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Smart Healthcare Monitoring System Using IoT

Article in International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) · January 2023

DOI: 10.3991/ijim.v17i01.34675

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Paper—Smart Healthcare Monitoring System Using IoT

Smart Healthcare Monitoring System Using IoT

https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v17i01.34675

Bzhar Ghafour Mohammed(), Dler Salih Hasan

Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
[email protected]

Abstract—The progress in communication and information technology has

contributed to the creation of the Internet of Thing (IoT). Internet of Things today
plays a crucial role in tracking, documenting, storing, presentation and
communication in variety of fields like healthcare, smart cities, engineering, and
others. Using an IoT-based monitoring system, the critical parameters of health
are tracked and data transmitted via network. Data will be accessed for the benefit
of the patient's current condition. This research paper focused on remote
monitoring of body temperature (DS18B20), heart rate and SPO2(MAX30100),
additionally the position of patient can be obtained on demand using SIM7600E
GSM and GNSS HAT (Hardware attached on top) Module. Raspberry Pi 4B used
as microcontroller to gather data from health parameter sensors. The data from
sensors transmitted into cloud storage through a network. The proposed system
uses last version of IoT microcontroller and devices were used which
significantly affected the precision and speed of the whole system. A GUI cross
platform mobile application was developed for presenting real-time data to both
doctors and patients. The system is beneficial for synchronous monitoring of
patient’s health status hence allowing urgent medical decision by doctors at right
time.

Keywords—Internet of Things, healthcare, remote monitoring, SPO2,

raspberry pi, GUI, real-time, DS18B20, MAX30100

1 Introduction

The internet has grown particularly as a result of its accessibility to everyone. The
Internet of Things results in an electronic access control system that enables a user to
do a variety of tasks more quickly, productively, and safely. IoT is a technological
advancement that has the potential to improve people's lives by utilizing smart devices
and smart sensors that communicate via the internet [1]. With the rapid progression of
technology, each country now places a high priority on Internet of Things application.
The concept of internet-of-things (IoT) is one of the next revolutionary developments
in internet-based computing, and it is now having a positive effect in a wide range of
application fields such as smart cities, healthcare, engineering, and others. [2]. Internet
of Things (IoT) is the latest internet advancement, including the field of health care
study. This remote healthcare monitoring has grown too fast with the use of wearable
sensors and smartphones. IoT health screening aids in disease spread prevention as well

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Paper—Smart Healthcare Monitoring System Using IoT

as accurate evaluation of health status, regardless location of the doctor furthermore it

is facilitating continuous health condition monitoring. The Remote Healthcare
Monitoring arrangement enables patients to be observed outside of traditional hospital
environments (for example, at home), and increases access to human resources offices
while lowering costs [3].
Health care providers can monitor patients' health status using a number of crucial
health parameters. Due to major health problems, certain people with chronic diseases
require continuous monitoring. These parameters include heart rate, blood pressure,
body temperature, spo2, respiratory rate, ECG, and blood sugar. Most of these
health parameters can now be tracked using electronic devices with precise sensors
thanks to advancements in medical technology. These parameters can be tracked
remotely due to developments in communication technology, particularly the internet,
making IoT healthcare monitoring possible.
There are several available microcontrollers for Internet of things choosing one of
them depends on project requirement and specification, raspberry pi is one of the
advanced popular microcontrollers used recently. The Raspberry Pi is a miniature
pc that is used for simple computing and networking tasks. It is the primary component
of the internet of things. It allows connectivity to the internet, allowing the automation
system to be linked to a remote controlling device [4]. Regardless of the kind of
microcontroller, there are numerous sensors for receiving signals from the outside
world, such as health care monitoring sensors including body temperature sensors, heart
rate sensors, pulse oximeter sensors, ECG sensors, blood pressure sensors, and so on.
In addition to the sensors other hardware can be added for the microcontroller like
GSM, GPS, GNSS and so on. The data from various sensors and hardware after
processing by microcontroller should be transmitted to and stored in a cloud storage via
a network.
This research paper proposed an IoT system for monitoring health status of patients
who are in need for continuous prolonged follow up and monitoring by their doctors.
Raspberry Pi 4B microcontroller and python as programming language had been
chosen for gathering data from sensors then processing and transmitting into cloud
storage through a network. To store data, the MySQL database is employed as cloud
storage. The three vital health parameters which are body temperature, heart rate and
SPO2 are monitored in real-time through two sensors; body temperature sensor and
oximeter sensor. Furthermore, the patient’s location determined by a
GSM/GPRS/GNSS HAT module if necessary. The aforementioned HAT is also used
to send SMS notification via a SIM card in case of abnormal health parameters.
The system also comprised a cross-platform mobile application (i.e., Android and
IOS compatible) for GUI to display real-time health parameters’ value, alerts and
notifications for both patients and paramedics/doctors. The system hardware was
configured in a wearable model. The proposed system provides both real-time data and
history of health parameters for patients and doctors with sending notifications and
alerts in necessary and emergency situations remotely. This allows making life saving
decisions by doctors without need for physical presence in clinics and hospitals.

