Wildlanka

WILDLANKA
Journal of the Department of Wildlife Conservation, Sri Lanka

Vol.10 | No.1 | March, 2022
WILDLANKA
Journal of the Department of Wildlife Conservation, Sri Lanka
Vol.10 | No.1 | March, 2022
Editorial Board
M.G.C. Sooriyabandara M.S.L.R.P. Marasinghe
M.S.O.M. Amararatne Dr. V.B. Mathur
Prof. Nirmalie Pallewatta Prof. Nimal Gunathilake
Prof. D.S.A. Wijesundara Dr. U.K.G.K. Padmalal
Prof. D.K. Weerakoon Dr. Sumith Pilapitiya
Prof. Sinha Bitapi Chhaya Prof. E.P.S. Chandana
Dr. G.A.T. Prasad Dr. S.P. Goyal
Prof. Terra Kelly Dr. E. S. Santhosh Kumar
Prof. Sevvandi Jayakody Prof. Pradeepa Bandaranayake
Dr. Rohan Pethiyagoda Prof. Terney Pradeep Kumara
Dr. Jagath Gunawardana Dr. D.D.G.L. Dahanayaka
Prof. Charles S. Vairappan Dr. Cedric Ilunga
Chief Editor
R.M.R. Nilanthi Rajapakse
Department of Wildlife Conservation

Sri Lanka
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no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval systems, or transmitted in any
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Reference for citation:
Name/s of Authors (2022). Title of the paper. WILDLANKA. 10(1):Pages 001-104.
WILDLANKA Vol.10, No.1, March, 2022.

© Department of Wildlife Conservation, Sri Lanka.
Cover Page
Eriocaulon atratum (Eriocaulaceae)

Horton Plains National Park
By Nuwan Jawawardana - Wildlife Guard
ISSN 1800-1777(print) | 2424-6263(online)

WILDLANKA
Vol. 10, No.1, March, 2022
Date of issue : 31st March, 2022
ISSN 1800-1777(print) | 2424-6263(online)
CONTENTS
MONOGRAPH
Flora of Horton Plains National Park 001 - 104

Nuwan C. Jayawardana, P.K.P.M. Predeep Kumara and R.M.R. Nilanthi
MONOGRAPH
WILDLANKA Vol.10, No.1, pp. 001 - 100, 2022.
Copyright 2022 Department of Wildlife Conservation, Sri Lanka.
FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK
NUWAN C. JAYAWARDANA*, P.K.P.M. PRADEEP KUMARA and R.M.R.NILANTHI
Department of Wildlife Conservation,

No. 811/A, Jayanthipura rd., Battaramulla, Sri Lanka
*[email protected]
ABSTRACT : The flora of Horton plains national park (HPNP), the highest plateau and cloud forest
in Sri Lanka, was investigated and an annonated list of constituent species was compiled. The order of
families, genera and species is alphabetic and the nomenclature follows Redlist, 2020 and Plants of the
World Online. A brief description, distribution, phenology, conservation status and the status in the
Flora and Fauna Protection Ordinance (FFPO) are provided for each species. A total of 426 flowering
plant species recorded from the HPNP consisting 370 Native species and 56 Exotics.
KEY WORDS: Flowering plants, Horton plains National Park, Floristic survey, Cloud forest, Patana
grassland
INTRODUCTION of vascular plants (i.e. flowering plants, ferns

The Horton Plains National Park (6° 48’ 0” and clubmosses) indeginious to Sri Lanka.
North, 80° 48’ 0” East) is part of the third and In 2007 Protected Areas Management and
highest peneplain of Sri Lanka located between Wildlife Conservation Project conducted a
2100m and 2300m above sea level. The second Biodiversity Baseline Survay in HPNP. A total
and third highest mountain peaks in Sri Lanka, of 77 species of vascular plants were recorded
Kirigalpotta (2398m a.s.l.) and Totupola (2359m from the Biodiversty baseline survey, of which
a.s.l.), rise up from these plains. Horton Plains 14 remain unidentified at species level and a
were established on 16th March 1969 as a Nature further 19 remain unidentified at genus level.
Reserve and designated as a National park on Present Survey was carried out using both Past
5th December 1988. It occupy an area of 3,160 literature and Field Studies.
ha which is contiguous with Peak Wilderness HPNP was divided into three main habitat
Sanctuary to the west (DWC, 2007). HPNP has types, cloud forest, cloud forest die-back and
rich vegetation in which upper montane rain grasslands. The cloud forest was distributed
forests and wet patana grasslands dominate within 1,236 ha (39.7% of total area) with an
(Gunatilleke & Gunatilleke 1990; Werner & undisturbed old-growth forest which is low in
Balasubramaniam 1992; Balasubramaniam et height (15-20 m) and the canopy trees were
al. 1993). characteristically gnarled and twisted, due to
The vegetation of HPNP has aroused the the lower temperatures and high winds. The
interest of many Botanists, beginning with cloud forest die-back was distributed within
Trimen in 1887. 14 Volumes of Revised 956 ha (30.7% of total area). Larger areas of
Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon (1980-2000) the canopies in the cloud forest were dead, and
by M.D. Dassanayake (Editor) contains the therefore it was known as the cloud forest die-
most complete, objective and verifiable records back. There were three types of habitats which
of the HPNP flora available. Dassanayake were totally considered as grasslands. These
(1980-2006) recorded a total of 353 species habitats were dwarf bamboo, tussock grass and
002 WILDLANKA [Vol. 10 No. 1
carpet grass (DWC, 2007). Grassland habitat No herbarium specimens were collocted for this
was distributed in 806 ha (25.8% of the total survey. Plant descriptions were mostly based on
area) of the national park. 14 volumes of Revised Handbook to Flora of
Ceylon.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The flowering plants were studied RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
with reference to their occurrence, habitat A total of 426 flowering plant species
characteristics, morphological features and were recorded belonging to 85 families. Most
phenology. The field work was executed during recorded species were belongs to families,
different seasons of the year between, 2020 to Asteraceae (42), Poaceae (40), Orchidaceae
2021 of which helped in the endeavor to collect (33), Rubiaceae (24), Cyperaceae (21),
fertile material for accurate determination of Acanthaceae (15), Melastomataceae (13) and
taxa. Observations were made covering three Lauraceae (11). 55 (13%) species recorded were
main habitats in the HPNP (Cloud Forest introduced plant species to the island, while 126
habitat, Cloud Forest Die-back habitat and (34.4%) of the total native plants are endemic to
Grassland habitat). Photographs were taken the island and 87 plant species are protected by
using Nikon D850 FX-format Digital SLR the FFPO. Peucedanum ceylanicum (Apiaceae),
Camera mounted with Nikon AF-S NIKKOR Crawfurdia championii (Gentianaceae),
70-200mm f/2.8E FL ED VR Lens and Canon Sonerila gardneri (Melastomataceae), Sanicula
EOS 7D Mark II DSLR Camera mounted with elata (Apiaceae) and Carex lenta (Cyperaceae)
Canon EF 100mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM Lens. are the Critically Endangered and Possibly
FIGURE 01: Major Vegetation Types in Horton Plains National Park-2008 (Source - Abayasinghe
et al, 2014)
March, 2022] FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK 003
Extinct species that previously recorded from 2. Barleria involucrata Nees (Plate 01, Figure
HPNP. Another 22 species recorded from HPNP A)
were considered Critically Endangered species Shrubby herb; stem erect, to 1.5 m high,
by the 2020 redlist assessment. 132 (35.8%) to 3.75 cm in diam. Towards base, then semi-
of the total Native species falls in to threatned scandent, quadrangular, unarmed, glabrous.
categories. Anaphalis thwaitesii, Carex Leaves broadly oval, from a tapering base
lenta, Carex rara, Crawfurdia championii, decurrent on petiole, caudateacuminate,
Macrosolen barlowii, Oberonia mahaeliyensis, strigose, lateral nerves curved inwards;
and Digitaria cruciata are so far recorded from cystoliths irregularly disposed; petiole to 2.6
HPNP only. cm. Flowers axillary, solitary or in cymose or
Following species were recorded racemose groups of 3; bracts linear-oblong.
for the first time in HPNP, Gymnema Distribution - Under shade beside streams in
cuspidatum (Apocynaceae), Lobelia disturbed forests of the intermediate country,
walkeri (Campanulaceae), Cuscuta reflexa moist lowlands and montane regions. Native,
var. reflexa (Convolvulaceae), Trifolium also reported in South India. Herbarium
dubium (Fabaceae), Gladiolus x gandavensis specimens Collected from HPNP - Gardner in
(Iridaceae), Actinodaphne albifrons (Lauraceae), C.P. 310 (PDA), Embankment Pattipola-Horton
Litsea glaberrima (Lauraceae), Cheirostylis Plains, Cramer 4195 (PDA, US). Phenology –
flabellate (Orchidaceae), Cylindrolobus lindleyi From August to March and June. Conservation
(Orchidaceae), Dendrobium jerdonianum status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.
(Orchidaceae), Liparis wightiana (Orchidaceae),
3. Rostellularia latispica (C.B.Clarke)
Podochilus falcatus (Orchidaceae),
Bremek. Syn. Justicia procumbens var. latispica
Trichoglottis tenera (Orchidaceae),
C.B. Clarke; Justicia latispica (C.B.Clarke)
Christisonia legocia (Orobanchaceae), Ixora
Gamble
calycina (Rubiaceae), Chamabainia cuspidata
Stem stout with downward turned hairs;
(Urticaceae), Dendrocnide sinuata (Urticaceae),
branches diffuse to c. 65.5 cm long. Leaves
Vasconcellea pubescens (Caricaceae).
subsessile, broadly oval or oblong, margins
reflexed, somewhat thickened. Spikes dense,
Annotated List of Flowering Plants
pedunculate, peduncles to 1.2 cm; bracts
Family Acanthaceae linear-lanceolate, distinctly scarious-margined,
strongly long pectinate or hispidly ciliate.
1. Barleria arnottiana var. arnotiana Nees
Calyx-lobes 4, linear, corolla mauvish-
Shrubby herb; stem branched, cylindric,
pink; lobes shallow. Capsule glabrous; seeds
lightly adpressed-strigose. Leaves oval-elliptic,
orbicular, rugose in transversely concentric
shortly acuminate, from an acute base tapering
rows. Distribution - In the montane region
to petiole, densely fulvous-strigose beneath,
generally above 2000 m among grass on the
densely marked with cystoliths. Flowers
slopes of patana land. Phenology – Flowering
axillary, solitary; bracteoles oblong-elliptic,
throughout the year. Herbarium specimens
densely hirsute on back with adpressed hairs;
Collected from HPNP - in grassy embankments
outer calyx-lobes oval-oblong, var. arnottiana
along gravel path to World’s, Cramer &
Stem and leaves strigose, leaves shortly
Jeyaratnam 6747 (K, PDA), Cramer, Jayasekera
acuminate. Bracteoles densely hirsute on
& Samarasinghe 6937 (K. PDA) Conservation
back. Distribution - Close to watercourses in
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
the undergrowth of montane forests, variety is
Endemic. Herbarium specimens Collected 4. Rostellularia procumbens (L.) Nees syn.
from HPNP - Gardner in C.P. 682, p.p. (PDA) Justicia procumbens L. (Plate 01, Figure B)
Phenology – From September to April with a Annual with a shallow rootstock; stem
peak in October and November. Conservation procumbent or erect, to 70 cm high, slender,
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered. quadrangular, hirtellous, occasionally branched.
Leaves ovate to orbicular or oval-oblong, – Ohiya, beside foot-path to Horton Plains,

subacute at apex, entire, scabrid above, scabrid Cramer 4421 & 6750 (K, PDA, US). Phenology
to hirsutulous beneath; Calyx-lobes generally 4, – Flowering November to May. Conservation
linear-lanceolate, unequal, narrowly scarious- status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
margined; corolla rose-pink, whitish; upper lip
7. Strobilanthes anceps var. anceps Nees (Plate
of limb ovate-oblong. Distribution - In light
01, Figure D)
shade among short, generally sparse, grass in the
Weakly aromatic shrub 0.6-1 m high.
drier areas of the low and mid-country to about
Stems weakly quadrangular, swollen just above
1800 m. Native, also reported in India. Very
the nodes, gland-dotted, glabrescent below,
common. Phenology – Flowering throughout
pubescent above with the hairs deflexed on the
the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
angles. Leaves slightly unequal, ovate or elliptic,
Least Concern
long-acuminate or caudate. Inflorescence of
5. Rostellularia royeniana Nees syn. Justicia dense, elongate, pedunculate heads borne
royeniana (Nees) C.B. Clarke on simple or 3-forked axillary branchlets,
Annual with a small woody rootstock; stem sometimes compound and forming a large leafy
usually erect, to 30 cm high, much branched; panicle of heads. Distribution – Gregarious in
branches diffuse, quadrangular, glabrous. undergrowth of montane forest above 1800m.
Leaves subsessile, broadly oval-elliptic, Native. Herbarium specimens Collected
occasionally narrowly oblong, rounded at base, from HPNP – Nov 1393, Nock s.n. (PDA);
subacute at apex, entire or faintly crenate, 9 Jul 1967, Mueller-Dombois & Comanor
glabrous, margins often reflexed; petiole 4-5 67070934 (PDA); Horton Plains-Galagama
mm. Spikes terminal, simple, fairly lax. Calyx- road, 20 Oct 1993, Cramer, Jayasekera &
lobes 5, linear-lanceolate; corolla rose-pink; Samarasinghe 6864 (K); Just north of Horton
faintly ventricose above, white; upper lip Plains Rest House, 1970, Theobald & Krahulik
oval-oblong. Distribution - Scattered about 2741 (PDA). Phenology – Flowering October
in patana land among sparse, short grass, to December. Conservation status_Redlist
generally above c. 700 m. Endemic. Phenology 2020 – Least Concern
– Flowering throughout the year. Herbarium
8. Strobilanthes calycina Nees (Plate 01, Figure
specimens Collected from HPNP – on grassy
E)
embankment along road to World’s End,
Isophyllous shrub 1-2.5 m high. Stems stout,
Cramer & Jeyaratnam 6747 (K,PDA), Cramer,
rounded, glabrous below, and slightly hispid-
Jayasekera & Samarasekera 6867 (K, PDA).
hairy above. Leaves equal, narrowly elliptical,
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Near
acute or shortly acuminate Inflorescence of
Threatened
short, dense, drooping spikes borne on axillary
6. Rungia longifolia Nees (Plate 01, Figure C) peduncles or on short axillary branchlets;
Stem erect, to 27 cm high, rooting at lower peduncles 0-1.1 cm long, drooping; spikes 2-6
nodes, quadrangular. Leaves subsessile, linear- cm long, 2-3 cm wide. Bracts imbricate, obovate
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, undulate, glabrous. or suborbicular. Distribution – Gregarious and
Spikes axillary and terminal, pedunculate, locally abundant in both primary and secondary
occasionally 2-3 laxly clustered together; montane forest, 1850-2500 m. Endemic.
bracts spreading out, 3-nerved, ciliolate; Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
sterile ones linear-oblong, obtuse, fertile ones – 7 Oct 1967, Comanor 456 (PDA), 1 Nov
obovate, obtuse; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, 1973, Sohmer et al. 8532, p.p. (BM), 25 Sept
acuminate, narrowly scarious-margined; corolla 1969, Hladik 961 (PDA); 3 Dec 1970, Theobald
white; limb with pale blue lines on bullate & Krahulik 2743 (PDA); 6 Oct 1973, Waas
palate. Distribution - Under shade in forests 125 (PDA). Phenology – Flowering October to
of the sub-montane and mid-country. Native. December. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP – Least Concern
9. Strobilanthes hookeri Nees (Plate 01, Figure open lax ovoid terminal panicle, densely clothed
F) in purplish glandular hairs. Distribution –
Isophyllous undershrub 1-1.5 m high. Endemic to Sri lanka. Locally abundant in
Stems stout, rounded, glabrous or slightly open montane forest, secondary scrub and
hispid above. Leaves equal, narrowly elliptic, roadside bushland, 1000-2200 m. Gregarious
acuminate at both ends. Inflorescence of dense, in HPNP. Herbarium specimens Collected
drooping, pedunculate heads borne singly on from HPNP – Zoysa s.n. (PDA), Feb 1846,
short axillary branchlets. Corolla 3-3.5 cm Thwaites C.P. 301 (K), Nov 1893, Nock s.n.
long, glabrous, white with a few purple veins. (PDA), 31 Oct 1976, Jayasuriya 2405 (PDA), 2
Distribution – Near streams in sub montane Mar 1978, Cramer 5163 (K), 25 Jan 1906, J.S.
and montane forest, 850-2500 m. Endemic. s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Flowering September
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP to December, mass flowering occur in 12 year
– Sep 1890, Trimen s.n. (PDA); 1 Nov 1973, cycles. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Sohmer et al. 8532, p.p. (PDA), 1 Nov 1973, Least Concern
Sohmer et al. 8537 (PDA), 20 Oct 1993,
12. Strobilanthes sexennis Nees (Plate 01,
Cramer, Jayasekera & Samarasinghe 6861 (K).
Figure H)
Phenology – Flowering August to December.
Stem glabrous with prominent transverse
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
ridging between the lower leaf nodes. Leaves
Concern
narrowly elliptic, acuminate at both ends, often
10. Strobilanthes nockii Trimen falcate, margin serrate, completely glabrous.
An apparently monocarpic undershrub c. Inflorescence glandular-pubescent on the
1 m high. Stems stout, quadrangular, rounded branches, bracts and bracteoles, rather dense,
on the angles, glabrescent, sometimes with the lowermost flowers only 0.5-1 cm apart, the
scattered pustules. Leaves equal, broadly ovate upper ones confluent. Bracts ovate or elliptic,
or elliptic, shortly acuminate, Inflorescence 8-13 x 5-8 mm; bracteoles oblanceolate, 10-25
of long sticky-glandular-pubescent, musk- x 2.5 mm, almost equalling the calyx. Corolla
smelling spikes borne on axillary branchlets blue. Distribution – Endemic. var. sexennis
which are typically trifurcate just above the base. is Restricted to Nuwara Eliya district where
Corolla 2.6-3.2 cm long, bright violet, glabrous, it is common between 1800 and 2300 m.
the lobes ovate-elliptic, emarginate, Stamens 2. Gregarious in HPNP. Herbarium specimens
Distribution – Endemic to Sri lanka. Restricted Collected from HPNP – Zoysa s.n. (PDA),
to the central highlands in Nuwara Eliya Pattipola-Horton Plains road, 20 Oct 1993,
district, around 1800m. Endemic. Herbarium Cramer, Jayasekera & Samarasinghe 6862
specimens Collected from HPNP – Horton (K). Phenology – Flowering September to
Plains, de Zoysa s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Not November. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
Known, Sterile specimens were collected in – Vulnerable
March. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
13. Strobilanthes vestita Nees (Plate 01, Figure
Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
I)
11. Strobilanthes pulcherrima T.Anderson Isophyllous shrub 1-2 m high. Stems stout,
(Plate 01, Figure G) branched, quadrangular or rounded, hispid,
Monocarpic undershrub up to 2 m high, but soon glabrescent below. Leaves subequal,
apparently flowering in 12- year cycles. Stems (ovate-)elliptic, shortly acuminate, base cuneate
stout, becoming woody, glabrescent or remaining and slightly rounded, margin serrate, both
coarsely hirsute round the nodes. Leaves slightly surfaces scabrid; petioles 1-3 cm long, hirsute.
unequal, oblong-elliptic, longacuminate, base Inflorescence of dense, bracteate, pedunculate
cuneate, margin serrulate, above glabrous, spikes terminal on the main stem and simple
with numerous cystoliths, beneath purplish- or forked axillary branchlets. Distribution –
pubescent on the veins. Infloresence a large Endemic. Secondary hill forest, especially near
streams, gregarious, 900-2000 m. Herbarium branched panicle, with elongated spikelike

specimen Nock s.n. (PDA) was collected clusters of sessile flowers. Perianth-segments
from HPNP in November 1893. Herbarium 3—5, connate at the base. Distribution – Moist
specimens Collected from HPNP – Nov waste ground, roadsides and along drains,
1893, Nock s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Flowering 600—2000 m. Exotic, introduced to Tropical
January to March. Conservation status_ and subtropical regions of the world, native of
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable America. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – 14 March 1971, Balakrishnan
14. Strobilanthes viscosa var. viscosa (Arn. ex
NBK 462 (K, PDA); Phenology – Flowering
Nees) T.Anderson (Plate 01, Figure J)
September to November. Conservation status_
Leaves hispid-hairy, scabrid or glabrous
Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated
on both surfaces. Spikes smelling of musk,
typically trifurcate, usually with a pair of leaflets
at the branching point, densely glandular-
Family Amaryllidaceae
pubescent, axillary and terminal; bracts usually
exceeding the calyx. Distribution – Native; 17. Allium hookeri Thwaites (Plate 01, Figure
locally abundant in the central highlands around K)
Adam’s Peak and in the Nuwara Eliya district. Bulb 8-10 mm broad, cylindric, covered with
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP decayed and fibrous outer scales; roots many,
– Sept 1890, Trimen s.n. (PDA), Nov 1893, Nock fibrous. Leaves narrowly linear, channelled
s.n. (PDA), 6 Dec 1973, Waas 1271 (PDA); 30 above, keeled beneath, rather fleshy, glaucous
Oct 1976, Jayasuriya 2389 (E, K, PDA); 4 Jan green, with 9-11 veins, somewhat rough at edges,
1906, Willis s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Flowering tapering distally, more or less blunt at apex,
September to November. Conservation status_ finely retuse; sheath membranous, cylindrical,
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable 4-25 cm long. Flowers with a strong garlic-like
odour. Distribution – Upper montane zone,
15. Thunbergia fragrans Roxb.
locally common. Wet open places in the patanas.
Herbaceous vine, twining, 2-3 m in length.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
Stems cylindrical, striate, slender, puberulous.
– Horton Plains, marshy place, 21 Feb 1882, s.
Leaves opposite; petiole, slender, pubescent,
coll. s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Flowering June
sulcate, with the base somewhat dilated. Flowers
onwards. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
axillary, solitary or in pairs; pedicels pubescent,
Critically Endangered.
striate; bracts green, membranaceous, ovate,
pubescent. Calyx green, of 15-20 sepals,
lanceolate, 3-5 mm long; corolla white, Family Apiaceae
infundibuliform, with 5 lobes. Distribution
– Native; Generally occurs along borders of 18. Bupleurum ramosissimum Wight & Arn.
forests of both the lowlands and highlands. Syn. Bupleurum mucronatum Wight & Arn. ,
Phenology – Flowering throughout the year. Bupleurum virgatum Wight & Arn.
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least Plants herbaceous, caulescent, perennial,
Concern. slender; stems 25-50 cm tall. Leaves oblong
to linear, 3-12 cm long, 0.5-1 cm broad, apex
Family Amaranthaceae acuminate, mucronate, margins entire, base
16. Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & amplexicaul, glabrous, glaucous. Involucral
Clemants syn. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. bracts 3-6, lanceolate-linear, about equal to
Strongly aromatic annual or short-lived the flowers; pedicels 6-8, 1-1.5 mm long.
perennial herb; stems erect, much branched, Petals yellow. Ovary oblong, terete, glabrous;
striate. Leaves ellipticlanceolate, shortly styles filiform, divaricate. Distribution –
petiolate, irregularly sinuate-dentate upper Found between 650-2300 m from Belihul-oya
leaves small and narrow. Inflorescence a much- to Nuwara Eliya and Horton Plains. Native.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP 21. Pimpinella leschenaultii DC.

