of LEDs can be mounted at
the roadside to display the current density level, such as low, medium, or
high traffic density. This allows drivers to be aware of the traffic situation
and adjust their driving accordingly.

Countdown Timers: LEDs are also used in countdown timers that indicate
the remaining time until the signal changes. These timers are particularly
helpful for drivers and pedestrians to better estimate the time available for
crossing or making a maneuver.

Fig3.5LED’s
3.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

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· Operating System: Windows 7 and above can be used as

operating system. · Software installation

Installing ARDUINO IDE:

1. To install the Arduino IDE for Windows, follow these instructions:

2. Download .exe file from website: http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software/
3. Once the download is complete, double-click the file, and extract it.
(Usually the file is downloaded in .zip format)
4. The extracted “Arduino” named folder is to be copy and paste it into
C-Drive, and Open the folder, if you wish create the shortcut of
Arduino.exe file on your desktop.

Installing DRIVERS:

The next task is to install the drivers for your Arduino board’s USB
interface.

1. Connect your Arduino to your PC with the USB cable. After a few
moments an error message will be displayed, which will say something
like “Device driver software not successfully installed.” Just close that
dialog or balloon.
2. Navigate to the Windows Control Panel. Open the Device Manager and
scroll down until you see the ports or Arduino,
3. Right-click Arduino Uno under Other Devices and select Update Driver
Software.
Then, select browse option and update the driver.

Taking a look Around the IDE:

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The IDE is divided into three main areas: the command area, the text
area, and the message window area.

Fig.3.2 Arduino IDE

· The Command Area

The command area includes the title bar, menu items, and icons. The
title bar displays the sketch’s filename. Below this is a series of menu
items (File, Edit, Sketch, Tools, and Help) and icons.

The Icons

Below the menu toolbar are six icons. Mouse over each icon to display
its name. The icons, from left to right, are as follows:

1. Verify: Click this to check that the Arduino sketch is valid and
doesn’t contain any programming mistakes.
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2. Upload: Click this to verify and then upload your sketch to the
Arduino board.
3. New: Click this to open a new blank sketch in a new window.
4. Open: Click this to open a saved sketch. Save Click this to save the
open sketch.
5. Serial Monitor: Click this to open a new window for use in sending
and receiving data between your Arduino and the IDE.

· The Text Area

The actual code is written in this block.

· The Message Window Area

The message window area is shown at the bottom side. Messages

from the IDE appear in the black area. The messages you see will vary
and will include messages about verifying sketches, status updates, and
so on.

CHAPTER 4

DESIGN METHODOLOGY

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4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

Fig.4.1 Block Diagram of the System

FUNCTIONAL UNIT DESCRIPTION

If the traffic density is high on particular side more priority is given

for that side. The sensors continuously keep sensing density on all
sides and the green signal is given to the side on priority basis, where
the sensors detect high density. The side with next priority level follows
the first priority level. By using this system traffic can be cleared
without irregularities and time delays even though there is no traffic on
the other side can be avoided.

· MICROCONTROLLER ATMEGA328

Arduino UNO is an open-source prototyping platform based on

ATmega328 microcontroller. It consists of 14 digital input/output (I/O)
pins, six analogue inputs, a USB connection for programming the on-
board microcontroller, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button.

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It is operated with a 16MHz crystal oscillator and contains everything

needed to support the microcontroller.

· IR SENSORS

An infrared sensor is an electronic device, which emits in order to

sense some aspects of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the
heat of an object as well as detects the motion.

· LEDs

LEDs (Light-Emitting Diodes) play a crucial role in traffic light

control systems, including density-based systems. LEDs offer numerous
advantages, such as energy efficiency, long lifespan, and fast response
times, making them ideal for traffic signal applications.

· RESISTOR

A passive electrical component with two terminals that are used for
either limiting or regulating the flow of electric current in electrical
circuits.

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4.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

Fig.4.2 Circuit diagram of the System

4.3 FLOWCHART OF THE SYSTEM

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Fig. 4.3 Flowchart of the system

4.4 WORKING OF THE SYSTEM

The working of a density-based traffic light control system involves the

following steps:

1. Sensor Placement: Install sensors, such as infrared (IR) sensors or

video cameras, at strategic locations near the intersection to detect
the presence of vehicles in each lane or approach. The sensors should
cover the desired area and provide accurate vehicle detection.
2. Data Acquisition: The sensors continuously monitor the traffic and
detect the presence of vehicles. They send this information to a
central control unit for processing.
3. Density Calculation: The control unit processes the sensor data and
calculates the vehicle density for each lane or approach. This is
typically done by analyzing the frequency and duration of vehicle
presence over a specific time period.
4. Traffic Density Thresholds: Establish predefined traffic density
thresholds based on the road capacity and desired traffic flow. For
example, low density, medium density, and high density thresholds
can be defined.
5. Traffic Light Control Logic: Implement a control algorithm or logic in
the central control unit to determine the appropriate signal timings
based on the calculated vehicle density. The control logic should
prioritize higher density lanes or approaches to ensure efficient traffic
flow.

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6. Signal Timing Adjustment: Based on the calculated vehicle density and

the defined thresholds, adjust the signal timings of the traffic lights.
For instance, if the vehicle density exceeds a certain threshold in a
particular lane, the signal for that lane may be extended to allow more
vehicles to pass through.
7. Coordinated Signal Control: If multiple intersections are involved,
implement coordination between traffic lights to optimize traffic flow
across the road network.
This coordination ensures a smooth transition of vehicles and
minimizes congestion.
1. Pedestrian Safety: Incorporate provisions for pedestrian safety by
allocating dedicated time intervals for pedestrian crossings. Ensure
that the pedestrian signals are synchronized with the vehicle signals
to provide safe crossing opportunities.
2. Continuous Monitoring and Adaptation: Continuously monitor the
traffic conditions using the sensors and update the vehicle density
calculations. Adjust the signal timings accordingly to adapt to
changing traffic patterns in real-time.