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2 Literature survey

The IoT-based Healthcare Monitoring System for War Soldiers by Gondaliaa, et al.
in 2018, suggested a system that would enable the soldiers who are missing and
wounded in the warfare to track the location in actual time and control their health. It
helps to reduce time of the exertion of the army control unit to find and rescue [5].
The research paper of Durán-Vega et al. in 2019, proposed an IoT System for Remote
Health Monitoring in Elderly Adults through a Wearable Device and Mobile
Application. They employed a biometric bracelet connected to a mobile application,
which offers real-time viewing of all the data collected by the sensors in the bracelet
(pulse rate, blood oxygen saturation and Body temperature). Caretakers can use this
information to make decisions regarding their patients' wellbeing. Their study describes
the design and implementation of an IoT system for remote monitoring of elderly
persons in nursing homes using a smartphone application and a wearable device. The
creation of the prototype demonstrated that it is viable to carry out and implement the
research project. Furthermore, it is low-cost and compatible with the IoT paradigm; the
most essential features are: real-time monitoring of the general status of the patients
[6].
A smart healthcare monitoring system designed by Naik & Sudarshan in 2019.Their
IoT platform system based on the Raspberry Pi. The system used Wi-Fi network
technologies to identify human body parameters like body temperature, blood
pressure, heartbeat, accelerometer, ECG, respiration, and other data on server of the
internet of things [7].
In their research paper Valsalan, et al. in 2020, suggested an IoT-based health
tracking device with a mobile physiological screening mechanism that can
continuously screen the patient’s temperature, heartbeat and other specific necessary
parameters. They suggested a continuous monitoring and control instrument to screen
the patient status and archive the patient data in a server using a wi-fi based module
remote communication [3].
The research paper of D.Acharya & N.Patil in 2020, described IoT-based Health
Care Monitoring Kit, the concept and deployment of an IoT-based smart doctor
package for a vital medical situation that can provide robust access to IoT data to assist
emergency health providers like Intensive Care Units. This system has developed to
give the doctors the required history of patient health in real-time [8].
In 2020, Godi et al. published an article in which they presented the E-Healthcare
Monitoring System (EHMS), an IoT technology platform that they combined with
machine learning (ML) techniques to create an advanced automated system. The
patient's data is collected by an IoT wearable sensor. The data obtained from a variety
of health monitoring devices is fed into an E-Health care management system. After
that, EHMS analyzes the health status by using machine learning techniques on raw
data [9].
Sangeethalakshmi, et al. in 2021, published an article in which they presented a
patient health monitoring system using IoT, the suggested system included of mobile
application and GSM for continuous monitoring of patients remotely. Sensors include
a data acquisition unit, a microcontroller (ESP32), and a software system. The system

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continuously monitors, shows, and saves patients' temperature, heart rate, ECG, blood
pressure, and SPO2, and the same information was sent to doctors [10].

3 System hardware component

3.1 Microcontroller
Raspberry pi 4B. The Raspberry Pi 4B is a single-board computer that features a
64-bit quad-core ARM8 Broadcom BCM2711 1.5 GHz CPU, 4GB LPDDR4 RAM, an
expandable MicroSD card and a standard 40-pin GPIO header. Raspberry Pi 4 comes
with Gigabit Ethernet, along with onboard wireless networking and Bluetooth [11].
When combined with Wi-Fi and Internet connectivity, it is easy to set it up for remote
communication, which makes the Raspberry Pi perfect choice for IoT applications.
These were the reasons behind selecting raspberry pi microcontroller in this proposed
system.