– patana at Small World’s End, Theobald & Plants herbaceous, perennial, with basal
Krahulik 2727 (PDA); patana at Big World’s rosette when young, obscurely pubescent; stems
End, Theobald & Krahulik 2730 (PDA); rocky 15-60 cm tall, weak, procumbent. Leaves simple,
edge at Small World’s End, Theobald & Krahulik cordate-ovate in outline. Fruit ovoid, slightly
2733 (PDA); along trail from Galagama Falls compressed laterally, tapering upwards, 2-4
to Horton Plains, Phenology – Flowering mm long, 2-3 mm broad, obscurely pubescent;
December to August and probably throughout ribs obscure; vittae small, three in the intervals,
the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – six on the commissure. Distribution – Native,
Vulnerable at edge of forest along patanas. Found only at
elevations between 650-2300 m. Herbarium
19. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Syn Hydrocotyle
specimens Collected from HPNP – by the
asiatica L. (Plate 01, Figure L)
stream, Trimen s.n., 21-II-1882 (PDA); Horton
Plants glabrous at maturity; stems one to
Plains, above Nonpareil, Trimen s.n., 24-II-
several dm long. Leaves 1- 6, clustered on a
1882 (PDA); edge of precipice at World’s End,
short shoot at each node, orbicular to reniform
A.M. Silva s.n., 3-V-1906 (PDA); edge of forest
in outline. Umbels opposite the leaves, mostly
at Small World’s End, Theobald & Krahulik
3-flowered, dichasial; peduncles 0-2 cm long.
2728 (PDA); along trail from Galagama
Distribution – This plant grows wild in damp,
Falls to Horton Plains, Theobald & Krahulik
shady places up to 2200m. and can be commonly
2835 (BISH, BM). Phenology – Flowering
seen along banks of rivers, streams, ponds, and
October to May and probably throughout the
irrigated fields. It also grows along stone walls
year Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
or other rocky areas in India and Sri Lanka
Vulnerable
(Sayasinha, Warnasuriya, & Dissanayake,
1999). Herbarium specimens Collected 22. Sanicula elata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don.
from HPNP – along path in cloud forest Plants caulescent, perennial, erect; stems
between Small World’s End and Big World’s 20-70 cm tall, furrowed, glabrous, dichasially
End, Theobald & Krahulik 2729 (BISH. BM.) branched above, with a thick rootstock bearing
Phenology – Flowering May to October and fibrous roots. Leaves mostly in a basal rosette,
probably throughout the year. Conservation cauline ones reduced upwards, simple, very
status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern. broadly ovate to orbicular-cordate in outline,
margins crenate-serrate, glabrous on both
20. Peucedanum ceylanicum Gardner
surfaces, dark green above, paler beneath;
Plants glabrous; stems 1-1.5 m tall. Leaves
petioles erect, 5-20 cm long, glabrous.
mostly basal, triternate, ultimate divisions
Distribution – Native, only known from a few
numerous, linear, 5-40 mm long. Petals white,
localities between 1000-2300 m in the Nuwara
obovate. Ovary ovoid, glabrous; styles long,
Eliya District. Herbarium specimens Collected
divaricate; stylopodium thick-conic. Fruit
from HPNP – Horton Plains, s. coll. s.n; IV-
oblong-elliptic, 5-8 mm long, 3-5 mm broad.
1854, part of C.P. 2813, (PDA). Phenology –
Distribution – Endemic to Sri Lanka. Grows In
Flowering April to June. Conservation status_
Open grassy rocky places. Found above Belihul-
Redlist 2020 – Endangered
oya on Way to Horton Plains, Galagama. Only
collected once, in 1846 by Gardner. Herbarium 23. Tetrataenium ceylanicum (Gardner
specimens Collected from HPNP – Gardner, ex C.B.Clarke) Manden. Syn. Heracleum
III-1846, part of C.P. 135 (PDA). Phenology – ceylanicum Gardner ex C.B. Clarke (Plate 01,
Flowering February to March. Conservation Figure M)
status_Redlist 2020 – Critically Endangered Plants perennial, finely, pubescent; stems
(Possibly Extinct). FFPO – Protected. 30-70 cm tall, slightly branched. Leaves mostly
basal, pinnate, leaflets 3-7, broadly ovate
in outline. Petals white, obovate, attenuate.
Distribution – Endemic to Sri Lanka. Found Road, Nowicke & Jayasuriya 256 (PDA, US);
at levations between 2000-2500 m about about 7 miles northeast of Horton Plains,
Moon Plains, Horton Plains, Adam’s Peak, 2000 m, Gould & Cooray 13755 (PDA, US).
and Pidurutalagala. Herbarium specimens Phenology – Flowering probably throughout
Collected from HPNP – Patana at World’s the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
End, A.M. Silva s.n., 3-V-1906 (PDA); 1/4 mile Least Concern.
below Rest House at Ohiya Road, Comanor &
26. Gymnema cuspidatum (Thunb.) Kuntze
Mueller-Dombois 67070904 (PDA); patana at
syn. Bidaria celsicola Huber, Gymnema
Small World’s End, Theobald & Krahulik 2726
pergularioides var. gardneri Thwaites ex
(BISH, PDA, US). Phenology – Flowering
Hook.f.; Gymnema pergularioides var.
February to July. Conservation status_Redlist
stenolobum (Hook.f.) Trimen
2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
Petiole 0.7-2 cm long. Leaf-blade 4-15
Family Apocynaceae cm long, 1.8-5 cm wide, rounded or shortly
cumeate at the base, long-acuminate at the apex,
24. Ceropegia elegans Wall. Syn. Ceropegia
thinly membranous. Inflorescence much shorter
elegans var. walkeri (Wight) Trimen (Plate 01,
than the leaves; the peduncle shorter to longer
Figure N)
than the petiole. Distribution – Endemic to Sri
Underground shoot not tuberous, with
Lanka. Rare or overlooked in the hill country.
numerous fibrous roots. Petiole 1– 3 cm long.
Phenology – Flowering probably throughout
Leaf-blade 4–9 cm long and 1.5–5 cm wide,
ovate, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, rounded
Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.
or truncate at the base. Corolla pale green or
greenish white, spotted and stained with purple; 27. Vincetoxicum iphisia Meve & Liede syn.
the mouth of the tube 1–2 cm in diameter, acutely Tylophora multiflora (Wight & Arn.) Alston;
angled between the lobes. Distribution – Native Tylophora fasciculata Thwaites (illegitimate)
to Sri Lanka. Herbarium specimens Collected Stem twining or almost erect, glabrous.
from HPNP – Patana on the way from Horton Petiole 0.7-1.5 cm long. Leafblade 4-6 cm
Plains to Belihul Oya, over half elevation, 23 long, 2.5-3.5 cm wide, ovate or ovate-oblong,
Jan. 1910, Rothert s.n. (PDA). Phenology – rounded or very shallowly cordate at the base,
Flowering February to July. Conservation very acute and apiculate at the apex, glabrous
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered. FFPO – on both sides. Inflorescence an umbel-like
Protected. cyme or more commonly composed of two
superposed umbel-like cymes. Distribution
25. Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour.) Baill. Syn.
– Native to Sri Lanka. According to Thwaites
Rauvolfia densiflora (Wall.) Benth. ex Hook. f.
(1860) common in the more elevated parts of
(Plate 01, Figure O)
the Central Province of Ceylon, but already
A treelet 0.5-3 m tall. Petiole 0.7-2.5 cm
referred to as rather rare by Trimen (1895).
long. Leaf , broadly lanceolate to obovate-
lanceolate, widest in or above the middle,
– Horton Plains, Agrapatana Road, Nowicke
tapering to the base, markedly acuminate at
& Jayasuriya 246 (PDA, US). Conservation
the apex, thinly herbaceous; dried leaf with
status_Redlist 2020 – Critically Endangered.
the midrib slightly impressed but frequently
FFPO – Protected.
provided with a narrow median ridge on the
upper surface, prominent beneath. Distribution Family Aponogetonaceae
– locally abundant in disturbed and secondary
28. Aponogeton jacobsenii de Wit (Plate 01,
mist forest and along edge of forests of the
Figure P)
montane zone between 700 and 2200 m.
Tuber obovoid or cylindrical. Submerged
leaves leathery, at first palish green, later on
– Willis s.n. (PDA); Horton Plains, Agrapatana
dark green to reddish-brown; leaf-blade ovate to
rounded triangular. Inflorescence with a single mottled. Leaflets 5-13, usually 7, entire to
spike of up to 18 cm, rather laxly flowered, minutely erose, obovate to lanceolate, glossy
scentless; top at first curved back. Distribution above and dull, light green belo. Pistillate
– Endemic to Sri Lanka. Locally frequent flowers crowded, each subglobose with a
in shallow or deep ponds and rivulets with papillose stigma on a short style. Staminate
stagnant or fast flowing water between 1650 flowers scattered, in groups of 2- 8 short-stalked
and 2300 m. Herbarium specimens Collected (or sessile) anthers. Berries with 1-few globose
from HPNP – from Farr Inn to World’s End, seeds. Distribution – Native, Found in montane
6 Oct. 1973, Waas 119 (L, PDA, US); 26 Mar. to sub montane forests. Herbarium specimens
1956, v. Steenis 19520 (L); River Belihul Oya, Collected from HPNP – foot trail from Ohiya
Nature Reserve, Jan. 1985, Kasselmann 25 to Horton Plains, 2400 m, Balakrishnan 420
(M); Katumana, 16 Apr. 1981, de Graaf 290 (PDA, US), ear Farr Inn, 2100 m, 19 Sept. 1969,
(L, alcohol); River at Horton Plains, 18 Mar. Beusekom 1488 (US), between Little World’s
1975, Jacobsen 18-20 (L, alcohol). Phenology End and World’s End, 2100 m, 28 Mar. 1968,
– Flowering probably throughout the year Fosberg 50058 (PDA, US); between Small
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Critically World’s End and Big World’s End, 2300 m, 3
Endangered. FFPO – Protected. Dec. 1970, Theobald & Krahulik 2762 (PDA,
US); near World’s End. 2 Dec. 1970, Fosberg
Family Aquifoliaceae
& Jayasuriya 53247 (K, PDA, US); trail to
29. Ilex walkeri Wight & Gardner ex Thwaites World’s End, 2400 m, 11 May 1970, Gould &
(Plate 01, Figure Q) Cooray 13805 (US). Phenology – Flowering
Shrub or small tree up to 2 - 6 (-12) m probably throughout the year. Conservation
tall, much branched, bark light brown to grey, status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
glabrous when young. Leaves numerous, closely
31. Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. Syn.
distributed; lamina 1.25 - 3 (- 5) x 0.6 - 1.25
Richardia africana Kunth (Plate 02, Figure A)
( 2.75) cm, coriaceous, glabrous at maturity,
Evergreen herbs with hypogaean stem.
very variable in shape, rotund or oblong-ovate.
Petioles to 60 cm, sheath persistent to 40 cm.
Flowers white, 4 - 6-merous but mostly 4- ,very
Peduncles equaling petioles, erect and lifting
small with female in sessile, male in shortly-
inflorescences above the spreading leaves.
stalked, umbellate fascicles shorter than leaves
Spathe white, apiculate, funnel-form with
Distribution – Native, Highest upper montane
revolute edges, broad-faced (to 15 x 15 cm).
zones, to 2500 m. Herbarium specimens
Spadix to 8 cm: female for 1-2 cm with green
Collected from HPNP – World’s End, Sep
pistils intermixed along yellow staminodia,
1885, Ferguson s.n. (PDA), World’s End Trail,
male for 6 cm, yellow. Fruits sometimes set.
2400 m, 3 Nov 1971, Balakrishnan 1044 (K,
Distribution – Wet places at higher elevations,
PDA), 2200 m, 24 Feb 1972, Balakrishnan 1200
Native to South Africa but introduced and
(K, PDA), Dayagama road, 2130 m, 22 Nov
escaping in Sri Lanka. Phenology – Flowering
1969, Hladik 1095 (K, PDA), c. 1.6 km towards
probably throughout the year. Conservation
Ohiya from Farr Inn, 10 Aug 1970, Meijer et al.
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
619 (PDA), Farr Inn to World’s End trail, 2200
m, Nooteboom 3348 (PDA). Conservation Family Araliaceae
status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern
32. Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. (Plate 02,
Family Araceae Figure B)
Plants low; stems 10-55 cm long, succulent.
30. Arisaema leschenaultii Blume syn.
Leaves orbicularreniform in outline, rather
Arisaema filicaudatum N.E.Br. (Plate 01, Figure
broader than long, 0.5-3 cm long, 0.75-6
R)
cm broad, palmately lobed, lobes triangular,
Corm subglobose. Leaf solitary, radiatisect.
margins very coarsely crenate, base very deeply
Petiole to 1.25 m, sheathing to 3/4, commonly
cordate, shiny on both surfaces, especially
above, strigose; petioles slender, ascending, 29 Mar 1968, Fosberg & Mueller - Dombois
1-25 cm long, densely hirsutulous; stipules 50087 (PDA), World’s end, 8 July 1967,
large, membranaceous. Distribution – Native. Mueller - Dombois & Comanor 67070844
Between elevations of 650-2300 m in the central (PDA). Phenology – Flowering February -
mountains. Herbarium specimens Collected June, November. Conservation status_Redlist
from HPNP – along primate survey transect 2020 – Least Concern
in cloud forest just north of Horton Plains Rest
35. Ophiopogon intermedius D.Don (Plate 02,
House, Theobald & Krahulik 2742 (BISH, K,
Figure D)
MO, PDA, UC, US). Phenology – Flowering
Rhizome erect, 3-4 cm long, bearing fibrous
May to October, and apparently throughout
roots, stolons c. 5 mm thick, and buds producing
new leafy shoots giving a tufted effect. Leaves
Near Threatened
6- 20, distichous, with sheathing base, 30-85 cm
33. Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. Syn. x 3-8 mm, linear, acute or acuminate at apex,
Hydrocotyle rotundifolia Roxb. scabrid at margin; lamina rough, 5-7- ribbed
Plants low; stems filiform, branching on underside, with a prominent midrib, dark
diffuse, glabrous. Leaves small, nearly green above, paler or glaucous beneath; sheath
orbicular in outline, 0.25-1.25 cm long, 0.5-1.5 2-5 cm long, scarious, white. Distribution –
cm broad, palmately cleft half-way down into Moist region, mid-country and montane region
5-7 broad obtuse lobes, margins crenate, base Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from
cordate, the basal lobes almost in contact, but HPNP – Horton Plains, 26 Jan 1906, Willis
not overlapping, glabrous and shining above, s.n. (PDA), Waas 138 (PDA) Phenology –
with scattered coarse hairs beneath; petioles Flowering February-September. Conservation
ascending. Distribution – Native, between status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern
elevations of 1400-2300 m in the mountains
Family Asteraceae
of the Badulla and Nuwara Eliya Districts.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP 36. Acilepis scariosa (DC.) H.Rob. syn
– North entrance, Horton Plains, Dieter’s plot Vernonia scariosa Arn., Vernonia lankana
No. P24, Fosberg & Mueller-Dombois 50023 Grierson
(BISH, PDA, US). Phenology – Flowering Erect or sprawling subshrubs, 1–2 m tall.
probably throughout the year. Conservation Stems striate, glabrous or more usually sparsely
status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern or densely brown villous. Leaves ovate, obovate
or oblanceolate, attenuate and subpetiolate at
Family Asparagaceae
the base or on petioles up to 1.5 cm long, acute
34. Asparagus racemosus Willd. (Plate 02, or shortly acuminate at the apex, ± coarsely and
Figure C) sharply serrate at the margins, brownish villous
Rambling and scandent, much branched pubescent on both surfaces, often finely bullate
shrub with long stems arising from a thick above, Flowers whitish tinged with mauve.
rhizome and tuberous roots to one cm broad. Distribution – Along jungle streams and in
Stems terete; spines numerous, straight or marshy ground around pools, up to 2400m;
subrecurved. Cladodes in groups of 2-6, mostly quite rare. Endemic. Herbarium specimens
3, 5-60 x 1-1.5 mm, trigonous, falcate, finely Collected from HPNP – below Horton Plains,
acuminate at apex, tapering at base. Racemes to Feb. 1857, s. coll. C.P. 2825 (PDA, BM, K);
12 cm long, with many flowers in fascicles of 2 between Horton Plains and Ohiya, Simpson
or 3, or mostly borne singly. flowers fragrant, 9556 (PDA, BM), Grierson 1109 (E, US,
with a sickly sweet smell. Distribution – PDA, BR, CANB). Phenology – Flowering
Native, Dry low- and mid-country and montane February–April. Conservation status_Redlist
zone. Herbarium specimens Collected from 2020 – Endangered
HPNP – edge of mossy forest, near Farr Inn,
PLATE 01: A. Barleria involucrata; B. Rostellularia procumbens; C. Rungia longifolia; D.

Strobilanthes anceps var. anceps; E. Strobilanthes calycina; F. Strobilanthes hookeri; G. Strobilanthes
pulcherrima; H. Strobilanthes sexennis; I. Strobilanthes vestita; J. Strobilanthes viscosa var. viscosa;
K. Allium hookeri; L. Centella asiatica; M. Tetrataenium ceylanicum; N. Ceropegia elegans; O.
Rauvolfia verticillata; P. Aponogeton jacobsenii; Q. Ilex walkeri; R. Arisaema leschenaultii.
37. Acilepis setigera (Arn.) H.Rob. & Skvarla or purplish in color. The leaves are oppositely
syn. Vernonia setigera Arn. (Plate 02, Figure E) arranged along the stems and are borne on
Erect or straggling shrubs or subshrubs, stalks (petioles) 1-6 cm long. Distribution –
1–2.5 m tall. Stems densely covered with Introduced species. Phenology – Flowering
appressed brown pubescence intermixed December to February. Conservation status_
with stiffer spreading hairs. Leaves ovate, Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated
petiolate, rounded or cuneate at the base, acute
40. Ageratina riparia (Regel) R.M.King
or acuminate at the apex, margins sharply
& H.Rob syn. Eupatorium riparium Regel,
serrate, somewhat harshly pubescent on both
Chromolaena riparium (Plate 02, Figure G)
surfaces but more densely so beneath, upper
Erect shrub or subshrub with creeping
surface becoming blackish green on drying.
rootstock. Stems 0.5–1 m tall, pubescent,
Capitula narrowly campanulate, numerous in
becoming glabrous near the base. Leaves
dense corymbs. Distribution – Jungle paths
elliptic-lanceolate, petiolate, petioles 0.5–1.3 cm
and montane forests, 1800m-2000m. Native.
long, lamina 3.5–7 (–10) x 1–1.5 cm, attenuate
Herbarium specimens Collected from
at the base, acuminate at the apex, margins ±
HPNP – Pattipola–Horton Plains road, 2050
regularly sharply serrate, subglabrous on the
m, Comanor 944 (E, US, PDA). Phenology –
upper surface, sparsely pubescent beneath.
Flowering December to June. Conservation
Distribution – Introduced species. Phenology
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened
– Flowering August to February. Conservation
38. Acilepis thwaitesii (C.B. Clarke) H.Rob. & status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated
Skvarla syn. Vernonia thwaitesii C.B. Clarke;
41. Anaphalis brevifolia DC. (Plate 02, Figure
Vernonia gardneri var. nervosa Thwaites
H)
Erect herbs or subshrubs. Stems terete,
Much branched annual or biennial herbs.
brownish, up to 60 cm tall, appressed
Stems 10–30 cm tall, bearing numerous small
pubescent. Leaves generally more numerous
leaves and covered with closely applied whitish
in the lower parts of the stem,. Flowers 30– 40
tomentum. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 5–12
per capitulum; corollas c. 1 cm long, sparsely
x 1.5–3 mm at the base, semiamplexicaul,
glandular, bluish-mauve. Achenes c. 3 mm
acute at the apex, margins entire, revolute,
long, glabrous or puberulous, 10-ribbed. Pappus
covered above and beneath with loose araneose
dingy white, 7–8 mm long with a ring of short
tomentum; 1-nerved. Capitula 7–8 mm diameter.
outer hairs 1 mm long. Distribution – Endemic
Distribution – Native, In grassy banks and
to Sri Lanka. On grassy bank and wet rocks,
patanas, 1700–2300m. Herbarium specimens
1500—2200m. recorded from Nuwara eliya
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains, Sept.
and Badulla Districts. Herbarium specimens
1890, W. Nock s.n. (PDA), 2400 m, Grierson
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains, W.
1093 (E,US, PDA, BR, CANB), Gould &
Nock s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Flowering
Cooray 13833 (E, US, PDA). Phenology –
February to May. Conservation status_Redlist
Flowering September to April. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.
39. Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King
42. Anaphalis pelliculata Trimen
& H.Rob. syn. Eupatorium adenophorum
Small branching shrubs 39–50 cm tall;
Spreng. (Plate 02, Figure F)
foliage peppery scented. Stems covered by
A long-lived (perennial) herbaceous plant
interwoven hairs forming a white pellicle when
or small soft-stemmed shrub usually growing
young and, in older parts, generally retaining
1-2 m tall, but occasionally reaching 3 m in
leaves of previous years. Leaves oblongelliptic.
height. It produces numerous upright (erect)
Distribution – Endemic to Sri Lanka. Among
stems from a woody rootstock. The branched
rocks, 7000—8000 ft, recorded from Nuwara
stems are densely covered in sticky (glandular)
eliya and Kandy Districts. Herbarium
hairs when young and may be green, reddish
specimens Collected from HPNP – Kirigalpota, tomentum, 1-nerved, undersurface more

7850 ft, 12 Mar. 1969, Grierson 1102 (E, US, densely and yellowish tomentose. Phyllaries
PDA, BR, CANB). Phenology – Flowering 4-seriate, outer ones lanceolate, yellowish.
September to November. Conservation status_ Distribution – Endemic, On grassy banks
Redlist 2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected. and in patanas, 1000–2200m. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Horton
43. Anaphalis pseudocinnamomea Grierson
Plains, 16 Sept. 1890, s. coll. (Nock?) (PDA);
Erect perennial herbs. Stems 30–60 cm
near Horton Plains, 2 May 1906, Willis s.n.
tall, covered by tawny coloured appressed
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering September
tomentum. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 4–6
to May. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
cm x 3–12 mm, acute or gradually acuminate
Near Threatened.
to a fine point at the apex, attenuate and
semiamplexicaul at the base, margin narrowly 46. Anaphalis thwaitesii C.B.Clarke
revolute, completely glabrous or, more usually, Small shrubs 25–50 cm tall. Stems cottony
sparsely floccose-araneose and glabrescent. tomentose, ± obscured by the numerous close
Distribution – Endemic, Upper montane set leaves which persist for several years after
region, Above 2000m. Herbarium specimens withering. Leaves spathulate, 2–2.5 cm x 5–10
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains, 25 Jan. mm, conferted, apex subacute or obtuse. Female
1906, Silva s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Flowering flowers c. 17, 2.5–3 mm long; hermaphrodite
September to March. Conservation status_ flowers c. 25, 3–3.5 mm long, lobes glandular.
Redlist 2020 – Endangered. Achenes 0.75–1.0 mm long, glabrous or with
a few minute eglandular hairs. Pappus 3.5 mm
44. Anaphalis subdecurrens Gamble (Plate 02,
long. Distribution – Endemic to Sri Lanka.
Figure I)
In damp ground beside streams at 2000 m and
Annual herbs 15–40 (–70) cm tall, erect.
above, recorded only from Nuwara eliya District.
Stems simple or branched, densely white
tomentose. Leaves oblong, oblanceolate or
– Horton Plains. Nock s.n. (PDA). Phenology
spathulate, basal ones sometimes almost
– Flowering March to April. Conservation
rosulate, 3–5 cm x 6–12 mm. Flowers yellow,
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered. FFPO –
female corollas 25–30, 1.5–2 mm long;
Protected.
hermaphrodite corollas 5–10, 1.75–2.25
mm long. Achenes of both kinds of flower 47. Anaphalis zeylanica C.B.Clarke
apparently fertile Distribution – Native, On Small and sometimes slender suffrutex.
grassy banks and in patanas, 1000–2200m. Stems 30–60 cm tall, thinly or densely araneose
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP when young. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
– Horton Plains, 2167 m, Grierson 1094 (E, 1.5–2.5 cm x 3–5 mm, acute, apiculate at
US, PDA, BR, CANB), Comanor 439 (E, US, the apex, (apiculus sometimes recurved and
PDA), Gould & Cooray 13863 (E, US, PDA). then appearing subacute), shortly (c. 2 mm)
Phenology – Flowering throughout the year. and acutely auriculate at the base, margin
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Near recurved, glandular puberulent and araneose
Threatened on both surfaces, sometimes almost glabrous,
trinerved. Distribution – Endemic, On marshy
45. Anaphalis sulphurea (Trimen) Grierson
patanas 1800—2200m, common. Herbarium
(Plate 02, Figure J)
Low-growing sprawling shrub. Stems
Plains on the way to Kirigalpota, 7000 ft.
decumbent, 20–45 cm long, white tomentose
Grierson 1105 (E, US, FDA, BR). Phenology
Leaves oblanceolate or spathulate, 1.3–2.5
– Flowering June to October. Conservation
cm x 3–6 mm, attenuate at the base, obtuse
or subacute at the apex, margin narrowly
revolute upper surface covered by thin greyish
48. Bidens pilosa L. (Plate 02, Figure K) 2020 – Vulnerable.