1. Testing and Validation: Thoroughly test and validate the system by

simulating different traffic scenarios or deploying it at a real
intersection. Evaluate the performance of the system based on
metrics such as traffic flow efficiency, congestion reduction, and
pedestrian safety.

It is important to note that the specific implementation details may

vary depending on the system design, sensor technology, and the
complexity of the traffic intersection. The use of advanced algorithms,

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real-time data processing, and coordinated signal control are key

aspects of an effective density-based traffic light control system.

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CHAPTER 5

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

5.1 ADVANTAGES

Advantages of Density-Based Traffic Light Control System:

1. Improved Traffic Flow: Density-based traffic light control systems

adapt signal timings based on real-time vehicle density, which
helps optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion. By dynamically
adjusting signal timings, the system can allocate more green
time to lanes with higher vehicle density, thereby minimizing
delays and improving overall traffic efficiency.

1. Reduced Congestion: By actively managing the flow of traffic

based on density, the system can help prevent or reduce
congestion at intersections. This leads to shorter travel times,
smoother traffic movements, and a better driving experience for
commuters.

1. Enhanced Safety: Density-based systems can improve safety by

providing better coordination between traffic lights and
pedestrian crossings. The system can allocate appropriate time
intervals for pedestrian crossings and ensure that vehicles yield
to pedestrians, enhancing overall road safety.

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5.2 DISADVANTAGES

Disadvantages of Density-Based Traffic Light Control

System:

1. Sensor Reliability: The accuracy and reliability of the sensors

used in densitybased systems can impact the effectiveness of
the control system. Sensor malfunctions, false detections, or
limited coverage may lead to incorrect calculations of vehicle
density and result in suboptimal signal timings.

1. Implementation Cost: Deploying a density-based traffic light

control system requires significant initial investment in sensor
infrastructure, control units, and communication systems. The
cost of installation, maintenance, and ongoing system
management should be considered.

1. System Complexity: Density-based systems involve complex

algorithms and realtime data processing. Designing,
implementing, and maintaining such systems require technical
expertise and continuous monitoring and updates to ensure
optimal performance.

Overall, while density-based traffic light control systems

offer significant benefits in terms of traffic flow optimization and
congestion reduction, careful planning, implementation, and
ongoing maintenance are necessary to ensure their effectiveness
and reliability.

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CHAPTER 6

APPLICATIONS

Density-based traffic light control systems have various

applications in traffic management and transportation systems. Some
of the key applications include:

1. Urban Traffic Management: Density-based traffic light control

systems can be deployed in urban areas with heavy traffic
congestion to optimize the flow of vehicles at intersections. By
dynamically adjusting signal timings based on realtime vehicle
density, the systems help reduce delays and improve overall
traffic efficiency.

1. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS): Density-based control

systems are a part of intelligent transportation systems that use
advanced technologies to manage and optimize traffic flow.

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These systems can be integrated with other ITS components,

such as traffic monitoring, incident detection, and traveler
information systems, to create a comprehensive traffic
management solution.

1. High-Traffic Intersections: Intersections that experience high

traffic volumes, such as highway interchanges, major road
junctions, or urban intersections near commercial areas, can
benefit from density-based traffic light control. These systems
help manage the traffic flow and reduce congestion at critical
points of heavy traffic demand.

1. Traffic Signal Synchronization: Density-based control systems can

be used to synchronize traffic signals along a corridor or a
network of intersections. By coordinating the signal timings
based on real-time traffic conditions and density, these systems
can facilitate the smooth movement of vehicles, reduce stops,
and enhance travel time predictability.
CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

There is exigent need of efficient traffic management system in our

country, as India meet with 384 road accidents every day. To reduce this
congestion and unwanted time delay in traffic an advanced system is
designed here in this project. With field application of this technology, the
maddening chaos of traffic can be effectively channelized by distributing
the time slots based on the merit of the vehicle load in certain lanes of

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multi junction crossing. We have successfully implemented the prototype

at laboratory scale with remarkable outcome. The next step forward is to
implement this schema is real life scenario for firs hand results, before
implementing it on the largest scale. We believe that this may bring a
revolutionary change in traffic management system on its application in
actual field environment.

REFERENCES

1. R.S.Karthiga , J.Vanmathi,D.Dharani , Ms.S.Janaranjani, P.Sudarsan .

“SMART TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM USING ARDUINO”,
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol 9, Issue
3,
March-2018 208 ISSN 2229-5518
1. Aziz Yuldashev “ Simple Traffic Light Controller “ 03-nov-2016
2. Bilal Ghazal .1, Khaled ElKhatib .2 ,Khaled Chahine.3 Mohamad
Kherfan. “Smart Traffic Light Control System”, ISBN: 978-1-4673-6941-
1 ©2016 IEE
3. Vinidha RA, Banuprakash PR, Paul G, Asir NR, and Prasad L 2017. Smart
Traffic Light
4. Systems, International Journal of Emerging Research in Management &
Technology, 6(7).
5. Vahedha, Naga J 2016. “Smart Traffic Control System for Clearance to
Emergency Vehicles Using Arduino Software, International Journal of
Technical Research and Applications”, 4(3), pp. 307-309.
6. Kirushnacumar A, Arun M, Kirubanand A, Mukesh S, and Aravindan, A
2016. “Smart Traffic Light Control System”. International Journal for

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Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology, 4(IV), pp. 314-

320.

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