3.2 Sensors
Body temperature. The DS18B20 temperature sensor used to measure body
temperature. The advanced features of the employed temperature sensor include a 1-
wire interface and a 64-bit serial stored in an on-board ROM. It runs on a 3.0v-5.5v
power supply [12]. This sensor is quite precise, measuring the temperature within about
0.05°C of the actual temperature. It can withstand temperatures as high as 125°C.
Because this device contains an integrated analog to digital converter, unlike the other
sensors for example TMP36, which is an analog device, DS18B20 is relatively easier
to integrate with the Raspberry Pi.
Pulse oximeter. The MAX30100 sensor selected in this proposed system for
measuring blood oxygen level (SPO2) and pulse rate. The sensor has a pulse oximetry
and heart rate monitor sensor. It includes two LEDs, one of which generates infrared
light and the other red light. Only single infrared LED is required to determine the heart
rate, and both LEDs are required to measure the oxygen content in the blood. When the
heart beats, the oxygenated blood rises, and when the heart is at rest, the oxygenated
blood drops. The period between the rise and drop of oxygenated blood can be used to
determine the heart rate. Deoxygenated blood absorbs more infrared spectrum of light
while passing more red spectrum of light, and oxygenated blood absorbs more red
spectrum of light while passing more infrared spectrum of light. The absorption rates
for both light sources detected by the sensor are saved in a buffer that may be retrieved
using the I2C protocol through the Grove port. The GitHub raspberry pi MAX30100
library is used to calculate the pulse rate and SpO2 levels from sensor input. The
MAX30100's accuracy was compared to the commercial HR and SpO2 monitoring
instrument General care®. the sensor output data's error rate and accuracy, resulting in
a relatively low error value of 2.89% and an accuracy of 97.11% for the heart rate data.
The data calibration of SpO2 also provides favorable results, with an error value of
1.15% and a high accuracy rate of 98.84% [13] [14].

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3.3 Hardware extension

4G GSM, GPRS and GNSS HAT module. For efficient communication and
tracking location, this HAT was attached to the raspberry pi microcontroller with the
following features:

• Enables LTE Cat-4 4G / 3G / 2G Communication & GNSS Positioning

• Compatible With Raspberry Pi
• Dial-Up on Windows/Linux
• Communication protocols supported are TCP/UDP/FTP/FTPS/HTTP/HTTPS
• Telephone Call & SMS Support
Figure 1 shows all hardware components of the proposed system.

Fig. 1. Raspberry Pi 4B with SIM7600E-H 4G GSM, GPRS and GNSS HAT module,
DS18B20 body temperature sensor and MAX30100 pulse oximeter

The Figure 2 shows the schematic of hardware healthcare monitoring system

components used in this research paper.

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Fig. 2. System hardware component schematics

4 Software and programming language

4.1 Python programming language

Python programming language used for programming raspberry pi microcontroller

to read sensors data and transmitting it to cloud storage and the library of sensors were
written by python. Python could be used to construct cross-platform applications as
well as Web, mobile, and scientific applications.: In general, the same Python program
may be launched on Windows and Unix-like systems like Linux, BSD, and Mac OSX
s [15].

4.2 Flutter and Dart

Flutter is an open-source platform that leverages Dart as its programming language
to create natively built and cross-platform applications from a single codebase. Flutter
and Dart were both developed by Google. In this proposed system Flutter and Dart were
used to create a cross-platform mobile application (i.e., Android and iOS compatible)
for displaying real-time health parameter values, alerts, and notifications for both
patients and paramedics/doctors.

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4.3 MySQL
MySQL is the world's most popular open-source database. Whether you are a rapidly
developing online property, a technology ISV, or a huge company, MySQL can help
you build high-performance, scalable database systems at a low cost. In this suggested
system, MySQL was used as cloud storage to store data from various sensors and
hardware after it has been processed by the microcontroller. The required information
of the patient, doctors/paramedics and record of abnormal data also stored in database.
The recorded data can be used to find the past information of the previous patient status.

5 Proposed system and working method

Important healthcare parameters remotely tracked in real-time and measured value

presented to doctors and patients through a system-specific mobile application. The
healthcare parameters are SPO2, heart rate and body temperature. The hardware
configured by connecting sensors to the raspberry pi microcontroller. The 4G GSM,
GPRS and GNSS HAT Module attached to the raspberry pi which was connected to
the MySQL database via Wi-Fi. the raspberry pi and sensors programmed by python
language for gathering, analyzing and transferring data. Each sensor was placed to
specific defined location of patient’s body, as the temperature sensor placed to the skin
and the pulse oximeter to the fingertip. after measuring health parameters, it will
compare with its normal reference range then all values are presented to the mobile
application, if there is any abnormal value i.e., any value below or above normal range,
an emergency alert will send to doctors/paramedics and relative of the patients via SMS
notification with patient’s position thus allowing doctors to make life-saving decisions
without requiring patients to be present in clinics and hospitals. Figure 3 shows the
flowchart of proposed system.

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Fig. 3. IoT based smart healthcare monitoring system flow chart

The reference ranges for the involved health parameters shown in Table 1.