Stems 45–50 (–200) cm tall, glabrous.
51. Blumea zeylanica Grierson
Leaves 5–15 cm long on petioles 1.5–4 cm
Erect perennial (?) herbs. Stems terete, c.
long, lateral leaflets ovate, 4–9 x 1.5–3.5 cm,
1.5 m tall, sometimes purplish, covered with
± abruptly attenuate into a short petiolule,
yellowish, spreading, hirsute hairs, becoming
0.5–1 cm long, acute or shortly acuminate at
glabrescent with age. Lower leaves oblanceolate,
the apex; terminal leaflets ovate-lanceolate,
sericeous on both surfaces but more densely so
6.5–12 cm long, attenuate at the base to a
on the lower surface Flowers yellow; female
longer petiolule, 1.5–2.5 cm long, gradually
corollas 7 mm long, glabrous; hermaphrodite
acuminate at the apex, leaflets glabrous on
flowers c. 15, yellow, corollas c. 7 mm long.
both surfaces. Distribution – Introduced, Hill
Distribution – Endemic, In moist shady places
country. Phenology – Flowering November to
at roadsides and margins of forests above 900m.
March. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Not Evaluated.
– Between Horton Plains and Ohiya, c. 6000 ft,
49. Blumea crinita Arn. (Plate 02, Figure L) Grierson 1111 (E, US). Phenology – Flowering
Perennial rhizomatous herbs, 30–100 cm throughout the year. Conservation status_
tall. Stems erect, usually simple, hirsute with Redlist 2020 – Critically Endangered
spreading yellowish hairs, especially on the
52. Carpesium cernuum L
younger parts. Leaves thick, ovate-elliptic
Perennial herbs. Stems 30–60 cm tall,
to obovate-oblong. Flowers yellow; female
hirsute pubescent. Leaves ovate lanceolate,
corollas 6 mm long, glabrous; hermaphrodite
petiolate, petioles winged, 1–4 cm long, upper
corollas 6–6.5 mm long, lobes papillate.
leaves sessile; laminae up to 12 cm long, 5 cm
Achenes brown, 10-ribbed, glabrous, 1.75 mm
broad, acute at the apex, attenuate at the base,
long. Pappus white, 4.5 mm long. Distribution
margins sinuate-denticulate, hirsute-pubescent
– Endemic to Sri Lanka. In marshy places
on both surfaces but especially on the veins
and wet patanas, 1000–2200m, recorded
beneath. Distribution – Introduced, Generally
from Kandy and Nuwara Eliya Districts.
occurring in moist areas at roadsides and forest
Clearings. Herbarium specimens Collected
– Horton Plains, Sept. 1890, Trimen s.n. (PDA).
from HPNP – Patipola below Horton Plains,
Phenology – Flowering November to March
17 September 1890, Trimen s.n. (PDA); Horton
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Critically
Plains, c. 7000 ft, September 1890, Trimen
s.n. (K). Phenology – Flowering August to
50. Blumea hieraciifolia var. flexuosa September. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
(C.B.Clarke) Randeria (Plate 02, Figure M) – Not Evaluated.
Perennial herbs 0.4–2 m tall. Stems usually
53. Cissampelopsis walkeri var. floccosa Vanij.
unbranched or sometimes branched at the
& Kadereit syn. Senecio corymbosus var.
base, somewhat flexuose, erect or somewhat
floccosus (Plate 02, Figure N)
decumbent, terete, villous-hirsute, densely so
Scandent shrubs attaining about 8 m in
towards the apex. Leaves ellipticoblanceolate.
height. Stems araneose, glabrescent or glandular.
Flowers yellow or purple; female corollas 4.5–
Leaves broadly ovate, petiolate, petioles 2–4
5.75 mm long, glabrous; those of hermaphrodite
cm long, uncinate and becoming woody at the
flowers 4.5–6.0 mm long. Distribution –
base, lamina 3–9 x 2.5–6 cm, cordate at the
Native, Growing in dry patana grasslands,
base, acute or acuminate at the apex, margins ±
roadsides and at the margins of forests above
callous, denticulate, araneose on both surfaces
1000 m. Herbarium specimens Collected
when young, sometimes glabrescent. Capitula
from HPNP – Horton Plains, 26 Jan. 1906,
numerous in axillary corymbs, discoid, 7–12
Willis s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Flowering
flowered. Distribution – Endemic, Margins of
October to May. Conservation status_Redlist
forests in montane zone. Herbarium specimens long, minutely papillate-puberulent at tips,

Collected from HPNP – North Entrance, 2100 pale purple. Distribution – Native, Found in
m, Fosberg & Mueller Dombois 50009 (E, patanas. 2000–2300 m. Herbarium specimens
US, PDA). Phenology – Flowering January to Collected from HPNP – about 1½ miles from
March. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Farr‘s Inn at Ohiya Road, Mueller-Dombois
Endangered. & Cooray 68011310 (PDA, US); north edge
of Horton Plains, 2200 m, Gould 13564 (US,
54. Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.)
TAES). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
S.Moore (Plate 02, Figure O)
Endangered.
Stems usually simple or branched above,
30–50 cm tall, but sometimes as much as 1.5 57. Erigeron bonariensis L.
m, ± densely brown puberulous, especially Annual herbs commonly 30–75 cm
when young. Leaves elliptic-oblanceolate, 5–18 tall. Stems bearing a mixed indumentum of
x 1–6 cm, gradually attenuate at the base into fine appressed hairs and coarser spreading
a petiole up to 3 cm long. Flowers brickred or trichomes. Lower leaves narrowly oblanceolate,
dark orange, 0.8–1 cm long. Distribution – attenuate at the base, acute at the apex, margins
Introduced, Widespread weed of cultivated land. coarsely serrate-dentate or pinnatifid with up
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP to 5 teeth or lobes on each side, pubescent on
– Horton Plains, 7000 ft, Grierson 1096 (US). both surfaces with a few hirsute trichomes on
Phenology – Flowering probably throughout the midrib beneath; upper leaves smaller, linear-
the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – lanceolate, entire-margined. Distribution –
Not Evaluated. Introduced. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Not Evaluated.
55. Emilia speeseae Fosberg (Plate 02, Figure
P) 58. Erigeron karvinskianus DC. (Plate 02,
A somewhat robust plant for this group, Figure Q)
somewhat pilose, rather leafy in basal half, the Stems prostrate or decumbent, sparsely
middle cauline leaves on well-developed plants appressed pubescent, or glabrous, often
with terminal segment orbicular to ovate, petiole becoming rooted from the nodes, becoming
broadly winged, uppermost leaves sagittate- much branched and bearing up to 3 capitula
cordate, all leaves at least obscurely and bluntly on peduncles from the upper leaf axils. Leaves
dentate; inflorescences with bracts much narrowly elliptic, entire or oblanceolate.
reduced, linear, peduncles 3–5, 2–12 cm long, Distribution – Introduced. Conservation
irregular and subumbellate in arrangement, each status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
with a single head. Distribution – Endemic,
59. Gymnanthemum pectiniforme (DC.)
Found at fairly high elevations in the mountain
H.Rob. Syn – Vernonia pectiniformis DC.
mass. Herbarium specimens Collected from
Subsp. Puncticulata (DC.) Grierson
HPNP – Horton Plains, Fosberg & Sachet
Erect shrub 1.5–4 m tall. Stems striate,
53349 (US, E, PDA). Conservation status_
pubescent. Leaves numerous on short (1–
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.
1.5 cm) internodes, elliptic-lanceolate or
56. Emilia zeylanica (Hook.f.) Trimen oblanceolate. Flowers c. 12 per capitulum,
Erect firm herbs; stems leafy, simple or corollas c. 9 mm long, purple. Achenes 2.5–3
sparsely branched at or near base; leaves mm long, faintly 10-ribbed, finely pubescent
sessile, bases auriculate to sagittate, clasping, and glandular. Pappus white at first, becoming
inflorescence exserted 1–2 cm, irregularly yellow or coppery with storage, 6–7.5 mm
branched, of few heads; involucres cylindric, long with an outer ring of shorter hairs c. 2 mm
as broad or almost as broad as high, bracts long. Distribution – Endemic to Sri Lanka. In
loosely coherent, flowers strongly exserted montane forests 2000m, recorded from Kandy
from involucre, corolla lobes 2–2.3 mm and Nuwara Eliya Districts. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – on trail exserted 4–5 mm above the involucre. Achenes
to Little World‘s End, 2100 m, Fosberg 50073 brown, 4 mm long, sparsely puberulous between
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering October to the ribs. Pappus c. 8 mm long, deciduous.
April. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Distribution – Endemic to Sri Lanka. Rock
Endangered. FFPO – Protected. crevices and between stones of walls, 1000 to
2000m, recorded from Nuwara Eliya, Badulla
60. Gynura hispida Thwaites
and Kandy Districts. Phenology – Flowering
Stems 75–100 cm tall, unbranched except
January to May. Conservation status_Redlist
at the inflorescence, fleshy, purplish, sparsely
or densely villous, hirsute at the base, ± leafless
above. Leaves oblanceolate, crowded into 63. Helichrysum hookerianum Wight & Arn.
the lower region of the stem. Flowers orange- ex DC.
yellow, corollas 8–10 mm long, exserted and Suffrutex, 1.5–2 m tall, sometimes
4–5 mm longer than the involucre. Achenes scrambling through small trees up to 4 m.
linear-oblong, 3–4 mm long, glabrous or Stems cylindrical densely covered in white
puberulent between the ribs. Pappus 8–9.5 or pale brown cottony tomentum. Leaves
mm long, deciduous. Distribution – Endemic oblong-lanceolate, numerous, marcescent and
to Sri Lanka. In moist rocky crevices above becoming reflexed with age, obscuring the stem;
1800m, recorded only from Nuwara Eliya acute at the apex, sessile and semiamplexicaul
District. Herbarium specimens Collected at the base, margins recurved. Flowers yellow;
from HPNP – May 1856, s. coll. C.P. 3507 females 7–9 per capitulum, filiform, 2–2.25
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering March to May. mm long; hermaphrodite flowers tubular,
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Critically 16–22 per capitulum. Distribution – Native,
Endangered. FFPO – Protected. Roadsides, and rocky slopes and in forest
clearings, common above 1500m. Herbarium
61. Gynura lycopersicifolia subsp.
taprobanensis Grierson
Plains, Gardner, Feb. 1857 (PDA). Phenology
Stems sometimes rather fleshy, angular,
– Flowering January to April. Conservation
often purplish, 0.3–2 m tall, glabrous or
coarsely villous. Leaves lyrate-pinnatisect, 10–
20 cm long with two rounded, dentate auricles
at the base; lateral segments 1–3 pairs (or 64. Helichrysum luteoalbum (L.) Rchb. Syn.
sometimes 0 and often with minor intermediate Gnaphalium luteo-album L., Pseudognaphalium
lobes), elliptic, 1–4 cm long, 0.4–2 cm broad, luteoalbum (L.) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt;
irregularly and coarsely dentate; terminal Laphangium luteoalbum (L.) Tzvelev (Plate 03,
segments of lower leaves ovate. Distribution Figure A)
– Native, at margins of forests in moist places Annuals, 15–40 cm; taprooted or fibrous-
generally above 1500m, common. Herbarium rooted. Stems loosely white-tomentose, not
specimens Collected from HPNP – Between glandular. Leaf blades narrowly obovate to
Horton Plains and Ohiya, 6000 ft, Grierson 1108 subspatulate, 1–3(–6) cm × 2–8 mm, bases
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering throughout the subclasping, usually decurrent 1–2 mm,
year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – margins weakly revolute, faces mostly concolor
Least Concern. to weakly bicolor, abaxial gray-tomentose,
adaxial usually gray-tomentose, sometimes
62. Gynura zeylanica Trimen (Plate 02, Figure
glabrescent, neither glandular. Distribution –
R)
Introduced. Herbarium specimens Collected
Stems up to 60 cm long, angular, leafy,
from HPNP – Horton Plains, 7000 ft. Grierson
sparsely to densely pubescent. Leaves
1106 (PDA); Ohiya road, ¼ mile from Farr Inn,
oblanceolate, simple or lyrate-pinnatisect.
Mueller-Dombois & Cooray 68011316 (US,
Flowers yellow, corollas 9–10 mm long,
PDA); Gould & Cooray 13864 (E, US, PDA).
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not Phenology – Flowering throughout the year.

Evaluated. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Near
Threatened.
65. Hypochaeris radicata L.
Cat’s Ear is a perennial weed from Eurasia 68. Myriactis wightii DC. (Plate 03, Figure C)
in the aster family. It has naturalized on every Stems 25–50 cm tall, sparsely brownish
continent except Antarctica. It has a long taproot villous pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or ovate,
and a basal rosette of leaves. The flowers are petiolate, or the uppermost ones sessile, petioles
often mistaken for dandelions as they both form 1–6 cm long, winged, semiamplexicaul,
wind-borne seeds. Distribution – Introduced. subauriculate; lamina 2–4 x 1–2 cm, cuneate
It is found in lawns, fields, roadsides and any attenuate at the base, acute and apiculate at the
disturbed area. Conservation status_Redlist apex, margin coarsely and irregularly serrate,
2020 – Not Evaluated. sparsely pubescent on both surfaces. Disc flowers
yellow, 1.5–2 mm long, shortly and weakly
66. Kleinia walkeri (Wight) M.R.Almeida
Bpilose at the base of the lobes. Distribution
Stems erect, c. 2 m tall ―over 1 inch in
– Native, In short grass in montane scrub and
diameter at base‖ (fide Wight), softly woody,
forest. Herbarium specimens Collected from
covered with leaf scars, glabrous. Leaves
HPNP – North Entrance, 2100 m, Fosberg &
elliptic-lanceolate, petiolate, petioles 2–4 cm
Mueller-Dombois 50024 (PDA). Phenology –
long, lamina 7–13 x 2–4 cm gradually acuminate
Flowering throughout the year. Conservation
at the apex, gradually attenuate at the base,
margins entire or regularly and sharply serrate,
glabrous on both surfaces, venation pinnate,
prominent beneath, not fleshy. Distribution –
Native, In forest shade of upper montane zone,
rare. Herbarium specimens Collected from
HPNP – s. coll. C.P.533 annotated Nuwara Eliya
and Horton Plains, 1851(PDA). Phenology –
FFPO – Protected.
67. Moonia heterophylla Arn. (Plate 03, Figure
B)
Stems purplish, 25–50 cm tall, ± glabrous
except at the villous-pubescent nodes. Leaves
ovate, simple, trilobed or ternate with two
oblong-elliptic lobes or leaflets and an elliptic or
trilobed terminal segment. Ray flowers yellow,
6–8 per capitulum basal tube 0.5–0.75 mm
long, ligules deeply trilobed, 3–5 mm long and
broad. Disc flowers 3.5–4.5 mm long, anthers
blackish. Distribution – Native, Forest margins
often in shady situations, common, 1800–
2300m. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – 25 Jan. 1906, Willis s.n. (PDA);
near World‘s End, c. 7000 ft. Grierson 1087 (E,
US, PDA, BR, CANB); Same locality, 2130 m,
Mueller-Dombois & Comanor 67070850 (US,
PDA), Gould & Cooray 13799 (E, US, PDA).
PLATE 02: A. Zantedeschia aethiopica; B. Hydrocotyle javanica; C. Asparagus racemosus; D.

Ophiopogon intermedius; E. Acilepis setigera; F. Ageratina adenophora; G. Ageratina riparia; H.
Anaphalis brevifolia; I. Anaphalis subdecurrens; J. Anaphalis sulphurea; K. Bidens pilosa; L.
Blumea crinita; M. Blumea hieraciifolia var. flexuosa; N. Cissampelopsis walkeri var. floccosa; O.
Crassocephalum crepidioides; P. Emilia speeseae; Q. Erigeron karvinskianus; R. Gynura zeylanica.
69. Psiadia ceylanica (Arn.) Grierson syn. Distribution – Native, in dry patanas above
Microglossa zeylanica (Arn.) Benth. - mqmq, 6000 ft. Herbarium specimens Collected
Shrubs 1–3 m tall. Stems densely whitish from HPNP – Horton Plains, 2100–2175 m,
pubescent when young, dark brown glabrescent Mueller-Dombois & Comanor 67070922 (US,
with age. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, petiolate, PDA), 67091319 (US, PDA), Comanor 433 (E,
acuminate at the apex, cuneate-attenuate at the US, PDA) Phenology – Flowering throughout
base, margins distantly denticulate, glandular the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
and pubescent on both surfaces but more densely Endangered.
so beneath. Ray flowers 8–12 per capitulum,
72. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill
yellow, basal tube 1.5 mm long, ligule 2 mm
Annual herbs, 25–100 cm tall, glabrous.
long, 0.4 mm broad. Disc flowers 1–3, yellow,
Lower leaves oblanceolate or spathulate,
corollas 4 mm long. Distribution – Native,
undivided or lobed, mid-cauline leaves often
Common in moist upland areas in grassland
runcinate-pinnatifid, sometimes entire and
and scrub. Phenology – Flowering throughout
similar to basal leaves, up to 15 cm long, 5
cm broad, usually with 7 triangular acuminate
Least Concern.
segments 1–2 cm long, coarsely dentate or more
commonly subspinose dentate, auricles well
70. Senecio ludens C.B.Clarke (Plate 03, developed, rounded at the margin, uppermost
Figure D) leaves lanceolate, entire, subspinose dentate.
Generally perennial herbs but sometimes Distribution – Introduced. Herbarium
with apparently annual rootstocks, usually specimens Collected from HPNP – New Farm,
rhizomatous. Stems decumbent or weakly Cooray 68051708R (PDA). Conservation
erect, slender or robust, glabrous or coarsely status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
villous. Lower leaves ovate-subrotund, dentate,
73. Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L.
petiolate or pinnatisect with 1–3 pairs of lateral
Annual herbs 30–100 cm tall, glabrous.
segments, upper leaves sessile, oblanceolate,
Basal leaves ovate, mid-cauline leaves usually
pinnately lobed or toothed, auriculate or
runcinate-pinnatifid, up to 15 (or sometimes
exauriculate at the base, subglabrous or villous
20) cm long with 1–3 pairs of lateral segments
on both surfaces, sometimes asperate above.
1–5 cm long and large deltoid or hastate
Distribution – Native, Common in moist
terminal segments 3–10 cm broad, margins
situations at roadsides, on patanas and in forest
coarsely (but not subspinously) dentate,
scrub above 1000m. Herbarium specimens
auricles acute, spreading, uppermost leaves
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains on
generally undivided, lanceolate. Distribution –
Ohiya road, Simpson 9551 (BM). Phenology
– Flowering throughout the year. Conservation
from HPNP – Ohiya road, 2160 m, Mueller
status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern.
Dombois & Comanor 67070925 (PDA).
71. Senecio zeylanicus DC. Syn. Senecio Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not
gracilis Arn. Evaluated.
Erect or decumbent perennial herbs. Stems
74. Taraxacum javanicum Soest (Plate 03,
30–70 cm tall, glabrous generally unbranched
Figure E)
except in the inflorescence. Leaves linear
Leaves oblanceolate, 5–15 cm long,
or narrowly oblanceolate, 2–11 cm long,
tapering at the base into a petiole about a
1–5 mm broad, acute at the apex, attenuate,
third as long, simple with irregularly dentate
subpetiolate at the base, margin entire,
margins or runcinate pinnatifid with 3–4 pairs
revolute; uppermost leaves erect, bract-like;
of lateral lobes up to 3 cm long, terminal lobe
lowest leaves oblanceolate, 1.3 cm, broad,
hastate or deltoid, obtuse or subacute, sparsely
denticulate, margins flat. Ray flowers 12–20,
araneose on both surfaces. Scapes 10–15 (–25)
yellow. Disc flowers 5–6 mm long, yellow.
cm tall, araneose below the capitulum at first, pinnatifid, up to 18 cm long, 4.5 cm broad,
glabrescent, involucre c. 6 mm diameter. usually shortly petiolate at the base, lateral
Distribution – Introduced. Conservation segments somewhat irregular, 0–3 pairs,
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated. glabrous or puberulent on both surfaces;
cauline leaves few, smaller. Flowers 10–20
75. Uniyala wightiana Arn. Syn. Vernonia
per capitulum; corollas orange-yellow, 6 mm
wightiana (Arn.) H.Rob. & Skvarla
long. Distribution – Weed of cultivation and
Erect or straggling shrubs, 0.25–2.5 m tall.
roadsides at mid elevations. Native Phenology –
Young branches pale brown tomentose. Leaves
Flowering January to September. Conservation
elliptic, oblanceolate or spathulate. Flowers
30–40 per capitulum, corollas 7–9 mm long,
pubescent, lilac or mauve. Achenes squarish, Family Balanophoraceae
4–5 ribbed, brown, 2–3 mm long, sparsely
78. Balanophora fungosa (Arn.) B.Hansen
puberulous and glandular. Pappus dingy white,
(Plate 03, Figure G)
5–7 mm long, with a ring of short outer scales
Mature tuber rather large, up to 30 cm in
0.5 mm long. Distribution – Patanas, grassy
diameter or possibly more, robust, diffusely
banks and montane forests above 1000m.
branched and repeatedly broadly lobed, with
Widespread. Native Herbarium specimens
several lobes more or less jointed; surface rather
Collected from HPNP – Between Horton Plains
rough with numerous “stellate warts”. Tuber
resthouse and World‘s End, 2175 m, Comanor
almost white, wax-coloured, yellow-, red- or
958 (E, PDA), Gould & Cooray 13804 (E, US,
almost purple-brown, but mostly paler than the
PDA), Fosberg 50072 (E, PDA). Phenology –
leaves and inflorescences. Distribution – Much-
shaded places with very brief exposure to sun or
none in rain forests or wet montane forests, 150-
76. Youngia fuscipappa Thwaites 3000 m above sea level. Native to Sri Lanka,
Rootstocks rhizomatous. Stems 25–50 In HPNP it was recorded from track to Nagrak
(–75) cm tall, glabrous, simple. Basal leaves bunglow from Big World’s End. Phenology –
oblanceolate, coarsely sinuate-dentate or Flowering mainly November-February in Sri
runcinate-pinnatifid, acuminate at the apex, Lanka. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
attenuate into a petiole 3–20 cm long at the Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
base, glabrous or puberulent on both surfaces,
Family Balsaminaceae
margin narrowly revolute; cauline leaves
smaller and narrower, becoming linear. Capitula 79. Impatiens acaulis Arn. (Plate 03, Figure H)
3 or more in racemose corymbs, branches Stemless Balsam is a perennial herb
brownish pubescent bearing up to 10 capitula. commonly found gregariously growing on wet
Distribution – On moist patanas 1500–2200m, rocks and stream banks or in the spray zone
quite common. Native Herbarium specimens of waterfalls. Leaves vary in size and shape
Collected from HPNP – Pattipola track, - oblong, base rounded, irregularly toothed.
Simpson 9527 (BM), New Farm, Horton Plains, Beautiful pink flowers occur in racemes 3-10
Cooray 68051724 R (US, PDA); Horton Plains, cm longThe petals are white near the base. The
1 mile from Farr Inn, 2400 m, Gould & Cooray usual balsam “spur” is slender, long and curved.
13821 (PDA) Phenology – Flowering January Distribution – Hill country forests (750-2050 m
to September. Conservation status_Redlist (a.s.l.). Also found in South India. Herbarium
2020 – Near Threatened. specimens Collected from HPNP – Pattipola
road, 2100m, Sohmer, Jayasuriya & Eliezer
77. Youngia japonica (L.) DC. (Plate 03, Figure
8608 (PDA) Phenology – Flowering throughout
F)
Stems up to 60 cm tall, glabrous. Leaves
mostly radical, oblanceolate, simple or lyrate,
80. Impatiens cuspidata Wight & Arn. 83. Impatiens macrophylla Gardner ex Hook.
Suffruticose perennial growing up to 3m tall. (Plate 03, Figure K)
Leaves rather coriaceous , dark green above, Robust, suffruticose perennial, growing up
pale green beneath. Distribution – Subspecies to 3 m tall. Leaves spirally arranged, densely
bipartita is Endemic to Sri Lanka. Found on crowded towards the shoot tips, deep green
Upland rain-forest, particularly along the above, often flushed red beneath. Distribution
margins, open scrub and thickets, stream banks – Montane rain-forest, generally in moist shaded
and creeks, always in moist places, 1800—2700 places particularly by streams and rivers, or in
m a.s.l. Herbarium specimens Collected from gullies, occasionally on roadside embankments
HPNP – 2300 m, Dec. 1978, Grey- Wilson or rock outcrops, often forming large colonies,
& Silva 3070 (K, PDA,US), Horton Plains to 1650-2400 ma.s.l. Endemic to Sri lanka.
Pattipola, 1950 m, Sept. 1969, van Beusekom Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
1505 (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist – 2130 m, Mar. 1977, Bremer 963 (PDA, US),
2020 – Least Concern. FFPO – Protected. 2400 m, Dec. 1972, Cramer 3954 (PDA), c. 2250
m, Mar. 1971, Koyama & Balakrishnan 14079
81. Impatiens henslowiana Arn. (Plate 03,
(US), 2300 m, Dec. 1978, Grey- Wilson & Silva
Figure I)
3071 (K), June 1975, Sumithraarachchi 952
Suffruticose perennial to 1.5 m tall, rarely
(PDA), Oct. 1975, Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi
more; stems moderately to rather densely
10046 (PDA, US), 2300 m, Dec. 1970, Theobald
branched below, with prominent leaf scars.
& Krahulik 2758 (PDA, US), Oct. 1973, Waas
Flowers white, often with a slight pink or mauve
155 (US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
tinge. Distribution – Upland rain-forest, scrub
and rocky places, frequently bordering rivers
and streams or in the spray zone of waterfalls, 84. Impatiens truncata Thwaites (Plate 03,
900—2000 m alt. In HPNP it was recorded Figure L)
at the summit of kirigalpotta. Conservation Decumbent to erect perennial, growing up
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable. to 50 cm tall. Leaves spirally arranged, tending
to be crowded towards the stem tops, mid-green
82. Impatiens leptopoda Arn. (Plate 03, Figure
above, pale green beneath. This species is very
J)
variable in height and in the size of the leaves
Glabrous perennial, growing up to 70cm
and this seems to be due to habitat conditions;
tall. Leaves spirally arranged, dark green above,
Distribution – Montane rain-forest, in damp
pale green beneath Distribution – Upland rain-
shaded places generally, particularly along
forest and thickets in more open places, often
tracks or pathways or on banks, 700—2200m
growing by streams and rivers amongst rocks
a.s.l. Endemic to Sri lanka. Herbarium
or on banks, or sometimes on marshy ground,
specimens Collected from HPNP – Pattipola
generally forming large colonies, 800 -2250
to Farr Inn, Horton Plains, Nov. 1973, Sohmer,
m a.s.l. Endemic to Sri lanka. Herbarium
Jayasuriya & Eliezer 8523 (PDA, US); Totapola
specimens Collected from HPNP – 2167 m,
Mt., 2200 m, Dec. 1975, Bernardi 15895 (US).
Oct. 1967, Comanor 435 (K, US), 2000 m, Apr.
1970, Gould 13547B (US), 2400 m, May 1970,
Threatened. FFPO – Protected.
Gould & Cooray 13798 (PDA, US), 2130 m.
July 1967, Mueller Dombois & Comanor 835 Family Berberidaceae
(PDA, US), 2350 m, Apr. 1973, Stone 11271
85. Berberis ceylanica C.K.Schneid.
(PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
Shrub 3 m or more tall. Stem minutely
– Least Concern. FFPO – Protected.
pubescent, angled. Spines 1- 2 (-3.25) cm long,
furrowed, concolorous. Leaves: lamina 1.5-5
x 1-2.5 mm, ovate, elliptic or obovate, margin
subserrulate. Inflorescence 5 - 10 (- 15)-yellow-
flowered, c. 3 - 5 cm long, unbellate-racemose, Family Boraginaceae

