Rajalakshmi Engineering College

CLOUD COMPUTING
UNIT IV
CLOUD COMPUTING CS19741

Department
of CSE
 UNIT IV
CLOUD COMPONENTS MECHANISM
Cloud Infrastructure Mechanism:

Cloud Storage and Usage Monitor

Resource Replication

Specialized Cloud Mechanism:

Load Balancer
SLA Monitor
Pay-per-use Monitor
Audit Monitor
Failover System
Hypervisor
Resource cluster
Multi Device Broker
State Management Database
Department
of CSE
 Cloud Infrastructure Mechanism
Cloud infrastructure mechanisms are foundational building blocks of cloud environments
that establish primary artifacts to form the basis of fundamental cloud technology
architecture.

Cloud Storage
Cloud storage is a cloud computing model that enables storing data and files on the internet
through a cloud computing provider that you access either through the public internet or a
dedicated private network connection.

The provider securely stores, manages, and maintains the storage servers, infrastructure,
and network to ensure you have access to the data when you need it at virtually unlimited
scale, and with elastic capacity.

Cloud storage removes the need to buy and manage your own data storage infrastructure,
giving you agility, scalability, and durability, with any time, anywhere data access.
Cloud Usage Monitor
A cloud usage monitor is a tool that tracks and analyzes the usage of cloud resources to
optimize their utilization and minimize costs. It provides visibility into resource usage
patterns such as CPU usage, memory usage, network traffic, and storage usage. It enables
businesses to identify underutilized resources and make the necessary adjustments to
optimize performance and reduce expenses.
Resource Replication
Resource replication in cloud computing refers to the process of duplicating data,
applications, or services across multiple servers or data centers within a cloud infrastructure.
This redundancy ensures high availability, fault tolerance, and reliability of services offered
by cloud providers.

The process of resource replication typically involves several steps:

1. Data Distribution: When data is stored in the cloud, it's often replicated across multiple
servers or data centers. This distribution ensures that if one server fails, the data can still be
accessed from another location without interruption.

2. Automatic Replication: Cloud platforms often have built-in mechanisms for automatic
replication. When a file or piece of data is uploaded to the cloud, it's automatically replicated
to multiple locations according to predefined replication policies set by the cloud provider or
user.
3. Load Balancing: Resource replication also involves load balancing mechanisms to evenly
distribute workloads across replicated resources. This ensures optimal performance and
prevents any single server from becoming overwhelmed with requests.
4. Synchronization: To ensure consistency across replicated resources, synchronization
mechanisms are employed. Changes made to data or applications in one location are
synchronized with all other replicated instances in real-time or at defined intervals.

5. Failover and Disaster Recovery: Replication plays a crucial role in failover and
disaster recovery scenarios. If one server or data center experiences a failure, traffic can be
rerouted to replicated resources, minimizing downtime and ensuring continuity of service.

6. Geographical Distribution: Cloud providers often replicate resources across

multiple geographic regions to improve performance and provide resilience against natural
disasters or regional outages.
Specialized Cloud Mechanism
Load Balancer
A load balancer manages the flow of information between the server and an endpoint
device (PC, laptop, tablet or smartphone). A load balancer is a hardware or software
solution that helps to move packets efficiently across multiple servers, optimizes the use of
network resources and prevents network overloads.
 SLA Monitor
Service-Level Agreements are publicly stated or implied contracts with users. An SLA in
networking is a formal and negotiated contract or agreement between a network service
provider (such as an Internet Service Provider or ISP) and a customer (which can be an
individual, business, or organization).

The purpose of an SLA in networking is to define the specific terms, conditions, and
performance expectations related to the delivery of network services.

Service Based SLA

Customer Based SLA

Multi Level SLA

1.Service Level SLA: The service level SLA is also called service-based SLA, an agreement that
is the same for all the customers who are using the services provided by the service
provider. For e.g. if a telecom network provides services and it charges for annual
maintenance costs. The charges are the same for all customers who are using the
same telecom network

2.Customer-Based SLA: The second type of SLA is customer-based SLA, an agreement that
covers all the services used by this customer. E.g., an IT service provider provides different
services like networking, maintenance, installations, monitoring, and more to the customers
and businesses, and all are documented in one service level agreement, then it is called
customer-based SLA.