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Table 1. Reference range of SPO2, heart rate and body temperature [16] [17] [18]
Health Parameters Normal Reference range Note
Spo2 95 % -100 % 90% - 94% Borderline
(60 – 100) bpm 10 years and older - adults
(70 – 190) bpm Neonate
Heart Rate (80 – 160) bpm Infant (1 – 11) months
(70 – 130) bpm Children (1 – 9) years
(40 – 60) bpm Athletes
11 years and adults below 65
Body Temperature 36.4 C – 37.6 C
years

6 Testing and results

The hardware devices properly configured and all sensors connected to the raspberry
pi microcontroller and a portable power bank used for power supply, The reference
range for each health parameter was defined based on available medical resources, then
after calibration of sensors data were done precisely. the data was successfully received
from sensors by microcontroller, then transferred to the MySQL database server after
processing and analysis.
The proposed system was then tested on 30 persons (Rest State) in two groups;
healthy individuals and patients in different age and both genders. The patients were
chosen from an emergency hospital. The value of Spo2, heart rate and body temperature
were shown in the system specific mobile application interface in real time as shown in
Figure 4. In the case of an abnormal state for each parameter, when the value was below
or above the normal reference range, the system will send an SMS alert to
doctors/paramedics and the patient's relative, providing information about the abnormal
health parameters and the patient's position for making appropriate decisions and taking
necessary measures for proper management and saving patient’s life. The information
about location of the patient facilitates the process of sending ambulance.
Beside receiving alert notifications when a health parameter value was abnormal,
clinicians can remotely monitor all recorded health parameters in real-time. Table 2
displays the data obtained from seven individuals and the Figure 4 shows the picture of
an individual during collecting health parameters data by the system.

Table 2. Recorded data for SPO2, heart rate, and body temperature
# Spo2 Heart Rate Body Temperature
P1 99 % 81 Bmp 35.9 °C
P2 96 % 107 Bmp 36.5 °C
P3 95 % 98 Bmp 37.0 °C
P4 96 % 82 Bmp 37.2 °C
P5 98 % 79 Bmp 35.92 °C
P6 95 % 86 Bmp 36.24 °C
P7 94 % 67 Bmp 36.61 °C

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Fig. 4. Testing of the proposed system

7 Conclusion

Developments in information and communication have brought about the advent of

the Internet of Things (IoT). Internet of Things enables more physical sensors/devices
to collect data via the internet and provides further methods of data connectivity.
Nowadays IoT has affected every part of our life, including health care, smart city,
transport, and many more. The health monitoring system was described in this research
to offer sufficient patients' health status in real-time to the clinicians remotely.
Monitoring the precise state of the patient in the absence of the doctor was developed
for effective health purposes. The system collects patient information including Spo2,
heart rate and body temperature, in addition to providing patient location information
in emergency situation with SMS alert notification in case of presence abnormal health
parameters value. The system also includes a cross platform mobile application as
graphic user interface for both clinicians and patients. The physical presence of patients
and clinicians may be avoided by implementing the suggested system in healthcare
management, and the condition of patients with chronic diseases can be monitored
remotely for effective intervention, allowing doctors to make life-saving decisions at
the right time.

8 Future work

Adding more health parameters to the system based on patients need and doctors
request like ECG, Blood Pressure, Respiratory Rate, Urine Output, Fetal Heart Rate
and So on.
Development of the system to include a decision making for aiding doctors and
paramedics in the management of patients.

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9 Conflicts of interest

The authors certify that they do not have conflicting interests to mention with
relation to the current research.

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11 Authors

Bzhar Ghafour Mohammed is an assistant programmer at Salahaddin University,

Erbil, Iraq since 2015. He got B.Sc. computer science at Salahaddin University (2014).
He is currently M.Sc. student at Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq. His research
interests are related to IoT and Intelligent Systems (E-mail: bzhar.mohammed
@su.edu.krd).
Dr. Dler Salih Hasan is a lecturer at Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq since 1999.
He got B.Sc. in Production Engineering at University of Technology – Baghdad, Iraq
(1991), and he got his M.Sc. in Production Engineering at University of Technology –
Baghdad, Iraq (1999). His split-site Ph.D. was in Robotics Engineering (2017 between
Salahaddin University, Iraq & University of Florida, USA). He is currently Head of
Computer Science & Information Technology Department at Salahaddin University,
Erbil, Iraq. His research interests include robotics engineering, sensors and IoT (Email:
[email protected]).

Article submitted 2022-08-13. Resubmitted 2022-11-10. Final acceptance 2022-11-23. Final version
published as submitted by the authors.

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