at times compound below. Pedicel 7 - 16 mm
87. Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Sw. ex Lehm.)
long; bracts 1 - 2 mm long. Petals 6 x 4.5 mm,
Thunb. ex Brand Syn. Cynoglossum furcatum
obovate, entire. Berries 12 x 5 mm, ellipsoid to
Wall. ex Roxb., C. micranthum var. decurrens
obovoid excluding very short style. Distribution
Trimen (Plate 03, Figure N)
– Montane forests and forest borders, up to
Herbs, wiry and suffrutescent, to 2 m tall,
about 2200 m. Endemic Herbarium specimens
scabrate. Leaves alternate, lanceolate to elliptic,
Collected from HPNP – 27 Apr 1932, Simpson
to 14 cm long and 5 cm wide, entire, acute,
9524 (PDA), 2000 m, 7 Apr 1969, Kostermans
the base obtuse to attenuate, scabrate above,
2300 (K), 2100 m, 1 Jul 1971, Balakrishnan
the trichomes with cystolith-like bases, mostly
397 (K), 2400 m, 22 Sep 1974, Cramer 4339
strigose below; subsessile to petioles 15 mm
(PDA), road to Agrapatana, 1980 m, 28 Aug
long. Inflorescences mostly terminal, onesided
1978, Huber 837 (PDA), near Farr Inn, 2100
scorpioid racemes, to 26 cm long in fruit, the
m, 29 Mar 1968, Fosberg & Mueller-Dombois
bracts with obtuse or attenuate bases, rarely
50086 (PDA), near Anderson Bungalow, 2100
clasping. Flowers with pedicels 2–5 mm long.
m, 2 Feb 1996, Philcox et al. 10731 (K, MO,
Distribution – Roadsides and waste ground.
PDA); Big World=s End, 2160 m, 5 Feb 1971,
Native Herbarium specimens Collected from
Robyns 7139 (K, PDA), 2 Mar 1971, Koyama
HPNP – fork at road to Diyagama west side,
et al. 14082 (PDA), 2350 m, Stone 11251
alt. 2181 m. Comanor 447 (US): Horton Plains,
(PDA), Diyagama road, 2160 m, 11 Feb 1968,
Diyagama Road, alt. 2140 m, Comanor 973
Comanor 971 (PDA), trail to Kirigalpotta
(US); Horton Plains, in grassy slopes by Ohiya
Peak, 29 Jun 1973, Nowicke & Jayasuriya 233
Road, below Farr Inn, alt. 2333 m, Cramer
(PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
2872 (US); near ―World‘s End‘‘. Fosberg &
Vulnerable.
Jayasuriya 53248 (US); Horton Plains. forest
86. Berberis wightiana C.K.Schneid. (Plate back of Farr Inn. Fosberg & Sachet 53273 (US);
03, Figure M) Horton Plains, about 1½, miles S. of Farr Inn,
Shrub to 1 m or more tall; stems very on Ohiya Road, alt. 2400 m, Gould & Cooray
furrowed, minutely pubescent. Spines 1.5 - 3 13857 (US); Horton Plains taril W. of Farr Inn,
cm long, 3-fid. Leaves: lamina 2 - 4 x 1 - 1.4 cm, so-called ‗‗Primate Study Trail‘‘. alt. 7200 ft,
oblongobovate, obtuse, entire, very rarely with Koyama at alt 14090 (US); Horton Plains. alt.
1 - 3 marginal spines, dull above, grey-pruinose 2000 m, Larsen 29502 (MO); Horton Plains,
beneath, venation reticulate. Inflorescence alt 2000 in. Larsen 29624 (MO) Conservation
7 - 12-flowered, racemose or subumbellate- status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.
racemose, 2-4 (-5) cm long. Pedicel 8 - 18 mm
Family Brassicaceae
long. Petals 4 x 2.5 mm, obovate. Stamens
3 mm long, shortly apiculate. Berries 9 x 4 88. Barbarea vulgaris R.Br.
mm. Distribution – Montane forests and Biennial or perennial herb, 30—90 cm tall.
forest borders, up to about 2200 m. native. Stem erect, stout, branching, glabrous. Basal
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP rosetted leaves petiolate, lyrate-pinnatisect
– Ohiya/Diyagama road junction, 4 Mar 1973, with a rounded, often cordate terminal lobe,
Townsend 73/158 (E); Diyagama road, 2160 m, and 2—4 pairs of lateral lobes; lower cauline
11 Feb 1968, Comanor 971 (E). Conservation leaves similar but smaller; upper leaves ovate,
status_Redlist 2020 – Critically Endangered. simple; all leaves Glabrous. Distribution –
from HPNP – Feb 1857, s. coll. C.P. 1017
Not Evaluated.
89. Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. 1220 m. Herbarium specimens Collected from
Annual herb, erect, to 1 m or more tall, HPNP – Farr Inn, 3 Dec 1970, Fosberg 53333
densely long-branched especially above, (PDA), near Farr Inn, c. 2100 m, Beusekom &
glabrous, subglaucous. Leaves: lower and basal Beusekom 1464 (PDA) Conservation status_
petiolate with lamina up to 20 x 10cm, irregularly Redlist 2020 – Data Deficient.
dentate, with 1—3 pairs of lateral lobes, not
92. Erucastrum abyssinicum (A.Rich.)
auriculate; upper 5—10 x 1.5—3 cm, petiolate
O.E.Schulz
to subpetiolate, lanceolate or oblanceolate and
Annual herb 35—80 cm tall. Stems erect, few
acute, to obovate and obtuse, coarsely dentate
arising from the base, angular, pubescent with
to subentire, not auriculate. Inflorescence
antrorse, subappressed, simple hairs. Leaves
15—30 cm long in fruit. Distribution –
pubescent with simple hairs on both surfaces;
basal leaves rosetted, lyrate-pinnatisect, with up
from HPNP – Road from Diyagama Tea Estate
to 6 pairs of lobes, both terminal and lateral lobes
to Horton Plains, 27 May 1975, Sohmer &
coarsely and irregularly dentate. Inflorescence
Sumithraarachchi 10091 (PDA) Conservation
becoming elongated to 30 cm or more, and
lax at fruiting. Flowers solitary in the axils of
90. Cardamine africana L. (Plate 03, Figure O) foliaceous bracts. Distribution – Introduced,
Perennial herb, 15—55 cm tall, with single Weed of cultivation and waste places; up to
or clustered shoots arising from a slender 2500 m. Herbarium specimens Collected
rhizome. Stems erect or ascending, sparsely from HPNP – Horton Plains, c. 2100 m, March
branched, especially below, often rooting at 1978, Cramer 5158 (K). Conservation status_
the base, glabrous above, glabrous or at times Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
pubescent below. Leaves 5—17 cm long,
Family Buxaceae
tripartite, glabrous to sparsely and softly hairy
above, subglabrous beneath. Distribution – 93. Sarcococca coriacea (Hook.) Sweet (Plate
Usually in damp, shady, understorey vegetation 03, Figure P)
in montane forests, in clearings and forest Small tree or shrub, 1 - 7 m tall; stem
roadsides up to 2400 m. Herbarium specimens slender, branches virgate, outer bark brownish.
Collected from HPNP – Feb 1857, s. coll. Leaves, alternate, coriaceous, ovate to ovate-
s.n. (PDA), 21 Feb 1882, Trimen s.n. (PDA), elliptic, shortly and suddenly acuminate at
1830—2440 m, Thwaites C.P. 1017 (BM, apex, rounded, narrowing into acute, cuneate
K), north entrance, 2100 m, 28 March 1968, base; petiole 5 - 11 mm long. Inflorescence c. 6
Fosberg et al. 50041 (PDA), near Farr Inn, c. -9 mm long. Male flowers c. 10, above on spike,
2100 m, Beusekom 1475 (PDA) Conservation ebracteolate; stamens 4, filaments 4 mm long,
status_Redlist 2020 – Data Deficient. glabrous, anthers c. 1 x 0.5 mm. Female flowers
2 at base of spike, bracteates. Distribution
91. Cardamine hirsuta L.
– Margins of mist forests and undergrowth
Annual, or occasionally perennial, herb,
of secondary montane forests, from 2000 –
branched from base when annual and more so
2500 meters. Native. Herbarium specimens
above when perennial, 8—20(—35) cm tall.
Collected from HPNP – Feb 1846, Thawaites
Stems erect or curving, glabrous or sparsely
C.P. 534 (K), 7 April 1969, Kostermans 23009
hairy. Basal leaves distinctly rosetted, cauline
(K), 2100 m, 15 March 1971, Balakrishnan
leaves few; all leaves 2.5—6 cm long, petiolate,
467 (K), 2300 m, 11 July 1978, Meijer 1761
imparipinnatifid with up to 6 pairs of lateral
(K), 2400 m, 1 Nov 1971, Balakrishnan 1030
leaflets below the terminal leaflet, orbicular,
(K), 27 Apr 1932, Simpson 9536 (BM), near
reniform or ovate, cuneate to truncate, entire to
Farr Inn, 2140 m, 16 Nov 1977, Huber 633
crenate, glabrous or sparsely hairy, Distribution
(PDA), between Farr Inn and Small World’s
– Somewhat moist, open ground in forests and
End, 23 Sept 1974, Waas 843 (PDA), beside
woodlands, gardens and cultivated land; 300—
road to World’s End, c. 2400 m, 22 Sept 1974, End, Cramer 4601 (CAL, SING, K, BO).
Cramer 4338 (K, PDA), near Government Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Farm, 2400 m, 7 Dec 1972, Tirvengadum & Concern
Cramer 107 (K, PDA), Horton Plains North
96. Lobelia leschenaultiana (C.Presl) Skottsb.
entrance, Dieter’s plot No: P 24, 2100 m, 28
Biennial or perennial herb; stem
Mar 1968, Fosberg 49997 (PDA); road from
to 2.4 m high, stout. Leaves lanceolate
Diyagama Tea Estate to Horton Plains, 27 Oct
to oblonglanceolate, narrowed at base,
1975, Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi 10006
subacuminate, callousdenticulate, ciliolate,
(K, PDA); Horton Plains, 2.1 miles from Rest
rugose and glabrous above, densely hirtellous
House, 2170 m, 11 Feb 1968, Comanor 968 (K,
or pilosehirtellous beneath; petioles to 3 cm
PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
long. Racemes terminal, 86–103 cm long;
Vulnerable.
flowers densely whorled. Bracts foliaceous
Family Calophyllaceae below, linear-lanceolate above. Calyx broadly
cupular-campanulate. Corolla to 3 cm long,
94. Calophyllum walkeri Wight (Plate 03,
rose or pink. Distribution - In open, hilly
Figure Q) - f;,a lSk" lSk
slopes in the highlands; alt. 2000-2400 m.
Tree, up to 7 m high, Bark yellowish,
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from
fissured and cracked rather irregularly, Leaves
HPNP – hilly slope beside Horton Plains-
very rigidly coriaceous, obovaterotundate.
Ohiya Road, Cramer 4824 (PDA, US), Alwis
Petiole stout, 3–8 mm long, flat above. Racemes
March 1922 (PDA), Gardner C. P. 2592 (K,
axillary, the top ones forming a terminal panicle
PDA), s. coll. March 1884 (PDA). Phenology
by abortion of leaves, up to 10 cm long;
– Flowering January to March. Conservation
peduncle stout. Pedicels thick, up to 2.5 cm
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered
long. Flowers numerous, pinkish white or white,
up to 2.5 cm diam. Sepals 4,concave, Stamens
up to 4 mm long. Ovary ellipsoid. Distribution
- Above 1000 m alt. In some places gregarious.
Endemic. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable FFPO – Protected.
Family Campanulaceae
95. Lobelia heyneana Schult. Syn. Lobelia
zeylanica sensu Moon (Plate 03, Figure R)
Annual herb; stem ascending, to 23
cm high, sometimes suberect, trigonous to
subtrigonous, winged, glabrous. Leaves broadly
ovate to suborbicular, 0.9–1.6 x 1.0–1.8 cm,
upper ones occasionally oblonglanceolate, to
1.6 x 0.8 cm; all truncate at base and occurrent
on petiole, obtuse to subacute at apex, crenate-
serrate to serrulate, glabrous; petioles 3–5 mm
long. Flowers solitary in the upper axils. Bracts
linear. Distribution - Usually under shade
among short grass in moist and boggy places
of the uplands from c. 2000 to 3400 m. Native.
– near Farr Inn, van Beusekom (NVB, PDA,
US), Cooray 68051718 (PDA,US); under shade
in wet embankments beside road to World’s
PLATE 03: A. Helichrysum luteoalbum; B. Moonia heterophylla; C. Myriactis wightii; D. Senecio

ludens; E. Taraxacum javanicum; F. Youngia japonica; G. Balanophora fungosa; H. Impatiens
acaulis; I. Impatiens henslowiana; J. Impatiens leptopoda; K. Impatiens macrophylla; L. Impatiens
truncata; M. Berberis wightiana; N. Cynoglossum zeylanicum; O. Cardamine africana; P.
Sarcococca coriacea; Q. Calophyllum walkeri; R. Lobelia heyneana.
97. Lobelia walkeri (C.B.Clarke) W.J.de about 30 x 12 cm; leaf segments elliptic or
Wilde & Duyfjes Syn. Lobelia zeylanica var. narrowly oblong, obtuse or acute, serrate, hairy
walkeri C.B.Clarke on both sides, on lower side particularly along
Annual; stem rooting at lower nodes, major veins, ciliate; petiole about 25 cm long.
ascending to 20 cm, diffusely branched, Heads terminal on main axis and branches.
subtrigonous, succulent, glabrous. Leaves Distribution - Upper montane zone. Endemic
broadly ovate, 1.1–3.8 x 1.1–3.2 cm, truncate to Sri Lanka. Phenology – Flowering March to
to cordate at base, obtuse or subacute, September. Herbarium specimens Collected
crenatedenticulate, penninerved, sparsely from HPNP – van Beusekom 1473 (PDA),
scaberulous or scabrid above, more densely Dassanayake 329 (PDA), Hoogland 11533
so beneath especially on nerves; petioles (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
0.4–1.2 cm long. Bracts linear subulate, 1 mm Critically Endangered
long. Bracteoles 0. Calyx tube 2–4 mm long.
100. Valeriana moonii Arn. ex C.B.Clarke
Distribution - In the wet lowlands and uplands.
(Plate 04, Figure B)
Endemic. Phenology – Flowering Throughout
Perennial herb, from a thick rootstock, 50-
80 (-100) cm tall. Stems hollow, glabrous save
Data Deficient
for tufts of retrorse hairs at the upper nodes.
98. Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) A.DC. Leaves opposite, imparipinnately compound,
syn. Wahlenbergia grasilis DC. (Plate 04, long petiolate. Flowers in compound cymes,
Figure A) terminal on the main stem and on short branches
Perennial herb with a vermiform rootstock; from axils of the uppermost leaf pair, cymes
stems solitary or many, to c. 35 cm high, congested in flower, expanding and becoming
sometimes diffuse, 5–6 angular, rather slender, more open in fruit. Distribution - At higher
flexuose, glabrous, often sparsely pilose below, elevations, in generally moist situations.
sometimes scabrid. Leaves linearoblong to Endemic to Sri Lanka. Herbarium specimens
linear-elliptic, 7–20 x 1–4 mm, the upper ones Collected from HPNP – Jayasuriya 1468 (US),
narrower, subacute at base, acute at apex, Sumithraarachchi 54 (US), Cramer 2880 (US),
serrulate to entire, glabrous above, scabrid to Balakrishnan 440 (US), van Beusekom 1472
scabridpilose beneath, the lower ones sometimes (US), and Fosberg & Jayasuriya 53257 (OSH,
spathulate. Flowers solitary or in binate cymes. US). Phenology – Flowering almost throughout
Distribution - Among grass of the black the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
patanas and rocky crevices of the highlands Critically Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
from c. 1400 to 2400 m. Native. Herbarium
Family Caricaceae
specimens Collected from HPNP – near Farr
Inn, Fosberg & Sachet 53330 (K, PDA, US), van 101. Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC. Syn. C.
Beusekom s.n. (L, PDA, US), in patana, Cramer candinamarcensis Hook.f., Carica pubescens
2952 (PDA, US), Clayton 5475 (K, PDA, US), Lenné & K.Koch
Comanor 976 (K, PDA, US), 20 May, 1911, Small monoecious tree to c. 5 m high. Trunk
Silva (PDA). Phenology – Flowering almost stout, pale. Petiole to 50 cm long, to c, densely
throughout the year. Conservation status_ hairy at first, becoming glabrate, terete. Lamina
Redlist 2020 – Least Concern deeply 5-lobed. ♂ flowers in hairy axillary
corymbs or panicles, pale green, fragrant;
Family Caprifoliaceae
calyx lobes c. 1.5 mm long, corolla tube 1.5-
99. Dipsacus walkeri Arn. 2 cm long, hairy outside, linear and revolute.
Stout perennial herb 60-200 cm tall. Stems ♀ flowers similar but peduncles short. Fruit,
erect, stiff, branched, hollow, furrowed, with oblong-obovoid, strongly 5-ribbed, yellow;
short scattered prickles along the ridges. Radical flesh sweet and aromatic. Seed c. 5 mm long.
and lower cauline leaves large, pinnatisect, Distribution – Introduced. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated
Family Caryophyllaceae 4-angled, glabrous; bark soft, brown, fissured.

Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, ovate, rotundate
102. Cerastium glomeratum Thuill syn.
to obovate, 2.0—5.6(7.8) ) x 1 .8— 3.8(—4.6)
Cerastium vulgatum var. glomeratum (Thuill.)
cm, apex obtuse or with a short, blunt acumen,
Edgew. & Hook.f.
base round or acute, margin entire or obscurely
Annual, 10—35 cm; stem simple or
serrate at apex, strongly revolute; petiole 2—3
branched, erect to ascending, with eglandular
mm long. Inflorescences axillary 1—3-flowered
to glandular hairs. Leaves (lower) obovate
cymes. Distribution - In montane moist forests,
to spathulate, upper ones elliptic to elliptic-
1500—2000 m. Native. Phenology – Flowering
ovate, 8—20 x 3—10 mm, sessile, with sparse
September to March. Conservation status_
to dense eglandular and glandular hairs, apex
Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened
obtuse to subacute. Bracts herbaceous or green.
Flowers in compact cymose heads or clusters. 105. Microtropis zeylanica Merr. & F.
Distribution - A weed in the montane wet zone, L.Freem. syn. Microtropis ramiflora sensu
1800—2400 m. Native. Herbarium specimens Thwaites non Wight (Plate 04, Figure D)
Collected from HPNP – along Jeep track, 2400 Much-branched shrubs or small trees;
m, 12 Dec 1971, Balakrishnan 409 (K, PDA). branches terete, sometimes angular or sulcate.
Phenology – Flowering January to March. Leaves variable, rigidly coriaceous, oblong or
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not elliptic, 2.0—6.4X 1.5—4.0 cm, apex obtuse,
Evaluated rounded, sometimes retuse, base rounded to
abruptly obtuse, margin often very strongly
103. Cerastium lanceolatum (Poir.) Volponi
revolute, brown-olivaceous or olive- coloured
syn. Cerastium indicum Wight & Arn.
above, pale beneath; slightly rugose on upper
Perennial herbs; stems erect-ascending,
surface when dry, laxly reticulate; petioles
slender, 30—60 cm, flaccid, viscid, glandular-
short, thick, c. 2 mm long. Inflorescence
pubescent. Leaves ± sessile, narrowly-
axillary, sessile, subsessile or very often short-
lanceolate, 15—50 x 3—10 mm, acute, covered
peduncled capitate fascicles. Distribution - In
with viscid pubescence or hairs on both surfaces,
forests of wet, montane zone. Endemic to Sri
middle leaves more than 4 times longer than
Lanka. Herbarium specimens Collected from
wide. Flowers few in terminal, dichotomous,
HPNP – Feb 1846, Thwaites C.P. 297, (K), s.
glandular pubscent cymes. Distribution - In
coll. C.P. 148 (PDA), 25 May 1911, J.M. Silva
shaded situations in open forest or grassy
s.n.(PDA), 2 May 1906, A.M. Silva s.n.(PDA),
slopes in upper montane wet zone, 1800-2400
Trail Farr Inn to Big Worlds End, 2200m,
m, common. Native. Herbarium specimens
11 Oct 1977, Noote-boom 3333 (PDA); ―
Collected from HPNP – at entrance to Fog
Totapella‖, 22—24 Feb 1882, s. coll. s.n.(PDA).
Intercept Station, 2135 m, 16 May 1968, Mueller
Phenology – Flowering February to September.
Dombois 68051601 (PDA), near Farr Inn, 2135
m, 19 Sept 1969, C.F.& R.J. Van Beusekom
Threatened
1486 (PDA), 2400 m, 4 Nov 1971, Balakrishnan
1049 (K, PDA) along roadside at Old Farm, c. Family Colchicaceae
2100 m, 14 March 1971, Balakrishnan 469
106. Disporum cantoniense var. cantoniense
(K, PDA). Phenology – Flowering March to
(Lour.) Merr. Syn. Disporum leschenaultianum
September. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
D.Don. (Plate 04, Figure E)
– Near Threatened
Creeping rhizome c. 1 cm broad, with thick,
Family Celastraceae whitish, fibrous roots. Aerial shoots to c. 1 m
tall, stem unbranched and c. 8 mm thick in lower
104. Euonymus revolutus Wight (Plate 04,
half, terete, with broad brown sheathing scales
Figure C)
4-6 cm long at nodes; upper half repeatedly
Small to moderate-sized trees, up to 6 m
branched, spreading. Branches sulcate, with 2
high; branches terete young ones obtusely
longitudinal ridges descending from edges of 108. Cyanotis pilosa Schult. & Schult.f.
leaf bases. Leaves 2.5-12 x 2-5.5 cm, orbicular Rosette perennial; roots thick, fibrous to
or narrowly ovate to ovate, acute, broadly somewhat tuberous, yellow to orange-yellow.
acuminate or cuspidate at apex. Distribution Flowering shoots axillary, 10-75 cm long,
- Montane region in open places in forests, branched or unbranched, prostrate to decumbent
paths and forest edges, in moist places. Native. or ascending, sometimes rooting at the lower
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP nodes but never forming new plants. Rosette
– Willis s.n. (PDA), J.M. Silva s.n. (PDA), leaves spirally arranged, sheaths to 3 cm long,
Mueller-Dombois & Comanor 67070836 sparsely pilose, ciliate at the apex. Distribution
(PDA), Sumithraarachchi et al. 45 (PDA), - Tussocky grassland in moist peaty soil in
Jayasuriya 79 (PDA), Cramer 2950 (PDA), 10 montane patanas and moist roadsides, 1720-2400
Feb 1968, Comanor 954 (PDA), van Beusekom m. Native. Herbarium specimens Collected
1478 (PDA), Cooray 70051102 (PDA), Fosberg from HPNP – behind Farr Inn, Davidse 7611
50047 (PDA), Robyns 7142 (PDA), Gould (US); Sita-Eliya, Faden & Faden 76/258 (US);
13570 (PDA), 14 Apr 1973, Stone 11270 (PDA), Horton Plains, road to World's End, Faden
2 Dec 1970, Fosberg & Jayasuriya 53252 & Faden 76/277 (US); Horton Plains, near
(PDA), 11 May 1970, Gould & Cooray 13801 Farr Inn, Fosberg 53319 (US); Horton Plains,
(PDA), 6 Oct 1973, Waas 133 (PDA), 18 Oct World's End, SE of Farr Inn, Gould & Cooray
1974, Davidse 7686 (PDA); Dayagama-Horton 13795 (US); Horton Plains, Hepper 4445 (US);
Plains, Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi 10012 Horton Plains, Ohiya road ca. 3 mi. from Rest
(PDA); Hakgala, 20 Jun 1972, Maxwell & House, Koyama 13625 (US). Phenology –
Jayasuriya 681 (PDA). Phenology – Flowering Flowering throughout the year. Conservation
April to October. Conservation status_Redlist status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
2020 – Endangered
109. Cyanotis villosa (Spreng.) Schult. &
Family Commelinaceae Schult.f.
Scrambling, sprawling or decumbent
107. Cyanotis lanceolata Wight syn. Cyanotis
perennial (or annual?); roots thin, fibrous.
villosa sensu Trimen; Cyanotis racemosa
Flowering shoots ascending. Leaves distichous,
B.Heyne ex Hassk.
sheaths to 2 cm long, pilose to arachnoid
Scrambling or trailing perennial; roots
pubescent, ciliate at the apex, lamina
thin, fibrous. Shoots much-branched. Leaves
lanceolateelliptic to oblong-elliptic or ovate.
distichous, sheaths to 1.7 cm long, densely
Flowers bisexual; sepals lanceolate, linear-
sericeous or pilose, lamina strongly discolorous,
lanceolate, lanceolate-oblong or oblanceolate-
lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate. Inflorescences
oblong, fused basally, 4-7 X 1-1.5 mm, sparsely
clustered at the ends of the shoots, composed
to densely pilose; corolla 8.5-11 mm wide, pale
of 1-4(-14) stalked and sessile cincinni, each
lilac. Distribution - Road sides, rocky roadside
cincinnus subtended by a bract that is large and
banks, grassy banks, disturbed areas, abandoned
similar to a foliage leaf or reduced and only
fields, open meadows, edge of degraded forest
slightly exceeding the cincinnus. Distribution
1160-2400 m. Native. Herbarium specimens
- Forest, near streams and waterfalls, roadsides,
Collected from HPNP – Near Farr Inn, Gould
banks and footpaths; usually in shade, 1100-
& Cooray 13843 (US). Phenology – Flowering
2400m. Native. Herbarium specimens
September to January. Conservation status_
Collected from HPNP – road from Diyagama
Tea Estate to Horton Plains, Sohmer &
Sumithraarachchi 10005 (US). Phenology –
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
Family Convolvulaceae flowers are solitary on slender 7-40 mm.