3.Multi-Level SLA: The Multi-level SLA is again divided into three levels, each defining a
different set of customers for the same services and different services for the specific set of
customers. Maintaining SLA’s part of service level management (SLM)
Customer Level: It covers all the service level management (SLM) problems
relevant to the particular customer groups, irrespective of their services.

Service Level: It covers all the service level management (SLM) problems
relevant to a specific set of services in relation to a specific customer group.

Corporate Level: It covers all the service level management (SLM) problems
apt to every customer in an organization.
Pay-Per-use Monitor
The pay-per-use monitor mechanism measures cloud-based IT resource usage in

accordance with predefined pricing parameters and generates usage logs for fee

calculations and billing purposes.

Some typical monitoring variables are:

• request/response message quantity

• transmitted data volume

• bandwidth consumption

The data collected by the pay-per-use monitor is processed by a billing management

system that calculates the payment fees.

Audit Monitor
The audit monitor mechanism is used to collect audit tracking data for networks and IT

resources in support of, or dictated by, regulatory and contractual obligations. The figure

depicts an audit monitor implemented as a monitoring agent that intercepts “login”

requests and stores the requestor’s security credentials, as well as both failed and successful

login attempts, in a log database for future audit reporting purposes.

Failover System
Failover is a mechanism in cloud computing that enables an automatic and seamless
transition from a failed component to a healthy one. Failover ensures the high availability
and reliability of services and applications in case of unexpected system failures or outages.

failover mechanisms typically involve the use of redundant resources, such as servers,
storage, or network connections, which are constantly monitored for failures or
performance degradation.

When a failure is detected, the system automatically switches to a redundant resource,

either locally or in a remote data centre, to ensure that the service remains available to
users.
Resource Cluster
Resource cluster refers to a collection of interconnected computing resources that
work together to perform tasks more efficiently than a single resource could alone.
These resources often include servers, storage systems, and networking
components, all grouped to provide a unified and scalable infrastructure.
Compute Nodes
Storage Nodes
Networking
Scalability and Fault Tolerance
Multi Device Broker
Multi-device broker is a system or service that manages and coordinates
interactions between multiple devices and cloud-based resources. Its role is
to facilitate seamless communication, data synchronization, and task
management across various devices, which might include smartphones,
tablets, laptops, and IoT (Internet of Things) devices.

Device Coordination: It ensures that multiple devices can work

together harmoniously, sharing data and resources as needed
Data Synchronization: The broker handles the synchronization of data across
devices. This is crucial for applications where data needs to be consistent and up-
to-date across all user devices, such as in collaborative work tools or personal data
management apps.

Resource Allocation: The broker can help in managing the distribution of resources
(like cloud storage or processing power) among multiple devices, optimizing
performance and ensuring that resources are used efficiently.

Authentication and Security: It ensures that access controls and security measures
are consistently applied across all devices. This includes managing user
authentication, authorization, and encryption to protect data and user privacy.
State Management Database
state management databases are systems designed to manage and persist the state
of applications or services. They are essential for tracking and storing the dynamic
data that applications use and generate during their operation. This includes user
sessions, application states, transaction histories, and other data that need to be
preserved across different interactions and instances.

State Persistence: State management databases store the current state of an

application or service, ensuring that data is preserved even if the application or
server is restarted or fails. This is crucial for maintaining continuity and reliability in
cloud applications
Session Management: For web and mobile applications, state management
databases can handle user session data, such as login status, preferences, and
ongoing activities. This allows users to maintain their session across different
devices or after reconnecting.

Transactional Data: These databases often manage transactional data, including

business transactions, financial records, and order histories. They ensure data
integrity and consistency through mechanisms like ACID (Atomicity, Consistency,
Isolation, Durability) properties.
Hypervisors
A Hypervisor or virtual machine monitor (VMM) is a pieceof computer software, firmware or
hardware that creates and runs virtual machines. A computer on which a hypervisor is
running one or more virtual machines is defined as a host machine. Each virtual machine is
called a guest machine.

In virtualization technology, hypervisor is a software program that manages multiple

operating systems (or multiple instances of the same operating system) on a single computer
system. The hypervisor manages the system's processor, memory, and other resources to
allocate what each operating system requires. Hypervisors are designed for a particular
processor architecture and may also be called virtualization managers