Distribution - Mountainous areas. Native.
110. Cuscuta reflexa var. reflexa Roxb.
Phenology – Flowering almost throughout the
Stout succulent twiners; stem up to 2.5 mm
year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
in diam., yellowish. Flowers sessile in lateral
Vulnerable.
racemes. Calyx cupular, lobes herbaceous,
c. 1.5 mm long, suborbicular. Corolla cream Family Cyperaceae
coloured, c. 7 mm across, 6-8 mm long, funnel-
113. Bulbostylis densa subsp. densa (Wall.)
form; lobes ovate-triangular, erect. Stamens
Hand.-Mazz. Syn. Bulbostylis capillaris var.
5; filaments very short; corolla scale ovate to
trifida (Nees) C.B. Clarke
oblong, fimbriate. Ovary c. 2 mm long, conical,
Rhizomes absent. Culms tufted, 7-35 cm tall,
stigma acute. Capsule succulent, c. 5 mm
slender, smooth. Leaf sheath pale, membranous,
across, globose-conical. Seeds 3-3.5 mm long,
mouth long pilose; leaf blade filiform,.
black. Distribution - Parasitic on a wide variety
Involucral bracts 2 or 3, setaceous to glumelike.
of plants in the upper montane zone from about
Inflorescence a simple or subcompound anthela,
3000–5400 feet. Native. Conservation status_
with 4-7 spikelets; rays 3-5, 2-5 cm. Spikelets
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
solitary or clustered, oblong-ovoid to ovoid,
Family Cucurbitaceae 3-6 × ca. 1.5 mm, 5-18-flowered, base rounded,
apex acute.. Stamens 2; anthers oblong-ovoid.
111. Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.)
Distribution - Open, wet, grassy places or on
Makino syn. Gynostemma laxum (Wall.) Cogn.
wet rock outcrops at medium to high altitudes
perennial climbing herb with stem and
generally from 1000 to 2300 m. Native.
branches slender, angular-grooved, hairless
or sparsely velvet-hairy. Leaves are pedately
– Grassland and forest behind the Farr Inn,
3-9-foliolate, usually 5-7-foliolate, velvet-hairy
7000 ft, Davidse 7614 (MO, NY). Phenology
or hairless, base narrowed, margin rounded
– Flowering April to December. Conservation
toothed, tip pointed or shortly tapering. Male
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threatned
flowers are borne in panicle; flower-cluster-
stalk thread-like, 10-15 cm, many branched, 114. Isolepis fluitans var. fluitans (L.) R.Br.
flowers pale green or white. Distribution - syn. Scirpus fluitans L.
Mountainous areas at altitudes of 1500-2500 Stems filiform, weak, creeping or floating,
m. Native. Herbarium specimens Collected often many-noded or tufted; leaves very slender,
from HPNP – Trail Ohiya to Horton Plains, often capillary, alternate, with their sheaths
c. 2400 m, 12 Dec 1971, Balakrishnan 415 pale-green. Spikelet solitary, terminal on a long
(K, PDA). Phenology – Flowering March to peduncle rising from the tuft of leaves, ovoid,
November. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 3-5 mm long; glumes 6-10, nearly all containing
– Endangered bisexual flowers; stamens usually 2; style
branches 2. Nut subovoid to orbicular, acute
112. Zehneria thwaitesii (Schweinf.) C.Jeffrey
to obtuse-apiculate. Distribution - Native. In
syn. Melothria thwaitesii Schweinf, Melothria
cool, running water, or forming mats at margin
zeylanica C.B. Clarke (Plate 04, Figure F)
of mountain streams. Herbarium specimens
Slender climbing herb with annual stems
Collected from HPNP – Pattipola exit along
arising from a perennial rootstock. It is named
Pattipola Rd., 7100 ft alt., T. Koyama 13303 (NY,
for George Henry Kendrick Thwaites (1812-
PDA, US); Ohiya Rd., Simpson 9558 (PDA);
1882), English botanist. Leaves are variable,
Ohiya Rd., c. 1 mile from Rest House, 2175 m
ovate to triangular in outline, sometimes more
alt., Mueller-Dombois & Comanor 9 July, 1967
or less 3-lobed, finely rough above and on the
(PDA); Horton Plains, without further details,
veins below; margin entire or with a few small
Clayton 5536 (K, PDA). Conservation status_
teeth. Flowers arise solitary, unisexual on the
same plant, white fading to cream. Female
115. Rhynchospora rugosa subsp. brownie 118. Carex indica var. indica L. syn. Carex
syn. Rhynchospora glauca sensu C.B. Clarke indica var. laete-brunnea C.B. Clarke; Carex
Erect plant, up to 80 cm. high, with elliptical, indica subsp. laetebrunnea (C.B.Clarke)
brown spikelets about 4 mm. long; marshes or T.Koyama
near streams. Distribution - Wet or marshy Tall perennial loosely to subdensely tufted
grasslands and boggy places at rather high with short woody rhizome. Leaves radical and
altitudes of 1000 to 2800 m. Native. Herbarium subradical, sometimes one upper on the culm;
specimens Collected from HPNP – Simpson leaf blades linear, elongated, the longer ones
9540 (PDA), Mueller-Dombois & Comanor much surpassing the culms. Inflorescence a
9 July 1967 (PDA, US), Mueller-Dombois 17 compound slender interrupted panicle, 16-30
May 1968 (PDA, US). Conservation status_ cm long; partial panicles 3 to 8, all single, erect,
Redlist 2020 – Endangered oblong to lance-oblong. Distribution - Wet
forests, both monane and lowlands. Native.
116. Scleria terrestris var. terrestris (L.)
Fassett syn. Scleria exaltata Thwaites , Scleria
– Thwaites C.P. 2628 (K, PDA). Conservation
chinensis var. biauriculata C.B. Clarke - uy
lrdnq
Perennials, stoloniferous. Rhizomes 119. Carex filicina Nees syn. Carex ceylanica
woody, with dark purple scales. Culms sparse, var. saturata (C.B.Clarke) Kük.
0.6-3 m tall, 4-7 mm wide, 3-angled, often Rhizome thick, woody. Culms densely
scabrous, glabrous. Leaf sheaths 1-8 cm, tufted, sharply trigonous, glabrous. Leaves
papery; basal 2 or 3 sheaths on culm purplish longer or rarely shorter than culms, flat, 5-14
red, not winged. Inflorescences paniculate, mm wide, scabrid abaxially or glabrous on
with 1-3 distant branches. Spikelet 1(or 2) in both surfaces; persistent sheaths purplish red or
a cluster, entirely unisexual, oblong-ovoid to purplish brown, fibriform.. Panicle compound,
narrowly ovoid, apex truncate to acuminate. 20-50 cm, 4-8-branched; inflorescence branches
Distribution - Undergrowth of wet forests and single, rarely binate, triangular-ovate, 4-15 ×
scrubs in montane zone up to 2300m. Native. 3-7 cm; peduncles of inflorescence branches
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP tenuous, trigonous. Distribution - Native,
– Horton Plains, Pattipola, s. coll. Sept. 1890 Common in montane forest at high altitude.
(PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
Least Concern – A.M. de Silva 20 May 1911 (PDA); On trail
through forest between Rest HouseBand Little
117. Carex baccans Nees (Plate 04, Figure G)
World's End Drop, 7200 ft alt., T. Koyama
Clumping and evergreen herb, which
13512 (NY, PDA, US). Conservation status_
produces dark green leaves, 1-2 cm wide and
2-3 ft long. Its flower spike arches up and out
from the clump, carrying greenish, flowering 120. Carex ceylanica Boeckeler syn. Carex
seed clusters that grow 6-12 inches long and 3 filicina subsp. ceylanica (Boeckeler) T.Koyama,
inches wide. As they mature, they turn a bright Carex filicina var. ceylanica (Boeck.) T. Koyama
orange-red. Distribution - Wet slopes covered Culms loosely tufted, slender, 15-45 cm tall.
by open forest at tropical high mountain zones Leaves both radical and few upper on the culm,
in Sri Lanka, frequent in montane zone above all shorter than the culm, the blades linear.
1700m alt. Native. Herbarium specimens Inflorescence with 2 to 3 rather congested partial
Collected from HPNP – One mile out of the panicles, all interrupted, 2.5-6 cm long, 1.5-2.5
Plains, on upper slope down to Pattipola, 6900 cm wide, the upper panicle with branches of
ft alt. T. Koyama & Mueller-Dombois 13305 spikes, the lower panicle branched twice, the
(NY) Horton Plains, Ohiya Entrance, T. Koyama secondary branches of spikes. Spikes patulous to
14071 (NY). Conservation status_Redlist suberect. Distribution - Endemic, Occasional
2020 – Vulnerable in wet forest above 2000 m. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable Culms slender and weak, lower than or briefly
surpassing the leaves, 1/4-1/2 mm thick.
121. Carex lindleyana Nees
Lowest bract 5-11 cm long, hardly sheathing
Loosely tufted or growing solitary; rhizome
at base. Pistillate glumes 1.3-1.7 mm long.
short, ligneous, creeping or erect-ascending, the
Distribution - Endemic, Undergrowth of wet
annual growth 0.8-4 cm long by 3-5 mm thick.
forest in lower montane zone from 800 to 1800
Culms erect from often obliquely ascending base.
m alt. Herbarium specimens Collected from
Leaves basal and 1 to 3 upper on the culm; leaf-
HPNP – Trail between Rest House and Little
blades rather short, linear, subcoriaceous, (15-)
World's End Drop, 7200 ft alt., T. Koyama 13514
20-35 cm long, 5-7.5 mm wide, flattish, fresh
(NY, PDA, US); Horton Plains, Ohiya Entrance,
green, gradually narrowed above to subacute
T. Koyarma14072 (NY); Horton Plains Farm
apex. Distribution - Native, Montane wet
along Pattipola Road, 7200 ft alt., T. Koyama
grasslands. Herbarium specimens Collected
13509 (NY, PDA, US). Conservation status_
from HPNP – 7000 ft, Thwaites C.P. 3161 Feb.
1857 (K, PDA); Horton Plains, jungle path, J. C.
Willis 26 Jan. 1906 (PDA); Horton Plains, 7200 124. Carex lenta D.Don syn. Carex brunnea
ft alt., c. 2 km from Rest House along Ohiya Rd, Thunb.
Koyama 14069 (PDA). Conservation status_ Loosely to densely tufted; rhizome short,
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable obliquely ascending, branched, covered with
dark brown scales and sheaths and their
122. Carex walkeri Arn. ex Boott
fibrous remnants. Leaves many, radical and
Tall perennial growing in loose tuft; rhizome
subradical, shorter than to slightly overtopping
short-creeping, covered with dark reddish-
culms, narrowly linear, 1.5-4 mm wide, stiff,
brown fibrous remnants of old leaf sheaths.
roughened above, 1-costate, folded, gradually
Leaves basal and 1 or 2 upper on the lower part
attenuated to long very acute apex; sheaths 1-10
of the culm, equalling or slightly shorter than
cm long, light to dark brown. Inflorescence a
the culm; leaf-blades linear, stiff, subcoriacous,
slender loose interrupted panicle. Distribution -
lightly green, roughened above, smooth
Endemic, in upper montane zone above 1800m.
beneath, flattish-plicate, 1-costate, eventually
more or less revolute-margined, gradually
– Thwaites C.P. 2632 in part, Feb. 1859 (PDA).
attenuate to a long acute apex. Distribution
- Native, Montane areas from 900 to 2200 m.
Endangered (Possibly Extinct)
– Trail between Rest House and Little World's 125. Carex jackiana subsp. jackiana Boott
End Drop, 7200 ft alt., T. Koyama 13511B syn. Carex jackiana var. monor C.B. Clarke
(NY, PDA, TI, US), T. Koyama & Samarakoon Densely to loosely tufted from very short
13511 (NY, PDA, US); Horton Plains, Pattipola rhizome; roots fibrous. Leaves relatively
Exit, T. Koyama 14074 (NY); Horton Plains few to a culm, radical and subradical, linear.
[without further details] J.C. Willis 21 Jan. 1906 Lateral spikes pistillate, cylindrical or oblong-
(PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – cylindrical, 1-3 cm long, 5-8 mm thick,
Vulnerable subloosely flowered, the upper 2 or 3 approximate
or subfastigiate with the staminate spike, short-
123. Carex spicigera Nees syn. Carex spicigera
peduncled to nearly sessile. Distribution
subsp. minor (Boott) T.Koyama, Carex
- Native, upper montane zone above 1700 m.
spicigera f. rostrata (Boeckeler) T.Koyama,
Carex spicigera f. rubella (Boott) T.Koyama
– Thwaites Feb. 1857, C.P. 3198, in part (K,
Differing from subsp. spicigera in densely
PDA); Pattipola Road, "Farm" at 7200 ft, T.
tufted rhizome, slender leaves and culms
Koyama 13507 (NY) and 13508 (NY); Ohiya
and in much reduced inflorescences. Leaves
Rd. entrance, 1 mile past "Old Farm", at 7000
slenderly linear, 5-25 cm long, 1-2 mm wide.
ft alt. T. Koyama 13535 (NY); between Little
World's End and Big World's End, by trail, brown scales; roots robust, , yellow-hairy. Leaves
7200 ft alt., T. Koyama 13513b (NY); trail to many, basal and subbasal; leaf-blades linear,
small World's End Drop, 7200 ft alt., T. Koyama elongated, slightly shorter than or equalling the
14080 (NY). Conservation status_Redlist culm; leaf-sheaths 10-30 cm long, brown, not
2020 – Vulnerable disintegrated; a few basal sheaths cataphylloid,
3-5 cm long, rusty-brown, withering without
126. Carex lobulirostris Drejer
being disintegrated into fibres. Distribution -
Loosely tufted from short creeping rhizome;
Endemic. Wet depressions or by narrow streams
rhizome ligneous, 6-8 mm thick. Leaves many,
in swampy patana grassland at the altitude
basal and 1 or 2 upper on the culm, broadly
of 1500-2000 m, locally relatively abundant
linear, equalling or surpassing the culm. Culm
in Horton Plains. Herbarium specimens
single to a fascicle. Bracts 2 or 3, leaf-like, the
Collected from HPNP – Bogawantalawa Rd,
lowest 2 to 3 times as long as the inflorescence,
J.C. Willis 26 Jan. 1906 (PDA); Horton Plains,
sheathing at base for 2 to 5 cm. Spikes 4 to
Pattipola Exit, 7100 ft alt., T.Koyama & Müller-
7, all subfastigiate or the lowest one much
Dombois 13304 (NY, PDA, US); road from
spaced from the rest. Distribution - Endemic.
Pattipola Entrance, c. 2 miles from Rest House,
Forming large colonies in patana swamps, rare;
7200ft alt., T. Koyama & Samarakoon 13520
in the upper montane zone, 2000 – 2500m
(NY, PDA, TI, US); Horton Plains, patana
alt. Herbarium specimens Collected from
swamp along Pattipola Rd. c. 1.5 miles from
HPNP – Without definite locality, J.C. Willis 4
Rest House, 7100 ft, T. Koyama 13520B (NY,
May 1906 (PDA), Thwaites C.P. 2633 in part
US), Horton Plains, Diyagama Rd., T. Koyama
(PDA); Pattipola exit, wet roadside, 7100 ft.
14083 (NY). Conservation status_Redlist
Koyama & Mueller Dombois 13301 (NY, US);
2020 – Endangered
Diyagama Rd., Koyama 14086 (NY); Ohiya Rd,
c 1-1/4 miles from Rest House, large clumps at 129. Carex phacota Spreng.
swampy forest margin, Koyama 13527 (NY, Loosely tufted from short-creeping rhizome;
PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 roots relatively stout. Leaves few to a culm,
– Endangered radical and sometimes 1 or 2 upper on culms,
narrowly linear, 3-8 mm wide. Culms erect or
127. Carex maculata var. maculata Boott
erect-patent, 20-90 cm tall, 1-3 mm thick, acutely
Perennial usually densely tufted from
3-angled, 1-3 mm thick, 1-leaved, smooth and
short ascending rhizome. Leaves subradical
occasionally scaberulous immediately below
and 1 to few upper on the lower part of culms
the inflorescence and on rhachis. Distribution
and spaced, linear, 2-5 (-8) mm wide, shorter
- Wet open grasslands; in Ceylon abundant in
than to nearly equalling the culms, 3-costate,
patana swamps. Native. Herbarium specimens
flattish-plicate or slightly recurved-margined,
Collected from HPNP – s. coll. C.P. 2965 in
soft, lightly green and white-powdery, acute
part, Feb. 1837 (PDA). Conservation status_
at apex; sheaths lightly rusty-brown or pale
and dotted with dark red, occasionally weakly
disintegrating later. Distribution - Wet places 130. Carex nubigena var. nubigena D.Don
at margins of ponds or wet margins of forests, in Densely tufted; rhizome very short and
Ceylon limited to high mountain forests. Native. inconspicuous, roots relatively stout. Leaves
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP radical and subradical, narrowly linear; sheaths
– Ohiya Rd, 1/4 miles from Rest House, 7200 long, dorsally glaucous-green, ventrally
ft alt, T. Koyama 13631 (NY). Conservation membranous and pale or straw-coloured with
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered red-brown spots, truncate at orifice; basal
sheaths short bladed to scaly, ferrugineous,
128. Carex arnottiana Nees ex Drejer
eventually disintegrating into brown fibres.
Tall perennial, densely tufted. Rhizome
Culms central, erect. Inflorescence a terminal
short, obliquely ascending, clothed with dark
spiciform cluster of spikes. Distribution -
Forest margins and wet grasslands in tropical 133. Fimbristylis salbundia (Nees) Kunth
high mountain zone; in Ceylon abundant in syn. Fimbristylis pentaptera (Nees) Kunth;
patanas of the upper montane zone, above Fimbristylis salbundia subsp. pentaptera (Nees)
2000m. alt. Herbarium specimens Collected T.Koyama (Plate 04, Figure H)
from HPNP – Trimen Sept. 1890 (PDA); "Old Perennials, rhizomatous. Culms crowded
Farm" on Ohiya Rd, 7200 ft alt., T. Koyama along rhizome. Leaves bladeless; sheath
13510 (NY). Conservation status_Redlist dusky or cinnamon brown, 1-17 cm, apex
2020 – Endangered lanceolate; ligule absent. Involucral bracts 2-5,
setaceous with lanceolate base, longest to 1.5
131. Carex rara subsp. patanicola T.Koyama
cm. Inflorescence a compound or decompound
Slender perennial, densely tufted in large
anthela. Spikelets ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoid.
clumps; rhizome very short or rarely erect-
Glumes many, spirally imbricate, light brown,
ascending with slightly elongated internodes
ovate, 2-2.3 × ca. 1.5 mm, membranous.
1-1.5 cm long. Inflorescence a single terminal
Distribution - Patana grasslands at high
spike, without bract. Distribution - Occasional
altitudes. Native. Herbarium specimens
in wet Patana. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains, World's
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains,
End Drop, Mueller-Dombois & Comanor July
[without further details], Ohiya Creek, 7200
1967 (PDA, US). 176 (PDA). Conservation
ft, T. Koyama 13517(NY, PDA); Horton Plains
Pattipola exit, c. 2 miles from Rest House,
7100 ft alt., T. Koyama 13646 (NY, PDA, US). Family Droseraceae
134. Drosera burmanni Vahl (Plate 04, Figure
Endangered
I) - jgeiai
132. Fimbristylis consanguinea Kunth syn. Small, compact insectivorous plant,
Fimbristylis kraussiana Hochst. ex Krauss normally spanning only 2 cm. It is one of the
Perennial, densely tufted, often forming fastest insect-trapping sundews, and its leaves
a large clump; rhizome slender, horizontal, can curl around an insect in only a few seconds,
covered with pale brownish scales. Culms compared to the minutes or hours it takes other
closely disposed in a row along the rhizome, sundews to surround their prey. The leaves all
erect from obliquely ascending base, slender. lie flat on the ground in a rosette. The upper
Corymbs simple or in part subcompound, surface is covered with sticky glands which
subdensely bearing 3 to 20 spikelets. trap insects and digest them. Tiny flowers arise
Distribution - Wet grasslands at high altitudes. on a leafless scape. Distribution - Native,
In Ceylon locally abundant in wet "Patana" usually in open grassy patches near Patana
grasslands at altitudes between 1800 and 2500 Swamps. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
m. Native. Herbarium specimens Collected Vulnerable
from HPNP – Horton Plains, Ohiya entrance, c.
135. Drosera lunata Buch.-Ham. ex DC. Syn.
7100 ft alt., T. Koyama 13630 (NY, PDA, US);
Drosera peltata Sm. ex Willd. (Plate 04, Figure
Pattipola exit, along Pattipola Rd., 7100 ft, T.
J) - wv y| weiai
Koyama & Mueller- Dombois 13302 (NY, PDA,
Carnivorous plant which grows up to 9-32
US), T. Koyama & Herat 13643 (NY, PDA, US),
cm. Basal leaves are densely whorled. Upper
T. Koyama & Fosberg 13525 (NY, US); 1/4 mile
leaves are the strangest leaves one would get to
from Farr Inn, 7200 ft, T. Koyama 13626 (NY);
see. They are shaped like shields. These shield
along approach from Pattipola, Jayasuriya &
shaped leaves have hundreds of tentacles which
Wheeler 176 (PDA). Conservation status_
hold a glad that produces the dew. The dew is very
thick and sticky. When an insect gets stuck to
some dew, more tentacles move to get there dew
covered glands against the insect to keep it from
escaping. Distribution - Native, in the upper on road to World‟s End, 2400 m, 6 Dec 1972,
montane zone only. Herbarium specimens fls, Tirvengadum & Cramer 100 (PDA, US),
Collected from HPNP – Clayton 5483 (PDA), fls, Cramer 3950 (PDA, US), 28 Mar 1968, frs,
s. coll. C.P 2553 (PDA). Conservation status_ Koyama & Samarakoon s.n. (US), 24 Feb 1972,
Redlist 2020 – Endangered fls, Balakrishnan 1201 (US, MO), 29 Jan 1974,
fls, Jayasuriya, Moldenke & Sumithraarachchi
Family Elaeagnaceae
1467 (US, MO); World‟s End, 2350 m, 19
136. Elaeagnus latifolia L. syn. Elaeagnus Apr 1973, fls, Stone 11259 (US), 2400 m,
latifolia var. thwaitesii (Plate 04, Figure K) - 30 June 1975, fls, Sumithraarachchi 951
lgq weô,a, (PDA, US), 6 Oct 1973, frs, Waas 146 (PDA,
Large woody climber with young stem US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
leaves below and inflorescence densely scaly Endangered
with silvery and coppery scales mixed. Leaves
138. Elaeocarpus glandulifer (Hook. ex
are alternate, elliptic oblong, pointed to slightly
Wight) Mast. (Plate 04, Figure L) - .,a fjr¿"
tapering at tip, narrowed at base, densely scaly
u,a fjr¿
below, sparsely so above when young. Flower
A tree up to about 15—20 m, and 90
racemes are short, in leaf-axils, 5-7-flowered.
cm diameter of the bole. Wood white, bark
Flowers 0.6-0.7 cm across. Perianth bell-
smooth. Leaves about 6—9 cm long, ovate
shaped; tube 0.8-1 cm long; lobes 4, 0.2-0.3
(var. ceylanica) or lanceolate, acute or obtuse at
cm long, triangular. Stamens 4, included.
base, apex acuminate, shallowly serrate-crenate
Distribution - Moist and intermediate regions,
(without spines inside the serrations) or nearly
common in the scrub jungle around the patanas
entire, lateral nerves 5—6 pairs, in general
and at the edge of forests in the mid-country.
with glandular pits (domatia) in their axils,
turning red while dropping off, flowers 1.5 cm
HPNP – Totupola, Gardner in C.P. 83 (PDA).
in diameter, buds ovoid-oblong, about 5 x 2
mm. Distribution - Common tree of the lower
Concern
montane zone from 1000— 2000 m. Endemic.
Family Elaeocarpaceae Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Along road from Ohiya to Farr Inn, 2060 m, 18
137. Elaeocarpus coriaceus Hook syn.
Nov 1977, Huber 659 (US, MO). Conservation
Elaeocarpus obovatus Arn. - .,a fjr¿
Shrubs or small trees up to about 10—12
m high and bole up to 30 cm diameter; young 139. Elaeocarpus montanus Thwaites (Plate
branches stout, prominently marked with leaf 04, Figure M) - .,a fjr¿
scars. Leaves crowded, obovate, acute at base A moderate-sized tree; young parts
and rounded at apex, shallowly mucronate- pubescent., margin revolute at base, denticulate,
serrate, very coriaceous, glabrous; lateral nerves glabrous above, glandular-pubescent, becoming
4—5, little raised on lower face, petiole very glabrous beneath, coriaceous, lateral nerves
stout, short. Racemes 5—6 cm long, from axils sunken at upper face, very prominent beneath.
of upper leaves; flowers up to 2.5 cm in diameter. Distribution – A species of the upper montane
Distribution - tree of the upper montane zone, zone, from 1900—3000 m altitude. Endemic.
most common in and around Horton Plains about Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
2220—2400 m altitude. Endemic. Herbarium – 1/3 up the climb to Horton Plains, 1950 m,
specimens Collected from HPNP – Pattipola 7 Oct 1967, Comanor 461 (US); 2300 m, 23
road, 2200 m, 26 Jan 1977, Cramer 4812 (PDA, Jan 1945, fls, Worthington 1685 (K), World‟s
US, MO), 2100 m, mist forest, 17 Nov 1977, End Lookout, montane ericaceous forest, 19
frs, Huber 644 (US, MO), 2200 m, 10 Dec Apr 1973, frs, (PDA, US), trail behind Farr Inn,
1976, fls, Bernardi 15882 (PDA, US, MO), 25 2130 m, 23 Apr 1961, fls, Hladik 737 (PDA,
Jan 1945, fls, Worthington 1716 (K), Halfway US); North-south trail, H 350, 2000 m, 27 Jan
1970, Hladik 1179 (US). Conservation status_ 77 (PDA), 2 March 1971, Koyama 14076
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected. (PDA), 30 April 1968, Theobald 2308 (PDA),
9 March 1969, Robyns 6953 (PDA), 21 June
Family Ericaceae
1972, Hepper 4446 (PDA), 6 Oct 1973, Waas
140. Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. 147 (PDA). Phenology – Flowering February to
Syn. Gaultheria rudis Stapf., Gaultheria about July. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
fragrantissima sensu Trimen, non Wall.; – Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.
Gaultheria leschenaultii DC. (Plate 04, Figure
142. Vaccinium symplocifolium (D.Don ex
N) - j,a lmqre
G.Don) Alston syn. Vaccinium leschenaultii
Much branched, spreading, caespitose
Wight (Plate 04, Figure P) - fndr¿
shrub with stiff, erect twigs. Bark furrowed,
Large much-branched shrub or small tree
orange-brown. Young stems dark purplish pink,
c. 5 m tall. Bark dark grey. Twigs pubescent.
darkly pubescent, somewhat compressed. Buds
Buds covered with scales. Leaf 1.5-9 x 0.8-
covered with scales. Leaves, narrowly elliptic to
4 cm, elliptic, ovate, lanceolate or rotund,
broadly elliptic to ovate to obovate, obtuse or
acuminate or rounded at apex, acute, obtuse or
acute and bluntly apiculate at the apex, rounded
rounded at base, stiff, coriaceous, glabrous on
to acute at the base; young leaves reddish
both surfaces, serrate, with prominent veins
beneath. Distribution - Upper montane zone,
beneath. Petiole 1-5 mm long. Racemes axillary
rather common. Native. Herbarium specimens
or terminal. Peduncle 2-10 mm long, slightly
Collected from HPNP – 26 Jan 1906, s. coll.
pubescent. Pedicel 6- 10 mm long, slender.
s.n. (PDA), 29 Jan 1974, Sumithraarachchi
Distribution - Forests of the montane zone.
46 (PDA), 1 July 1967, Mueller- Dombois
67071002 (PDA), 8 July 1967, Mueller-
HPNP – 10 Mar 1969, Grierson 1090 (PDA), 16
Dombois 67060841 (PDA), 10 March 1969,
July 1969, Hladik 891 (PDA), 19 Sept 1969, van
Grierson 1086 (PDA), 19 Sept 1969, van
Beusekom 1502 (PDA), 25 Sept 1969, Hladik
Beusekom 1465 (PDA), 27 Jan 1970, Clayton
967 (PDA), 12 Dec 1970, Balakrishnan 422
5478 (PDA), 10 March 1969, Hoogland 11532
(PDA), 6 Oct 1973, Waas 144 (PDA); Horton
(PDA), 2 Dec 1970, Theobald 2731 (PDA), 11
Plains, Bogowantalawa Road, jungle margin, 27
May 1970, Gould 13834 (PDA), 6 Oct 1973,
Apr 1932, "var. salicifolia", fls white, tall tree,
Waas 145 (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist
Simpson 9541 (PDA). Phenology – Flowering
2020 – Endangered
February to September. Conservation status_
141. Rhododendron arboreum subsp. Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
zeylanicum (Booth) Tagg (Plate 04, Figure O)
Family Eriocaulaceae
- ud r;au,a
Small to moderate-sized tree, to c. 20 m tall. 143. Eriocaulon atratum Körn. (Plate 04,
Trunk stout, usually twisted, thickened at base. Figure Q)
Bark thick, dark grey, deeply furrowed. Root Perennial forming dense tussocks at
system shallow, running a few cm below soil first, becoming shortly caulescent and looser
surface. Leaves thick and very stiff, crowded with age, stem clothed in old leaf-bases and
at the ends of twigs. Raceme short, dense and sometimes branched once. Leaves in tufts at
more or less headlike, with to c. 25 flowers. the branch ends, ensiform, thick and smooth,
Peduncle 5-10 mm long. Distribution - Upper up to 9 cm long, 2—3 mm wide, obtuse,
montane zone, common. In the forest and the apiculate. Scapes solitary, much exceeding
high patana grasslands. Sub species is Endemic. the leaves, 5—6-ribbed; sheaths obliquely slit,
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP acute. Flowers 3-rnerous, c. 3.5 mm long, male
– 29 Jan 1974, Sumithraarachchi 39 (PDA), 5 and female intermixed, the peripheral flowers
Feb 1971, Robyns 7126 (PDA), 12 May 1970, larger. Distribution - Peaty, wet rock outcrops,
Gould 13869 (PDA), 5 Feb 1971, Jayasuriya exposed sand and rock in rivers, and marshy
clearings in forest, 1400—2000 m. Endemic. 13640 (K, PDA), trail to World‘s End, Gould
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP & Cooray 13811 (PDA), Farr Inn to World‘s
– Diyagama road on descent from Horton Plains, End, Waas 117 (PDA), Farr Inn, Davidse 7607
Moldenke et al. 28285 (PDA). Conservation (PDA), along Ohiya road 1/4 ml from resthouse,
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered Mueller- Dombois & Comanor 67070901
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering October to
144. Eriocaulon brownianum Mart. Syn.
May. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Eriocaulon nilagirense Steud.
Endangered
Perennial forming large tussocks; leaves
erect, linear to ensiform, folded below, 146. Eriocaulon odoratum Dalzell Syn. –
flattening out to (3—)6—10 mm wide, Eriocaulon collinum Hook.f., Eriocaulon
papyraceous with obvious veins (not spongy luzulaefolium sensu Thwaites, non Mart.
or fenestrate), glabrous to densely pubescent, Densely tufted herb, probably annual,
acuminate. Scapes stout, strongly 5—7-ribbed: usually occurring as a cluster of several
sheath-mouth loose. Flowers 2.6—4 mm rosettes; leaves narrowly linear to subulate,
long, female flowers concentrated around the opaque, spongy or sometimes thinner, obtuse.
capitulum periphery, sometimes very few, Scapes slender, 4— 9 per plant, 15—40 cm
flowers and bracts of equal length. Distribution high and much exceeding the leaves, 0.5—0.6
- Swampy grassland, 950—2200 m. Native. mm in diameter, (5—)6-ribbed; sheaths loose,
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP equalling the leaves, the mouth obtusely lobed
– Kostermans 23065 (K), 26 Jan 1906, Willis and shortly slit. Flowers 3-merous, c.2 mm long,
s.n. (PDA), 20 May 1911, J.M. Silva s.n. (PDA); stipitate, stipe up to 0.5 mm long. Distribution
Pattipola entrance, Koyama 13521 & 13642 (K); - Streams and marshes in the uplands, (1200—
opposite Wild Life Dept. dormitory, Clayton )1600—2200 m. Native. Herbarium specimens
& Wijesundara 21 (K, MO, PDA); Pattipola- Collected from HPNP – Diyagama tea estate
Farr Inn road, Clayton & Wijesundara 18 (K, to Horton Plains, Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi
MO, PDA); Farr Inn-Ohiya road near Anderson 10029 (PDA); Horton Plains, 23 Feb 1882,
Bungalow, Clayton & Wijesundara 23 (K, L, Thwaites C.P. 796 (PDA), 20 May 1911, J.M.
MO, PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 Silva s.n. (PDA); in 1882, Trimen s.n. (K), in
– Vulnerable Oct 1928, Pearson s.n. (K); opposite wildlife
dept. dormitory, Clayton & Wijesundara 22
145. Eriocaulon ceylanicum Körn (Plate 04,
(K, PDA); by Pattipola-Farr Inn road, Clayton
Figure R) - fldlafudg
& Wijesundara 19 (K, MO, PDA). Phenology
Perennial forming dense tussock; stems
– Flowering October to March. Conservation
shortly elongating with age, not exceeding 4
cm long; leaves narrowly linear up to 13 cm
Protected.
long, 0.5—2 mm wide, opaque, thick, smooth,
obtuse and apiculate. Flowers 3-merous, 147. Eriocaulon subglaucum Ruhland (Plate
their arrangement variable but often the large 05, Figure A)
peripheral flowers female. Distribution - Caulescent perennial; stem slender,
Swampy grassland, ditches and stream margins, elongate, branching, leafy, the older portions
2000— 2400 m. Endemic. Herbarium clothed in fibrous leaf remnants; leaves linear-
specimens Collected from HPNP – Simpson lanceolate, pale grey—green, thin, fenestrate,
9042 (K), in 1898, Pearson s.n. (K), Thwaites 6—9 cm long, 3-4 mm wide, obtuse and
C.P. 61, pp. (PDA), 19 April 1969, Kostermans apiculate. ; scapes 1—3 from each branch-tip,
s.n. (K), 25 May 1911, Silva s.n. (PDA), Philcox shortly exceeding the leaves, 10—20 cm high,
et al, 10543 (MO, PDA, US), along Ohiya road, 0.6 mm in diameter, 4-ribbed; sheaths inflated
Koyama 13516 (K), opposite the wildlife Dept. at the mouth, obliquely slit, acute. Flowers
dormitory, Clayton & Wijesundara 20 (K, 3-merous, sessile, c.3 mm long. Distribution
PDA), Pattipola entrance, Koyama & Herat - Damp shady banks. Endemic. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Simpson Distribution - In primary and secondary forest,
9560 (K, PDA), Thwaites C.P. 61, pp. (PDA); from 1550 to 2000 metres, exotic. Herbarium
Horton Plains—Pattipola road, Simpson 9525 specimens Collected from HPNP – Path to
(K, PDA). Phenology – Flowering April. Horton Plains via Ohiya, c. 1800 m, 6 Feb 1971,
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Critically Robyns 7160 (K, PDA), 7 Feb 1971, Jayasuriya
Endangered & Robyns 89 (K, PDA) Horton Plains, 2 miles
NE of Farr Inn, 2133 m, 3 Mar 1971, Wheeler
Family Euphorbiaceae
12397 (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist
148. Euphorbia rothiana Spreng. (Plate 05, 2020 – Not Evaluated.
Figure B)
Annual Or perennial herb, erect, glabrous.
Leaves alternate, chartaceous, narrowly elliptic
or oblanceolate, tapering at acute base, apex
acute, entire, glabrous. Inflorescence terminal,
much branched. Inflorescence leaves sessile,
ovate to oblong-lanceolate. Involucral leaves
broadly triangular-ovate, cordate at base,
apex obtuse, shortly mucronate. Distribution
- Damp shady banks. Endemic. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – 2000 m, 7
Apr 1969, Kostermans 23025 (K), Agrapatana
Road, 29 Jun 1973, Nowicke & Jayasuriya 263
(PDA), Horton Plains, by track from Horton
Plains to North Cove, c. 1.6 km SSE of south
shoulder of Kirigalpotta, 4 Mar 1973, Townsend
73/160 (K), trail to World‘s End, c. 730 m, 11
May 1970, Gould & Cooray 13807 (PDA),
road to Farr Inn from World‘s End, 2195 m, 19
Jan 1974, Sumithraarachchi et al. 40 (PDA),
road to Ohiya at Old Farm, 2100 m, 29 Mar
1968, Fosberg 50107 (PDA), between Horton
Plains and Pattipola, c. 1950 m, 20 Sept 1969,
Beusekon & Beusekon 1514 (PDA). Phenology
– Flowering almost throughout the year.
Concern
149. Homalanthus populifolius Graham - .sks
lekao
Glabrous shrub or small tree up to 5 m high.
Leaves ovate to rhombic, truncate to obtuse
at base, acute to acuminate or rarely obtuse at
apex. Racemes up to 17 cm long, usually with
few solitary long-pedicellate female flowers
below or at base, and many clusters of (1)-3-
4 short-pedicellate. Each group of flowers
subtended by a bract and 2 prominent glands.
Male flowers: stamens 4-10; perianth segments
2. Female flowers: ovary 2-celled; styles 2.
PLATE 04 : A. Wahlenbergia marginata; B. Euonymus revolutus; C. Myriactis wightii; D. Microtropis

zeylanica; E. Disporum cantoniense; F. Zehneria thwaitesii; G. Carex baccans; H. Fimbristylis
salbundia; I. Drosera burmanni; J. Drosera lunata; K. Elaeagnus latifolia; L. Elaeocarpus
glandulifer; M. Elaeocarpus montanus; N. Gaultheria fragrantissima; O. Rhododendron arboreum;
P. Vaccinium symplocifolium; Q. Eriocaulon atratum; R. Eriocaulon ceylanicum.
Family Fabaceae few-flowered; bracts and bracteoles linear-

attenuate; flowers 1.5–2 cm long on pedicels,
150. Cajanus trinervius (DC.) Maesen syn.
calyx 10–12 mm long with attenuate lobes
Atylosia candollii Wight & Arn., Atylosia
slightly longer than the tube, sericeous or
trinervia (DC.) Gamble (Plate 05, Figure C) -
subsericeous. Distribution - Native. montane
j,afld,a¨" we;af;dar
zone. Herbarium specimens Collected from
Erect, branching shrubs, to about 2.5 m tall;
HPNP – Feb. 1846, Thwaites C.P. 280 (K),
stems terete, slightly ridged, fulvous-villous
Rudd & Balakrishnan 3178 (K, PDA, US),
when young, glabrescent at maturity. Leaves
3183 (K, PDA, US); Horton Plains, Gardner,
digitately trifoliolate, the petioles to 1 cm long;
and Maturata, Sept. 18?8 (unclear), Thwaites,
stipules acute, about 2.5 mm long, caducous;
C.P. 12 (280) (PDA); without data, C.P. 12
stipels absent; leaflets oblanceolate. Flowers
(BM, GH, K, P): Totupola. Horton Plains, Sept.
yellowish, about 2 cm long, the pedicels about 9
1890, Trimen ? s.n. (PDA); Horton Plains,
mm long; calyx tube about 6 mm long, fulvous
Diyagama Road, Cormanor 970 (GH, K, UC,
villous, the upper lobes connate, all lobes
US); at main road to Horton Plains Rest House,
long, acuminate. Distribution - Native. Very
Mueller-Dombois & Comanor 67070949 (PDA,
common, sometimes gregarious plant on the
US); Horton Plains; Gould 13562 (UC), Hepper
open patanas of the montane zone from 900—
4444 (K, US), Tirvengadum & Cramer 279 (K,
US); Little World‘s End, Grey-Wilson & Silva
from HPNP – Open ridge top, patana, Mueller-
3075 (K, US). Conservation status_Redlist
Dombois & Comanor 67070848 (PDA, US).
Phenology – Flowering almost throughout the
year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – 153. Crotalaria wightiana Graham ex Wight
Least Concern & Arn. Syn. Crotalaria rubiginosa sensu
Trimen, p.p.
151. Crotalaria albida B.Heyne ex Roth
Shrubby herb to about 1 m tall; stems
Perennial herb, to about 60 cm tall,
densely pubescent with shining rusty or golden
suffrutescent from a short woody base; stems
subappressed hairs. leaves simple, elliptic-
usually numerous; leaves simple, oblanceolate
ovate, usually obtuse, mucronate at the apex,
to linear spathulate, obtuse, mucronulate, or
rounded at the base, to about 5–6 cm long, 4–5
subtruncate at the apex, cuneate at the base,
cm wide. Distribution - Native. Hill country.
glabrous or subglabrous above, inflorescences
terminal, racemose, 6– 20-flowered; bracts and
Endangered.
bracteoles linear, setaceous, 1–2.5 mm long;
bracteoles inserted at base of calyx; calyx 8–10(– 154. Parochetus communis Buch.-Ham. ex
16) mm long, with lobes much longer than the D.Don (Plate 05, Figure E)
tube. Distribution - Native. Open hillsides at Stems slender, creeping, rooted at the
elevations from 400 - 2,200 metres. Herbarium nodes, sometimes twining, glabrous or nearly
specimens Collected from HPNP – Horton so; stipules scarious, deltoid-ovate, acute, 4–10
Plains, Dassanayake 214A (K). Conservation mm long, glabrous, free or somewhat adnate
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered. to the petiole. inflorescences 1–4-flowered,
axillary; bracts stipule-like but smaller, 2–4
152. Crotalaria walkeri Arn. (Plate 05, Figure
mm long, somewhat laciniate with filiform
D)
tips; flowers about 13–23 mm long; calyx
Suffrutescent herb, to about 2.5–3 m tall;
moderately puberulent, 6–7 mm long, 2.5 mm
stems erect to semiscandent, striate, pubescent
in diameter. Distribution - Native. common
with minute appressed-hairs; stipules linear to
in high, moist areas of the Central and Ova
falcate, attenuate, 1.5–3 mm long, 1 mm wide
Provinces. Herbarium specimens Collected
or less: leaves simple, elliptic to ovate, acute
from HPNP – At entrance from Petiole,
to obtuse. inflorescences terminal, racemose,
tussock, Muller-Dombois & Cooray 68011319
(PDA); Horton Plains, near Farr Inn, open concolorous; inflorescences terminal or
patina grassland, Fosberg 53328 (PDA, US); leafopposed, pseudoracemose, many-flowered;
Horton Plains, edge of woods in wet hummocks, bracts ovate, to about 12 mm. Distribution
Rudd & Balakrishnan 3179 (PDA, US), at base - Planted in tea and coffee as shade, as an
of dirt bank, Rudd & Balakishnan 3182 (PDA, ornamental and cultivated as a fish-poison
US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – plant. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not
Endangered Evaluated
155. Smithia blanda Wall. ex Wight & Arn. 158. Trifolium dubium Sibth. Syn. Trifolium
Syn. Smithia racemosa Wight & Arn. (Plate 05, minus Smith.
Figure F) Annual or biennial; stems slender, to about 4
Perennial or, sometimes, annual herb; dm long, usually procumbent, sometimes erect;
stems erect or spreading, hispid or glabrous, to stipules obliquely ovate, acuminate; leaves
about 6 dm tall; leaves 4–12-foliolate; leaflets pinnately 3-foliolate, the margin denticulate
oval-oblong to obovate or cuneate. flowers toward the apex, the terminal petiolule 1–3 mm
about 10–14 mm long in terminal panicles; long. Inflorescences spherical or semispherical,
calyx membranous with anastomosing veins, relatively small, axillary; bracts minute, deltoid;
4–7 mm long, the lips lobed, hispidulous; flowers 2.5–4 mm long; calyx glabrous, the
petals bright yellow marked with red; fruit upper teeth longer than the tube, the lower
1–4(–7)- articulate, the articles sub orbiculate, teeths horter; petals yellow. Distribution –
2–2.5 mm in diameter, reticulate, glabrous. Exotic. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Distribution - Native, in moist areas of Not Evaluated
forest and patana, up to about 2000 metres.
159. Ulex europaeus L. (Plate 05, Figure G)
A native of Western Europe introduced
– Pattipola, Horton Plains, Sept. 1890, Trimen ?
elsewhere as an ornamental and barrier hedge,
s.n. (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
and as a soil binder. In Ceylon it has become
– Endangered.
naturalized and in some areas a noxious
156. Smithia sensitiva Aiton weed. Distribution – Montane areas, exotic.
Herbaceous annual; stems erect or Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP –
spreading, to about 1.5 m long, glabrous; leaves Comanor 446 (PDA, GH, K, US). Conservation
6–24-foliolate; leaflets linear-oblong, bristly- status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated
ciliate along the margins and midrib on lower
Family Gentianaceae
surface, otherwise glabrous; flowers in short,
simple, axillary racemes at the ends of peduncles 160. Crawfurdia championii (Gardner) Alston
usually longer than the leaves; calyx scarious, syn. Tripterospermum championii Gardner
rigid, about 6–9 mm long with close, parallel Stem very slender, terete; internodes to 9 cm
veins, the lips entire, acute, with a few scattered long. Leaves ovate, 2- 3.4 x 1.2-1.8 cm, rounded
bristles; petals yellow. Distribution – Native? or truncate and slightly tapering at base, very
In moist areas, pastures, etc. Conservation shortly acuminate, glabrous. Flowers often in
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated. opposite pairs; pedicels to 4 mm long. Calyx
tube to 7 mm long, with broad sinuses at mouth;
157. Tephrosia vogelii Hook.f.
lobes linear, to 6 mm long, curving outwards
Suffrutescent herb, to about 4 m tall;
at apex. Corolla tube much exserted, to 2.3 cm
stems erect, stipules lanceolate, caducous;
long; lobes broadly ovate, 3 mm long, shortly
leaves imparipinnate. 11–29-foliolate; leaflets
acuminate. Distribution - Endemic. In the
elliptic to oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse,
highlands, chiefly at Horton Plains; Alt. more or
apiculate at the apex, rounded to acute at the
less 2250 m. Herbarium specimens Collected
base, moderately subappressed-pubescent
from HPNP – Gardner C.P. 137 (PDA), turn off
above, densely pubescent beneath, somewhat
to Totapola, Jowitt s.n. (PDA), s. coll. s.n. (K).
Phenology – Flowering February and August. End, Robyns 6961 (BR, PDA, US), Fosberg
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Critically 50063 (PDA, US), Cramer 5162 (PDA, US).
Endangered (Possibly Extinct). FFPO – Phenology – Flowering almost throughout the
Protected. year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
161. Exacum macranthum Arn. ex Griseb. Syn.
Exacum macranthum Arn., Exacum trinervium 163. Gentiana pedicellata subsp. zeylanica
subsp. macranthum (Arn.) L.H.Cramer (Plate (Griseb.) Halda syn. Gentiana quadrifaria var.
05, Figure H) - ìkr" .sksysßh zeylanica (Griseb.) Kusn. (Plate 05, Figure J)
Stem more or less 50-100 cm high, Glabrous annual with a shallow rootstock;
cylindrical at base, sub-4- angular in the upper stem decumbent, to 25 cm long, sub-4-angular,
half, often simple. Leaves sessile, occasionally laxly branched from base, the upper branches
subpetiolate, obliquely erect, ovate-oblong, subfastigiate. Leaves numerous, opposite
ovate-lanceolate or suborbicular, subcuneate or decussate, broadly ovate to orbicular, rounded
slightly rounded and 3-5- nerved at base, acute at base, recurved at apex, shortly aristate,
to obtuse, rather thick, the nerves prominent 1-nerved. Flowers terminating branches, giving
beneath. Calyx lobes linear-lanceolate. Corolla appearance of a corymb. Bracts 0. Pedicels
lobes spreading, ovate-lanceolate, violet to 1-1.5 mm long. Calyx tube to 5 mm long; lobes
purplish-blue. Distribution - Endemic. In the lanceolate, 2 mm long, shortly aristate. Corolla
wet, black patanas of the highlands chiefly in indigo-blue. Distribution - Endemic. In boggy
the southeast sector of the Central Province. patana in the highlands. Herbarium specimens
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP Collected from HPNP – Willis s.n. (PDA),
– Trail to Kirigalpotta, in wet patana, Nowicke patanas, Simpson s.n. (K), van Beusekom 1468
& Jayasuriya 232 (K, PDA, US), Reflection (PDA, US), Jayasuriya 2399 (PDA, US); in
Lake, in patana grassland, Clayton 5484 (K, soggy patana behind Farr Inn, Cramer 4818
PDA, US); Road to Ohiya, in grassy area, (PDA, US), Gould & Cooray 13861 (PDA,
Comanor 419 (K, PDA, US), in patana close US), beside Ohiya Rd., Cramer 5159 (K, PDA,
to Baker's Falls, Cramer 4450 (PDA, US); near US). Phenology – Flowering throughout the
Farr Inn, Fosberg 53320 (PDA, US). Phenology year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
– Flowering January-June and September- Endangered
December. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
164. Swertia zeylanica (Griseb.) Walker ex
– Endangered
C.B.Clarke (Plate 05, Figure K) - lsrd;
162. Exacum walkeri Arn. ex Griseb. (Plate Annual with a shallow rootstock; stem
05, Figure I) - iqÿ ìkr to 36 cm high, cylindrical to sub-4-angular,
Annual with a short rootstock; stem grooved on opposite sides, branched above,
to 60 cm high, dichotomously branched, glabrous. Leaves numerous, thick; lower ones
subquadrangular at base, 4-angular in upper half. oval-oblong to lanceolate, obtuse; upper ones
Leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular, rounded linear-oblong, 0.9-1.4 x 0.2-0.4 cm, subacute,
or truncate at base. Flowers solitary in forks becoming bracteates above. Cymes terminal,
of branches and leaf-axils, very occasionally trichotomous, flat-topped. Bracts linear-oblong.
in terminal, dichasial cymes. Pedicels slightly Pedicels to 8 mm long. Calyx lobes suberect,
nodding. Distribution - Endemic. In partial linear lanceolate. Corolla ashy-blue or lavender.
shade by moist embankments of country Distribution - Endemic. In the wet patanas of
paths, by rocky stream borders and edges of the highlands; common. Alt. more or less 1500-
disturbed forests in the uplands and highlands; 2200 m. Herbarium specimens Collected
chiefly in the southeast sector of the Central from HPNP – s. coll. s.n. (PDA), along slopes of
Province; common. Alt. more or less 900- patana near Farr Inn, Cramer 3138 (PDA, US),
2500 m. Herbarium specimens Collected Fosberg & Sachet 53326 (PDA, US), Theobald
from HPNP – Along road to Small World's & Krahulik 2735 (PDA, US), Sohmer et al.
8622 (PDA, US); near World's End, Fosberg 167. Henckelia zeylanica (R.Br.) A.Weber
& Jayasuriya 5326 (PDA, US). Phenology & B.L.Burtt Syn. – Didymocarpus zeylanicus
– Flowering August to March. Conservation R.Br.
status_Redlist 2020 – Critically Endangered. Caulescent, often branching, herbs, silky-
FFPO – Protected. pubescent, 10-35 cm high. Leaves opposite,
bright green, paler beneath, fleshy (drying
Family Geraniaceae
thin), ovate, Inflorescence a paniculate,
165. Geranium nepalense Sweet compound dichasium; peduncles glabrous to
Creeping, spreading herb, which varies from sparsely pubescent, 7-13 cm long; bracts ovate,
being velvety to hairy. Stems are 1-3, slender, caduceus. Distribution - Rather common in
1-2.5 feet long, sometimes rooting at the nodes. undisturbed montane forests of the moist and
Leaves are palmately cut into 5-7 lobes, which intermediate zones at elevations above c. 750.
are further cut, 1-3.5 x 1.5-6 cm. Flowers are Endemic to Sri Lanka. Phenology – Flowering
small, white with 5 spreading petals which are possibly throughout the year. Conservation
flat or shallowly notched at the tip. Petals have status_Redlist 2020 – Critically Endangered.
violet lines towards the base. At the center is FFPO – Protected.
a pinkish red stigma, surrounded by charming
168. Rhynchoglossum notonianum (Wall.)
violet colored anthers. Distribution - Upper
B.L.Burtt syn. Klugia notonia A.DC. , Klugia
montane zone. Between Nuwara Eliya and
notonia var. glabra C.B. Clarke (Plate 05,
Maturata, Hakgala. In moist places generally,
Figure L) - Èh ks,a,
in shade. Native to Sri Lanka. Phenology –
Erect, branching herbs, sometimes reduced
Flowering April to September. Conservation
to a single leaf, 10-80 cm high, glabrous, or with
a villous line down one side of stem. Leaves
Protected.
bright green above, paler beneath, ovate-oblong
Family Gesneriaceae in general outline, base on one side obtuse to
acute, other rounded-cordate, margin entire
166. Henckelia walkerae (Gardner)
or minutely dentate, somewhat sinuate, apex
D.J.Middleton & Mich.Möller
acuminate. Corolla tube white, glabrous without,
Large, caulescent, irregularly branching
pubescent within; upper lip white; lower lip
shrubs, woody at base. Stems 6-10 dm long,
deep rich purplish-blue. Distribution - Native.
slightly thickened at nodes, silky-pubescent
Known primarily from the montane forests of
when young, becoming glabrate with age
the moist and intermediate zones. Herbarium
below; leaf scars conspicuous. Leaves bright,
specimens Collected from HPNP – Thwaites
light green, numerous at ends of branches,
s.n., part of C.P. 3369 (PDA). Conservation
usually whorled, rarely opposite, Inflorescence
axillary, flowers 1-2 in the leaf axils, or a simple
dichasium, rarely compound. Distribution - Family Haloragaceae
known only from elevations above 1400 m in the
169. Laurembergia coccinea (Blume) Kanitz.
Kandy and Nuwara Eliya districts. Endemic to
Syn. Serpicula hirsuta Wight & Arn. (Plate 05,
Sri Lanka. Phenology – Flowering throughout
Figure M)
the year. Herbarium specimens Collected
Stems 4 - 60 cm long, pilose or pilose-
from HPNP – Horton Plains in 1903, s. coll.
hispid when young, glabrescent with age.
s.n. (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
Leaves opposite below, becoming irregularly
– Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
alternate above, subsessile or short-petiolate;
lamina 5 - 15 x 3 -10 mm, obovate to obovate-
elliptic in outline, apex obtuse, acute base, (1-)
2 (-3) large teeth on each side above midway,
glabrous on both surfaces. Inflorescence
clusters of 1 male plus several female flowers. Dombois & Commanor 67070942 (PDA);
Distribution - Native. Moist, sunny and often New Farm, forest edge, 17 May 1968, Cooray
stony places, also streamsides, lakesides and 68051715R (PDA), trail to Worlds End, edge of
swamps in montane districts from about 1500 - wood, 11 May 1970, Gould & Cooray 13817
3000 meters. Herbarium specimens Collected (PDA), north entrance, 28 May 1968, Fosberg
from HPNP – Ohiya Road, 2175 m, 2 Jul & Mueller-Dombois 50038 (PDA), road to
1967, Mueller-Dombois & Comanor 67070953 Bogowantalawa, 26 Jan 1906, A.M. Silva s.n.
(PDA), 2400 m, 3 Nov 1971, Balakrishnan (PDA). Phenology – Flowering November to
1039 (K, PDA); Horton Plains, S of Farr Inn, February. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
on Ohiya road, 2400 m, Gould & Cooray 13856 Near Threatened
(PDA); c. midway from Farr Inn to World's
172. Hypericum mysurense Wall. ex Wight &
End, 2100 m, 23 May 1969, Read 2008 (PDA);
Arn. (Plate 05, Figure O)
Horton Plains to Pattipola road, 3 Nov 1973,
Much-branched shrub 1 – 2 (-3) m tall. Bark
Sohmer et al. 8614 (PDA). Conservation
yellowish. Young branches thin, glabrescent,
ascending. Leaves stiff, gland-dotted, very
Family Hypericaceae closely arranged in 4 ranks, elliptic, lanceolate
or oblanceolate, acute at apex, attenuate towards
170. Hypericum humifusum L.
base, amplexicaul, pinnately veined, midrib
Herb with many slender, procumbent,
prominent beneath, chanelled above, 2.8 – 3.8
glabrous, compressed branches to c. 25 cm
x 0.3 – 1.5 cm. Flowers 4 – 5 cm across, in few-
long. Leaves decussate. Ovate, with a few
flowered terminal cymes. Distribution - Upper
pellucid glands and black glands at the margin.
montane zone, open bushy places and grassland.
6-15 x 4-9 mm. Flowers to c. 12 mm across,
in lax cymes. Sepals oblong, blunt, mucronate,
HPNP – 25 Jan 1973, Cramer & Tirvengadum
with black glands at margin. Petals same size as
4027 (PDA), 20 Oct 1976, Jayasuriya 2387
sepals; pale yellow. Styles 3, short. Distribution
(PDA), Near Worlds End, in patana, 6 Oct
– Exotic, found in Forests edges, near river
1973, Waas 150 (PDA), 5 Oct 1971, Robyns
banks and waste places. Herbarium specimens
7137 (PDA), 3 Dec 1970, Theobald & Krahulik
Collected from HPNP – Balakrishnan 1031
2753 (PDA), 8 Jul 1967, Mueller-Dombois &
Commanor 67070854 (PDA), 25 Jan 1973,
Not Evaluated.
Tirvengadum & Cramer 277 (PDA), Pattipola
171. Hypericum japonicum Thunb (Plate 05, Road, 3 Nov 1973, Sohmer, Jayasuriya & Eliezer
Figure N) 8617 (PDA), forest edge, 2 Dec 1970, Fosberg &
Herb with erect or procumbent branched Jayasuriya 53256 (PDA). Phenology – Flowers
stems 15-45 cm long. Stems c. 3 mm wide at most of the year. Conservation status_Redlist
base. Branches with 4 ribs, glabrous. Leaves 2020 – Endangered.
decussate, ovate to lanceolate, rounded or obtuse
Family Icacinaceae
at apex, cordate-amplexicaul at base, 6-10 x
2-6 mm. Flowers in terminal, cymose, mostly 173. Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. ex Arn syn.
elongated, inflorescences, sometimes solitary, Apodytes gardneriana Miers - uymdk
6-10 mm across. Sepals elliptic or oblong. Shrub or spreading tree, mostly (2) 15—
Distribution - Common in montane zone. 30 m tall, the largest specimens with fluted
Wet places among grass in exposed situations. trunks (6—) 20—70 cm diam.; crown high
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from and lax; bark smooth or rough, dark grey to
HPNP – 25 May 1911, A.M.S. s.n. (PDA), brown; live bark straw-coloured. Leaves very
23 May 1969, Read 2021 (PDA), Nov 1971, variable, ovate, elliptic, narrowly oblong or
Balakrishnan 1028 (PDA); end of Pattipola obovateoblanceolate. Flowers numerous,
Road to Horton Plains, 9 Jul 1967, Mueller- sweet-scented, shortly pedicellate or sessile in
terminal or less often axillary, buds ellipsoid- – Jayasuriya & Robyns 78 (PDA), Theobald
oblong; bracts minute or absent. Distribution - & Krahulik 2734 (PDA), Stone 11288 (PDA),
Montane forest including primary and disturbed Davidse 7615 (PDA), Gould & Cooray 13734
jungle, windswept dense low forest and scrub, (PDA), Clayton 5470 (PDA), Robyns 7129
sometimes in valleys and by streams, often on (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
rocky slopes; 200—2100 m. Native. Herbarium Not Evaluated.
specimens Collected from HPNP – Pattipola,
176. Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (Lemoine)
approach to Horton Plains, Tirvengadum &
N.E.Br. syn. Tritonia x crocosmiiflora
Cramer 97 (PDA); Pattipola, Horton Plains, s.
(Lemoine) G.Nicholson (Plate 05, Figure R)
coll. s.n. (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist
dense clumps of upright iris-like foliage;
2020 – Vulnerable.
in midsummer this makes a good background
174. Mappia nimmoniana (J.Graham) Byng for the freesia-shaped sprays of flowers that are
& Stull syn. Nothapodytes foetida (Wight) carried just above it. Plant belonging to the iris
Sleumer, Mappia ovata Miers, Mappia family, native to South Africa, with orange or
ovata var. championiana (Miers) Trimen, reddish flowers on long stems. They are grown
Nothapodytes gardenirana. (Plate 05, Figure P) as ornamental pot plants. Plants 50–100 cm; 15–
- f.dkavmdk 25 mm diameter. Stems usually 2–4-branched,
Small tree or shrub 1.5—5 m tall; d.b.h. often curving distally. Leaves 5–8, mostly
3—12.5 cm; bark whitish or grey, smooth; inner basal, basal much larger than cauline; blade
bark yellowish, soft; twigs drying yellowish, lanceolate, 8–20 mm wide. Distribution –
wrinkled, lenticellate; buds yellowish, Exotic. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
pubescent. Leaves with ± foetid smell, ovate Not Evaluated.
or ovate-oblong, 3.5—28 cm long, 1.5—19
177. Gladiolus x gandavensis Van Houtte
cm wide. Petals yellow or occasionally white,
Gladiolus hybrids and cultivars are often
lanceolate, 5 mm long, acute, pubescent on both
grown as garden plants and for cut flowers.
sides. Distribution - primary and secondary
Distribution – Exotic. Conservation status_
lowland wet forest, intermediate and montane
Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
forest. scrub forest by small rocky streams;
100—1800 m. native. Herbarium specimens 178. Sisyrinchium micranthum Cav. Syn.
Collected from HPNP – Totupola, Horton Sisyrinchium iridifolium Kunth (Plate 12,
Plains, ? Trimen s.n. (PDA). Conservation Figure M)
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened. Herbs 10-30 cm tall, with fibrous roots and
no underground rhizomes. Stems semi-erect and
Family Iridaceae
prostrate, compressed, 2-3 mm broad, branched,
175. Aristea ecklonii Baker (Plate 05, Figure forming rosettes. Leaves few, 5-12 cm x 3-5 mm,
Q) linear-ensiform, acute, glaucous green, erect
Perennial with stiff, upright, grasslike or spreading. Floral sheaths terminal at apices
leaves that grow 40-45 cm tall in a tight clump. of peduncles, 1.5-3 cm long, linear, with 2-6
Flowering stalks covered with dozens of small flowers. Distribution – Exotic. Conservation
blue saucer shaped flowers stand above the status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
leaves. Each flower lasts for only one day
Family Juncaceae
and is open only in bright light, but the whole
inflorescence makes a spectacular display above 179. Juncus bufonius L.
the grassy foliage. Leaves are broad, sword- Tufted annuals 4–30 cm tall, leaves very
shaped, mostly 8-12 mm wide and soft. Flowers narrow, flat or involute,barely 0.5 mm wide.
are deep blue, tepals 6, mostly 8-10 mm long, Inflorescences half to two-thirds or more the
style three-lobed. Distribution – Exotic. height of the plant, usually elongated and the
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP flowers well separated and the flowers secund
on the branches, or somewhat congested and Family Lamiaceae

the flowers then in small clusters of 2–6, but the
182. Clinopodium umbrosum (M.Bieb.)
individual flowers readily apparent nonetheless;
Kuntze syn. Calamintha umbrosa Benth. (Plate
flowers sessile or nearly so. Distribution –
06, Figure A)
Exotic. Herbarium specimens Collected from
Stem diffusely branched from a perennial
HPNP – Clayton 5499 (US), Balakrishnan 408
rootstock, the branches to 68 cm long, rooting
(OSH, US), Wheeler 12894 (US). Conservation
at lower nodes or ascending, slender, acutely
4-angular, densely pubescent on angles with
180. Juncus effusus L. retrorse hairs, purplish in lower parts. Leaves
Densely tufted hard-stemmed perennial ovate, 1.5-2.8 x 0.9-1.7 cm, rounded at base,
from tough, short, scaly rhizomes, commonly acute, coarsely crenateserrate, sparsely scabrid
up to a metre tall. Stems terete, indistinctly above, densely so beneath on prominent nerves;
striate. Inflorescences many flowered, petioles 3-6 mm long. Racemes to 15 cm long;
appearing to arise from the side of the stem, the verticils globose, 6-15- flowered. Distribution
erect involucral leaf simulating a continuation - Native, In soggy patanas, along borders of
of the stem and overtopping the inflorescence marshy land and slopes of tea estates close to
by 14–25 cm. Flowers on pedicels up to 2 mm watercourses of the wet uplands. Herbarium
long, from sheathing bracts on the inflorescence specimens Collected from HPNP – Willis s.n.
branches. Distribution - Native, Continually (PDA); half mile below Rest House at Ohiya
moist or wet situations in the highlands of the Road, Mueller-Dombois 67070914 (PDA, US);
island. Herbarium specimens Collected from on floor of mossy forest, Fosberg and Mueller-
HPNP – Read 2137 (OSH, US), Koyama Dombois 50032 (PDA, US); beside stream by
13524. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Ohiya Road, Cramer 4190 (BO, E, NBV, PDA,
Least Concern US). Phenology – Flowering almost throughout
181. Juncus prismatocarpus subsp.
Vulnerable.
leschenaultii (Gay ex Laharpe) Kirschner
syn. Juncus leschenaultii Gay ex Laharpe
Tufted rhizomatous perennial, readily
falling over and rooting from the nodes and
also emitting leafy outgrowths from the
flower clusters which may then bend over and
give rise to new plants 15–70 cm tall. Leaves
basal and cauline, longsheathing, the sheaths
auriculate at the summit, compressed, the edge
of the leaf toward the stem, blade septate-
nodulose, Inflorescence lax and widespreading.
Distribution - Native, in continually wet places,
often in a few inches of standing water, at higher
elevations. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Behind Farr Inn, Davidse 7605
(OSH, US); ascent to Horton Plains, Jayasuriya
184(US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable.
PLATE 05 : A. Eriocaulon subglaucum; B. Euphorbia rothiana; C. Cajanus trinervius; D.

Crotalaria walkeri; E. Parochetus communis; F. Smithia blanda; G. Ulex europaeus; H. Exacum
macranthum; I. Exacum walkeri; J. Gentiana pedicellata; K. Swertia zeylanica; L. Rhynchoglossum
notonianum; M. Laurembergia coccinea; N. Hypericum japonicum; O. Hypericum mysurense; P.
Mappia nimmoniana; Q. Aristea ecklonii; R. Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora.
183. Coleus inflatus Benth. Syn. Plectranthus var. pilosus (L.H.Cramer) V.S.Kumar (Plate 06,
inflatus (Benth.) R.H.Willemse (Plate 06, Figure C)
Figure B) Perennial herb; stem to 98 cm high, slender,
Perennial herb; stem to 1.85 m high, much acutely 4-angular, glabrescent-puberulous,
branched, acutely quadrangular, tumid above or pubescent with retrorse hairs, often dull
the nodes, winged at angles, Leaves spreading, purplishblack. Leaves broadly ovate to ovate-
oval-elliptic, 4-23.5 x 2.4-10 cm, cuneate, oval or oval-oblong, 1.8-9.5 x 1.2-5 cm,
narrowed or tapering at base, acuminate, serrate, truncate or rounded at base, acute and straight
sparsely scabrid above. Panicles terminal, 14- at apex. Distribution - Native, in shaded
23 cm long; cymes compressed, lax; peduncles roadside ditches in the midlands and in damp
subglabrous or hirsutulous, dull maroon. undergrowth of submontane and montane
Flowering almost through the year. Distribution forests. Herbarium specimens Collected from
- Endemic, A gregarious species in partial shade HPNP – Haldumulla road, Willis s.n. (PDA,
close to streams in secondary montane forests US), under shade on slopes of ravine, Cramer
from c. 1200-2600 m. Herbarium specimens 3482 (PDA, US), between Little World's End
Collected from HPNP – Towards Rest House and Great World's End, Fosberg 50054 (PDA,
from fork to Diyagama, Comanor 449 (PDA), US). Phenology – Flowering almost throughout
s. coll. C.P. 2065(PDA), Simpson 9535 (PDA). the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Phenology – Flowering almost throughout the Data Deficient
year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
186. Leucas biflora (Vahl) Sm (Plate 06, Figure
Least Concern. FFPO – Protected.
D) - .eg ;=U" ú<|jekak
184. Isodon coetsa (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Herb with a perennial rootstock; stem
Kudô syn. Plectranthus coesta Buch.-Ham. often procumbent, much branched, with the
ex D.Don, Plectranthus coetsa var. macraei branches to 1.2 m long, acutely 4-angular,
(Benth.) Hook.f. ex Gamble, Plectranthus finely or densely pubescent with retrorse hairs;
menthoides Benth. internodes to 10 cm long. Leaves broadly ovate,
Large perennial herb to 2.6 m high; stem ovate-lanceolate or ovate-deltoid. Floral leaves
much branched above, somewhat woody and subulate, to 2 mm long. Corolla to 16 mm long,
thickened below, to 1.5 cm in diameter towards white. Distribution - Native, Widespread on
base, acutely 4-angular, grooved on opposite road embankments, waste places, patanas and
sides, with a hollowed pith, densely hirsute- forests of the lowlands and uplands, from sea
tomentose. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, level to c. 2700 m. Herbarium specimens
rounded at base. Panicles axillary and terminal; Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains,
verticils dense; peduncles to 24 cm long. Floral Haldumulla Road, Willis s.n. (PDA). Phenology
leaves ovate, shortly acuminate, persistent, – Flowering throughout the year. Conservation
becoming foliaceous below. Distribution - status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern
Native, in open places in the submontane and
187. Plectranthus gardneri Thwaites (Plate 06,
montane region above c. 1300-2400 m. fairly
Figure E)
common. Herbarium specimens Collected
Annual with a shallow rootstock; stem to 60
from HPNP – Along borders of secondary
cm high, much branched from below, obtusely
montane forest beside road, Cramer 3953 (PDA,
4-angular, succulent, occasionally tumid at
US), ibid., in undergrowth of forest beside
internodes, hirtellous with purplish hairs (fresh).
road, Cramer 2949 (PDA, US). Phenology –
Leaves broadly-ovate to rhomboid-ovate, 1.5-
Flowering November to April. Conservation
7.5 x 1.4-6 cm, truncate at base, obtuse. Corolla
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened.
to 7.75 mm long, pink or sometimes white; tube
185. Isodon nigrescens (Benth.) H.Hara syn. linear, 3-4 mm long, subventricose dorsally
Plectranthus nigrescens Benth. Var. nigrecens, about the middle; upper lip erect, 4-4.5 mm
Isodon hians (Benth.) H.W.Li; Isodon nigrescens long. Distribution - Endemic, under dense
shade in montane forests above c. 1450 m. 190. Scutellaria violacea B.Heyne (Plate 06,
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP Figure H)
– At entrance to fog intercept station, Mueller- Annual; stem erect, to 27 cm high, slender,
Dombois 68051602 (PDA, US), between Little sometimes rooting at lower nodes, densely
World's End and Greater World's End, in mossy hirsute-hispid with spreading hairs. Leaves
forest, Fosberg 50054 (PDA, US), Thomson broadly ovate to rotundate, 1.2-2.6 x 1-2.4 cm,
C.P. 84 (K, PDA), Harris s.n. (E), forest back of truncate at base, subacute, very hirsute on both
Farr Inn, Fosberg & Sachet 53296 (PDA, US), surfaces; petioles to 2.4 cm long. Racemes to
in forest shade, Balakrishnan 1036 (PDA, US). 7 cm long. Calyx tube hirsute without. Corolla
Phenology – Flowering throughout the year. to 8 mm long; tube hirtellous without, white;
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least lower lip to 7 mm across, pale blue. Filaments
Concern. glabrous. Distribution - Native, on floor of
secondary montane forest, often growing among
188. Pogostemon hirsutus Benth. (Plate 06,
moss, at c. 2400 m. Herbarium specimens
Figure F)
Collected from HPNP – Under shade along
Annual; stem prostrate, to 72 cm long,
border of jungle on way to World's End,
rooting at lower nodes, frequently ascending,
Cramer 4023 (BO, K, PDA, US). Phenology –
obtusely 4-angular, slightly tumid above nodes,
glabrous below, hirsute with long, deflexed
status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern
hairs in upper parts, dull purple. Leaves ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, 1-5 x 1-3 cm, truncate to Family Lauraceae
cuneate at base. Corolla bluish-white or lilac;
191. Actinodaphne albifrons Kosterm. (Plate
tube linear, to 7 mm long, glabrous; upper
12, Figure N) - rdiai ojq¨
lip 4-5 mm across. Distribution - Endemic,
Tree, 6—8 m tall; bole l0—l2 cm diameter.
under shade in damp floor of submontane and
Bark smooth, hard, light- brown, 0.5 mm thick;
montane forests, to c. 2400 m. Herbarium
live bark 5 mm thick, light yellow-brown; wood
specimens Collected from HPNP – Gardner
straw- coloured. Flush completely covered with
C.P. 283 (CAL, MH, PDA), Willis s.n. (PDA),
long, appressed, white, silky hairs.. Branchlets
in forest shade, Balakrishnan 1034 (PDA, US),
minutely, densely, rusty-tomentellous. Leaves
in undergrowth of secondary forest mid-way
7—23 x 3—7 cm. Petioles 1.5—2 cm long,
to Peak, Cramer 3451 (PDA, US). Phenology
glabrous. Inflorescences inserted at internodes
on very short, pilose branches. Distribution
- Endemic, Southern Montane zone.
189. Pogostemon reflexus Benth (Plate 06, Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
Figure G) Concern. FFPO – Protected.
Semi-shrubby herb; stem to 1.90 m high,
192. Actinodaphne ambigua Hook.f. syn.
stout and woody below, much branched,
Actinodaphne pisifera Hook.f. (Plate 06, Figure
obtusely 4-angular, densely pilose-hirsute, dark
I)
purplish in upper parts. Leaves ovate to ovate-
Tree, 5—6 m tall; bole 5—10 cm diameter;
rhomboid, 2.2-19x1.6-8.8 cm, Corolla tube 7
bark light-brown, smooth, 1 mm thick; live
mm long, narrowed below, expanded above,
bark 2 mm thick, light yellow-brown, dry, soft,
villulose. Distribution – Endemic, In exposed
odourless. Branchlets slender, glabrous, drying
or partly shaded rocky areas of submontane
black; terminal bud small, scales glabrous.
and montane regions from c. 1700-2400 m.
Leaves 5—13 x 2.5—5.5 cm, more or less
whorled. Flower clusters 4—6 mm diameter,
– Under shade among rocks along border of
globose, sessile, scattered along internodes,
forest, Grower 3955 (PDA, US). Phenology
outer scales glabrous, inner subsericeous.
Distribution - Endemic, Montane zone, 1300—
2000 m. Herbarium specimens Collected x 1—3.5 cm, verticillate, elliptic or oblong,

from HPNP – 2000 m, April, Kostermans base acute, apex shortly, broadly acuminate.
23012 (BO, K, L, PDA, US). Conservation Distribution - Endemic, Forests of the upper
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable montane zone, especially at the highest
193. Actinodaphne glauca var. glauca Nees
from HPNP – 2000 m, April, Kostermans 23053
(BO, K, L, PDA, US), April, Kostermans 23071
Tree, up to 15 m tall, young parts densely,
(BO, K, L, PDA, US), Kostermans 23071-
minutely, dark rustypilose, soon glabrous.
A (BO, PDA, US), Gardner C.P. 74 p.p. (BO,
Leaves 5—10 x 1.5—3 cm, verticillate, elliptic-
PDA), near World‟s End, April, Kostermans
oblong or rarely subobovate-oblong, rounded at
s.n. (BO, PDA. US), April, Kostermans 23072
both ends or somewhat tapered at base, lateral
(BO, PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist
veins 6—8 pairs, very slender, slightly raised on
2020 – Vulnerable
both surfaces, glaucous beneath, almost white.
Petiole stout, channelled above, soon glabrous. 196. Actinodaphne speciosa Nees (Plate 06,
Flower clusters extra-axillary, bracts pilose. Figure K) - fmdl=gq .ia" w,s lka" fmd,a lgq
Distribution - Endemic, Upper montane zone. Tree, up to 20 m tall; trunk 20 cm diameter,
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP with few branches; bark smooth, grey, hard,
– Road behind Farr Inn, April, Hladik 734 (BO, 0.5 mm thick; live bark pale brown, greenish
PDA), road to World‟s End, Kostermans 23068 without, hard, brittle, 2 mm thick; wood rather
(BO, PDA), 23069 (BO, K, L, PDA, US) and heavy, yellowish, finely grained. Branchlets stiff,
23129 (BO, K, L, PDA, US), behind Farr Inn, stout, densely rufous, sublanuginose-tomentose;
April, Kostermans 23061 (BO, K, L, PDA, terminal bud very large, conical; bud scales up
US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – to 1.5 cm long, concave, pale-silky. Leaves
Vulnerable. broadly ovate to sub obovate or rotundate,
concave, obtuse or apiculate. Distribution -
194. Actinodaphne molochina Nees - ojq,
Endemic, Upper montane zone, 1500—2500
Small tree; branchlets stout, densely rusty
m, common. Herbarium specimens Collected
sublanuginosetomentellous; bark pale. Leaves
from HPNP – Horton Plains, April, Kostermans
3.5—8 x 2—4 cm, verticillate, cuneateobovate,
23015 (A, BO, K, L, PDA, US). Conservation
obtuse, base cuneate; stiffly coriaceous,
pinnately, rarely ternately, veined, upper surface
smooth, glossy, glabrous above, lateral veins 197. Actinodaphne stenophylla Thwaites - ksl
4—6 pairs, prominent in groove; underneath ojq,
densely sublanuginose-tomentose, glabrescent, Tree, 1.5—10 m tall; bark smooth, hard,
glaucescent beneath. Distribution - Endemic, very thin, light greenishbrown to yellowish-
Upper montane zone. Herbarium specimens grey (exposed); live bark 5 mm thick, straw-
Collected from HPNP – Feb, s. coll. s.n. coloured, slightly slimy, odourless. Leaves,
(PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – verticillate, linearoblong, linear or linear-
Endangered lanceolate, obtuse, base acute, slightly decurrent,
, filiform, lateral veins level with surface above,
195. Actinodaphne moonii Thwaites
prominent beneath, lower surface glaucous.
Very small tree, 1—2.5 m high; trunk 2
Flowers clustered, extra-axillary, scales partly
cm in diameter; bark smooth, dark brown,
aureosericeous, broadly ovate; peduncles very
very thin; live bark 2 mm thick, green without,
short. Distribution - Endemic, Moist low
strawcoloured within, odourless. Branchlets
country up to 1200 m. Herbarium specimens
stiff, densely, minutely, dark rustypilose;
Collected from HPNP – May, Kostermans
terminal bud tomentose. Flush leaves pale
23435 (BO, K, L, PDA, US), Kostermans
yellowish-brown with grey hairs above; flush
23441 (BO, K, L, PDA, US). Conservation
branchlets rusty-tomentellous. Leaves 1.5—9
198. Cinnamomum citriodorum Thwaites - lanceolate, acuminate with sharp tip, base acute,
me`.sß l=re÷ chartaceous, both surfaces microscopically
Tree, up to 10 m tall; bole 40 cm in diameter; areolate, glabrous above, paler beneath, not
lacking buttresses or with thin buttresses up glaucous, soon glabrous, midrib prominent.
to 40 cm high. Leaves 3—12 x 1.5—4 cm, Distribution - Submontane, moist regions,
lanceolate or oval to subovate-lanceolate, endemic. Herbarium specimens Collected
gradually tapered, obtuse or shortly acuminate, from HPNP – May 1856, s. coll. C.P. 79
base cuneate, Panicles 3—10 cm long, axillary (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
on long peduncle; branchlets short, densely Endangered.
sericeous near apex. Flowers greenish white,
201. Litsea glaberrima (Thwaites) Trimen
sericeous; tube short; tepals 3 mm long,
Tree, up to 20 m tall; bole 30 cm in
narrowly ovate. Distribution - Endemic, Moist
diameter; bark smooth, pale to reddish brown,
low country. Herbarium specimens Collected
brittle, slightly aromatic, smelling of lemon
from HPNP – Horton Plains, slope of valley,
and resin. Branchlets somewhat slender, rather
300—500 m, Kostermans 23433 (BO, K, L,
laxly, adpressed puberulous towards apex, soon
PDA, US), May, Kostermans 23683 (BO, K,
glabrous. Leaves, spirally arranged. Flower
PDA, US), Kostermans 23455, 23440 (BO, K,
tube 1—1.5 mm long, funnel-shaped, densely
L, PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist
sericeous, merging into very short pedicel;
tepals 1 mm long, ovate, sericeous without;
199. Cinnamomum ovalifolium Wight. (Plate ovary of female flower ovoid; style 1 mm long.
06, Figure L) - ìcqm;a l=re÷ Distribution - Montane zone, 1300—2300 m,
Small tree, 4—12 m tall; bole up to 20 cm endemic. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
diameter; bark dark brown, smooth or roughish; Near Threatened
live bark light brown, pinkish without, sticky,
202. Litsea ovalifolia (Wight.) Trimen (Plate
odourless. Leaves, opposite or subopposite,
06, Figure M) - ìcqm;a lE,sh
broadly ovate to subrotund, obtuse, base acute,
Tree up to 13 m tall with dense crown; bole
rounded or subcordate, rigidly coriaceous.
to 20 cm diameter; bark thin, 1—2 mm thick,
Panicles, axillary near apex of branchlets,
brown, smooth or tough; live bark pale brown,
densely silvery-sericeous, consisting of long
dry, brittle, odourless. Branchlets stout, glabrous
peduncle and few, very short branchlets.
with minute lenticels; terminal buds somewhat
Flowers few, densely silvery-sericeous; tube
silvery-sericeous, Leaves 3.5—12 x 2—6.5 cm,
1 mm long. Distribution - Endemic, Wet
spirally arranged, broadly oblong, orbicular or
montane zone above 1500 m. Herbarium
elliptic, tapered towards apex. Distribution -
Montane zone, 1000—2300 m; very common,
Plains, 2000 m, April, Kostermans 23106 (BO,
endemic. Herbarium specimens Collected
K, L, PDA, US), Kostermans 23684 (BO, K, L,
from HPNP – 2000 m, April, Kostermans
PDA, US), April, Kostermans 23011 (BO, K, L,
23013 (BO, K, L, PDA, US), April, Kostermans
PDA, US), March, J.M.S. s.n. (PDA), s. coll.
23048 (BO, PDA, US). Conservation status_
C.P. 263 (BO, PDA), April-May, s. coll. C.P.
263 (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Vulnerable. 203. Neolitsea fuscata (Thwaites) Alston
(Plate 06, Figure N) - uy l=vq ojq,
200. Litsea fosbergii Kosterm.
Tree, up to 20 m tall; bole 60 cm in
Tree 3—4 m tall, poorly branched; bole
diameter, usually smaller, buttressed; bark
5—6 cm diameter, smooth, light brownish-
smooth, dark or pale brown, thin; live bark
green. Branchlets slender, minutely, densely
3—5 mm thick, straw-coloured, odourless.
rustytomentellous, terminal buds similar.
Branchlets densely rufous-tomentose, bark
Leaves, spirally arranged, narrowly-elliptic or
odourless; terminal bud rufous-silky. Leaves,
lanceolate to subobovate-elliptic or subobovate-
subobovate-oblong to elliptic, rarely lanceolate- 206. Utricularia moniliformis P. Taylor (Plate

elliptic, shortly broadly acuminate. Flowers 06, Figure Q)
pale greenish, densely somewhat adpressed Lithophytic or epiphytic herb; stolons mostly
long-pilose. Distribution - Upper montane capillary, a few cm long, but a few on each plant
zone; 1500—2500 m, Endemic. Herbarium modified to form moniliform tubers 1—1.5 mm
specimens Collected from HPNP – 2000 m, long. Leaves numerous, obovate to transversely
April, Kostermans 23064 (BO, PDA, US), road elliptic, up to 10 mm long. Traps numerous, c.
to World‟s End, 2000 m, April, Kostermans 1 mm long. Inflorescence erect, solitary, 8—15
23127 (BO, K, L, PDA, US). Conservation cm long; peduncle terete, glabrous. Scales 1 or
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened 2 or more, rarely absent, similar to the bracts.
Bracts narrowly ovate, attached just below the
Family Lentibulariaceae
middle, c. 1.5 mm long. Distribution - Wet
204. Utricularia caerulea L syn. U. nivea Vahl, rocks and sometimes tree trunks at 750—2300
U. nivea var. rosea (Edgew.) Trimen (Plate 06, m, Endemic. Herbarium specimens Collected
Figure O) - ks,a fudK/iai from HPNP – Horton Plains path, Pattipola, on
Terrestrial herb; stolons capillary, a few north facing vertical bank of stream, Newman
cm long. Leaves few, narrowly obovate, up to 34 (K), on stream bank, 260 m alt., Simpson
1 cm long. Traps usually numerous, dimorphic, 9583 (BM, PDA). Conservation status_
1— 1.5 or 0.25—0.5 mm long. Inflorescence Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
erect, solitary, 5—50 cm long; peduncle terete,
207. Utricularia uliginosa Vahl syn. Utricularia
glabrous. Scales numerous, similar to the bracts.
affinis Wight (Plate 06, Figure R)
Distribution - Wet grassland, shallow soil
Terrestrial or affixed aquatic herb; stolons
overlying rocks, streamsides and damp open
capillary, many cm long. Leaves few to many,
vegetation generally, from sea level to 2300
linear, 3—many-nerved, up to 5 cm long and 6
m., Native. Herbarium specimens Collected
mm wide. Traps usually numerous, 1—1.5 mm
from HPNP – Bogawantalawa track, in rocky
long. Inflorescence erect, solitary, 3—30 cm long;
streambed, Simpson 9579 (BM, PDA); trail to
peduncle filiform, slightly angular, glabrous.
Kirigalpota, A. Robyns 7154 (BR, PDA, US), s.
Scales few, similar to the bracts. Bracts ovate-
deltoid, c. 2 mm long. Distribution - Wet sandy
2020 – Least Concern
or muddy soil in grassland and at the margins
205. Utricularia graminifolia Vahl (Plate 06, of streams, often vegetating in shallow water,
Figure P) Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from
Terrestrial or lithophytic herb; stolons HPNP – Simpson 9580 (PDA). Conservation
capillary, a few cm long. Leaves linear, up to 4 status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable
cm long and 6 mm wide, 3—many-nerved. Traps
Family Loranthaceae
numerous, 0.5—2 mm long. Inflorescence erect
or sometimes twining, solitary, 4—30 cm long; 208. Dendrophthoe neelgherrensis (Wight
peduncle terete, glabrous. Scales few to many, & Arn.) Tiegh syn. Loranthus neelgherrensis
similar to the bracts. Bracts ovate-deltoid, c. 1 Wight & Arn. (Plate 07, Figure A)
mm long. Distribution - found most frequently Plants often with well-developed haustoria-
on wet rocks, usually between 1000 and 2400 m, bearing surface runners, older plants sometimes
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from covering large portions of trees and superficially
HPNP – 1 miles south of Farr Inn to Ohiya, resembling lianas; branches usually greyish,
Gould & Cooray 13866 (US). Conservation terete; leaves usually opposite, subsessile; blades
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened highly variable, venation usually inconspicuous
except for the purplish prominent midrib;
inflorescence racemose in crowded axillary
clusters, flowers congested toward the apex and
appearing superficially umbellate. Distribution 211. Macrosolen parasiticus (L.) Danser

- Common throughout most of Ceylon, Native. syn. Loranthus loniceroides L., Elytranthe
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP parasitica (L.) Danser
– Wiens 4227 (PDA, US, UT), 4232 (MO, PDA, Branches terete, glabrous. Leaves ovate-
UC, US, UT), Trimen in 1882 (PDA), de Silva lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base; nerves
in 1911 (PDA). Phenology – Some individuals obscure; petiole 1.5 cm long. Peduncle 1
flowering at least sporadically throughout much cm long, 1-6-flowered; bracteoles orbicular;
of the year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 calyx 5 mm long, tubular, glabrous; corolla
– Least Concern. scarlet below, white or green at apex, curved;
lobes deflexed, divided to above the middle;
209. Dendrophthoe suborbicularis (Thwaites)
filaments green; stigma hemispherical. Berry
Danser. Syn. Loranthus suborbicularis
ovoid, smooth, crowned with tubular calyx.
Thwaites
Distribution - Common in the high Montane
Branches greyish brown, roughened,
Zone, particularly around Nuwara Eliya.
lenticellate; leaves alternate; petiole c. 8 mm
long; blades glabrate, brownish tomentose when
HPNP – On road to Diyagama, 2 1/2 miles NW.
young; obovateorbicular; inflorescence straight,
of Farr Inn, Wiens 4229 (MO, PDA, US, UT);
racemose, in axillary clusters, rachis c. 3-4 cm
Farr lnn, Horton Plains, Wiens 4230 (MO, PDA,
long, c. 1 mm wide, with up to c. 20 flowers,
US,UT). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
peduncles c. 4 mm long; bracts ovate-acute,
Vulnerable.
c. 1 mm long, entire inflorescence and flowers
in bud brownish tomentose. Distribution - 212. Taxillus incanus (Trimen) Wiens syn.
Endemic, known only from the high Montane Loranthus tomentosus var. incanus Trimen
Zone. Herbarium specimens Collected from (Plate 07, Figure B)
HPNP – Trimen in 1890 (PDA), Wiens 4208 Branches reddish-brown, terete,
(PDA, US, UT). Phenology – Flowering from lenticellate; petiole up to c. 10 mm long,
April to August and probably also in other tomentose to subglabrous below, glabrous to
months. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – sparsely and highly stellate-pub escent above,
Endangered. FFPO – Protected. the pubescence sometimes extending a short
distance down the midrib; blades glabrous
210. Macrosolen barlowii Wiens
or sometimes lightly and sparsely stellate-
Branches greyish-brown, terete or slightly
pubescent above; mature floral buds dull pink
angled apically; internodes usually twisted 90
on the basal half, then greenish, rusty tomentose
degrees, nodes often conspicuously enlarged
at the tip, corolla tube at anthesis pinkish to the
and rounded; petiole 8-10 mm long; blades dark
base of the split. Distribution - in the Moist
green with purplish veins, elliptical oblong,
Zone up to elevations of 2300m., Endemic.
tube with a single split c. 10 mm deep, with a
conspicuous angular swelling at its base; corolla
– New Farm on Pattipola Road, Wiens 4209
lobes red when reflexed, oblong, acute, slightly
(GH, K, MO, PDA, RSA, US, UT); NW. of
curved; filaments greenish-yellow, slightly
Nuwara Eliya on highway A5 near mile marker
flattened. Distribution - Endemic, Known
46, Wiens 4225 (NY, PDA, RSA, UC, US, UT);
from Horton Plains in the high Montane Zone.
Horton Plains, 21/2 miles NW. of Farr Inn on
road to Diyagama, Wiens 4228 (GH, MO, PDA,
– 2.4 miles E. of Farr Inn on road to Ohiya.
US, UT). Phenology – Flowering throughout
Wiens 4231 (AD, FPF, GH, K, KLU, MO, PDA,
NY, UC, US, UT). Phenology – Flowering
Vulnerable.
in July and August, perhaps also in other
months. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
213. Taxillus sclerophyllus Danser syn. (Thwaites) Masters, Hibiscus angulosus var.
Loranthus sclerophyllus Thwaites purpureus (Thwaites) Masters - lmq lsksiai
Branches greyish-brown, lenticellate; Herb, perennial or undershrub, erect to 2 m
petiole c. 5 mm long to subsessile; blades dark tall; stems stout, hollow, up to 10 mm diameter,
green, highly coriaceous, mostly obovate, base hispid with simple, patent to antrorse, yellowish
sometimes cuneate, apex rounded, margin often hairs intermixed with stellate hairs, at times
orangish when living, usually with 3 conspicuous subglabrous. Leaves 3.5—22 cm diameter,
curvinervous veins, glabrous; inflorescence orbicular to broadly elliptic in outline, cordate
brownish tomentose, apparently becoming at base. Corolla yellow or white, becoming
glabrous at fruiting time; bracts almost equalling purplish to mauve, with deep purple centre;
the calyx, c. 2 mm long, acute-obtuse; calyx petals to 9 x 5.5 cm. Distribution - Native,
and ovary brownish tomentose. Distribution - Waste places and in secondary vegetation forest
Endemic, Scattered in the High Montane Zone, borders usually at medium to higher altitudes
from 1000 to 2500 m. Herbarium specimens up to 2500 meters. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Junction of Ohiya and Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains to
Horton Plains Road, Wiens 4233 (AD, FPF, K, Ohiya, c. 2040 m, 6 Feb 1971, Robyns 7144 (K,
PDA, US, UT). Phenology – Flowering with US): Horton Plains, 2300 m, 8 Dec 1978, Grey-
definite periodicity, probably from about March Wilson & Silva 3068 (PDA), 3069 (K); Horton
to June. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Plains, Sita Eliya, s.coll. in C.P. 1117, p.p.
Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected. (PDA); Ohiya Stream, below Horton Plains, c.
1830 m, September 1890, Trimen s.n. (PDA);
Family Magnoliaceae
trail from Ohiya to Horton Plains, c. 2400 m,
214. Magnolia nilagirica (Zenker) Figlar 12 Dec 1970, Balakrishnan 424 (K, PDA, US);
syn. M. nilagirica var. ovlifolia Thwaites , M. between Horton Plains and Udaveriya Estate,
nilagirica var. walkeri Thwaites, Michelia c. 2000 m, 14 Mar 1971, Balakrishnan 466 (K,
nilagirica var. walkeri (Wight) Hook.f. & PDA); along Farr Inn to Diyagama road c. 2135
Thomson (Plate 07, Figure C) - j,a imq" jk imq m, 29 Jan 1974, Sumithraarachchi et al. 57 (K,
Small tree, 8-12 m. Twigs dark brown PDA, US): along road to Diyagama, Horton
to black in innovations and there glabrous Plains, c. 2000 m, 5 Feb 1971, Robyns 7128 (K,
to slightly pubescent or rather densely silky PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
pubescent. Stipules densely silky appressedly – Vulnerable
hairy, adnate to the petiole for 2-6 mm. Leaves
216. Sida acuta Burm.f. - .ia neì,
often somewhat glaucous beneath, densely
Annual or perennial undershrub, erect or
shortly appressed-pubescent when young,
ascending, 0.2—1.5 m tall; stems minutely
glabrescent, (narrowly) elliptic to slightly
stellate-hairy. often with few short, simple hairs,
obovate, 5-8 by 2-4.5 cm; apex usually slightly
or glabrous. Leaves: lamina 1.5—7.5(— 15) x
acuminate with blunt or acute tip, acumen 0-8
0.5—2.5(—6.5) cm, lanceolate to linear, acute
mm. Distribution - Native, in the mountains
or obtuse at base, at times unequal-sided at
from 1200-2350 m. Herbarium specimens
base, apex acute. Corolla 12—20 mm diameter;
Collected from HPNP – Balakrishnan 454
petals 9—10(— 14) mm long, obovate.
(PDA), Hoogland R.D. 11553 (L, PDA),
Staminal column short, 1.5—2 mm tall,
Kostermans 23007 (L, PDA), Worthington
glabrous. Distribution - Native, Waste places
1678, 1694 (K); NW. slope of Totupola,
and roadsides in the lowlands. Herbarium
Hoogland R.D. 11547 (L, PDA). Conservation
specimens Collected from HPNP – World‘s
End, Horton Plains, 3 Dec 1970, Fosberg &
Family Malvaceae Sachet 53347 (K, US). Conservation status_
215. Abelmoschus angulosus Wall. ex Wight Redlist 2020 – Least Concern
& Arn. Hibiscus angulosus var. grandiflorus
217. Sida rhombifolia L. - fldálka neì, Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
Annual or perennial erect undershrub, – Bremer, Kers & Thoran 29 (S), Comanor 438
0.2-1.5(-3.5) m tall; stems rough with minute, (PDA), s. coll. C.P. 138 (K, PDA), Jayasuriya
stellate hairs. Leaves, rhombic-lanceolate or & Robyns 83 (L, PDA), Kostermans 23070 (L),
oblanceolate, obtuse at base, apex acute or Robyns 7311 (K, L, PDA), van Beusekom 1495
obtuse, dentate-serrate above, entire towards (L, PDA), Willis s.n. (PDA); Horton Plains,
base, glabrous or sparsely hairy above with Baker's Falls, Cramer 4458 (PDA); ascent to
hairs appressed, stellate-hairy beneath, 3(-5) Horton Plains, mile post 2/5 SW. of Pattipola,
veined from base, otherwise pinnately veined. Davidse 7684 (L, PDA). Conservation status_
Flowers yellow to pale orange, usually solitary- Redlist 2020 – Endangered
axillary. Distribution - Native, Beside rivers 220. Memecylon ovoideum Thwaites
and streams, roadsides and waste places, A shrub or small tree. Branchlets stout,
from sea-level up to 2000 meters or more. subterete. Leaves widely elliptic, sessile or
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP with a very short petiole, rounded to cordate at
– World‘s End, Horton Plains, 2135 m, 22 Jun the base, rounded to notched at the apex, with
1983, Radcliffe Smith 5636 (K). Conservation revolute margins and indistinct intramarginal
status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern and lateral veins. Inflorescences condensed;
218. Triumfetta pilosa Roth syn. Triumfetta flowers congested in tufts at the nodes on lower
tomentosa Bojer colours possibly blue to pinkish red. Fruit ovoid
Herb, perennial, erect, branched, the to ellipsoid.the branches below the leaves.
branches more or less denselyVand softly Distribution - Endemic, Southern montane
hirsute. Leaves with the petioles to 5 cm long, zone. Herbarium specimens Collected from
gradually shorter towards the apex of the HPNP – Trail Farr Inn to Big World's End,
branches, more or less densely and softly hirsute. Nooteboom 3336 (L). Conservation status_
Flowers yellow or orange, in oppositifolious Redlist 2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
and axillary clustered cymules, the cymules
usually 3-flowered, the peduncles to 10 mm
long. Distribution - Native, Roadside weed in
mid- and up-country. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains to
Ohiya, 2070 m, 6 Feb. 1971, fl, Robyns 7146
(PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
– Least Concern
Family Melastomataceae
219. Medinilla fuchsioides Gardner (Plate 07,
Figure D)
A generally epiphytic shrub, often
pseudodichotomously branched. Branchlets
terete or subquadrangular, stout; bark greyish,
smooth. Leaves elliptic, sessile or with a very
short stout petiole, basally acute in outline but
rounded to subcordate at the very base, obtuse
or subacute at the apex, entire or shallowly
crenate, 5-nerved; the marginal pair faint.
Flowers solitary or few together, more or less
pendent on a 5-10 mm long. Distribution -
Native, Southern montane zone, rather common.
PLATE 06 : A. Clinopodium umbrosum; B. Coleus inflatus; C. Isodon nigrescens; D. Leucas biflora;

E. Plectranthus gardneri; F. Pogostemon hirsutus; G. Pogostemon reflexus; H. Scutellaria violacea;
I. Actinodaphne ambigua; J. Actinodaphne glauca; K. Actinodaphne speciosa; L. Cinnamomum
ovalifolium; M. Litsea ovalifolia; N. Neolitsea fuscata; O. Utricularia caerulea; P. Utricularia
graminifolia; Q. Utricularia moniliformis; R. Utricularia uliginosa.
221. Memecylon parvifolium Thwaites (Plate PDA), Trimen s.n. (PDA), Wärme 7, 8, 9, 10,
07, Figure E) - uy l+ráh 11 B (S); between Horton Plains resthouse
A small tree, up to c. 10 m high, with many and World's End, Comanor 962 (K, PDA),
branches and greyish bark. Branchlets stout, Jayasuriya & Robyns 81 (PDA), Mueller-
subquadrangular. Leaves elliptic to elliptic- Dombois & Comanor 67070831 (PDA), Robyns
obovate, cuneate at the base and narrowed 7130, 7309 (K, PDA); Kirigalpota, Grierson
into a short but distinct petiole. Inflorescences 1104 (PDA); Horton Plains, Kostermans 23079
condensed; flowers congested in tufts, 5-10 mm (K), Willis s.n. (PDA); Horton Plains, on ridge
diam., in the leaf axils and at the nodes on the at little World's End, Read 2035 (PDA); Horton
branches just below the leaves. Pedicels shorter Plains, along old path to Ohiya, Robyns 7155
than or about the same length as the calyx. (K, PDA); Horton Plains, World's End, Stone
Buds acute, with exposed petals. Distribution 11253 (PDA), Waas 149 PDA). Conservation
- Endemic, montane zone. Herbarium status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
specimens Collected from HPNP – Maturata
224. Osbeckia parvifolia Arn. Syn. Osbeckia
and Horton Plains, s. coll. C.P. 2955 (BM,
erythrocephala Naud. (Plate 07, Figure F)
BO, BR, G, K, P, PDA, SING). Conservation
A prostrate to ascending herb or suffrutex.
Stems laxly villous with purplish or brownish
222. Osbeckia buxifolia Arn. to yellowish spreading hairs. Leaves elliptic,
A much-branched shrub, up to 3 m. 1-6 x 0.8- 3 cm, basally rounded to obtuse
Branchlets densely villous with long, curly, with a 1-6 mm long petiole, acute at the apex,
brownish hairs. Leaves widely elliptic to ovate, generally 3- or sometimes 5-nerved, rather
coriaceous, rounded or notched at the apex, densely pubescent with long hairs on both
with revolute margins. Flowers solitary or few sides. Flowers few or several in rather loose
closely together, subtended by the uppermost clusters, pedicelled, tetramerous or occasionally
leaves, almost sessile, pentamerous. Sepals pentamerous. Distribution - Native, Grassland
triangular, 6-10 mm long, dorsally pubescent, and open places, also along roads and among
deciduous or in young fruit persistent. Petals rocks. Herbarium specimens Collected from
22-30 mm long, pink to mauve. Distribution HPNP – Totapola, Bernardi 15903 (PDA);
- Endemic, Grassland and open montane forest, Horton Plains, Bremer, Kers & Thoran 205, 206
forest edges. Conservation status_Redlist (S), Clayton 5479 (K, PDA), Comanor 434, 965
2020 – Endangered. (K, PDA), Fagerlind 454, 455, 456 (S), Gould
13557 (PDA), Jayasuriya 2391 (PDA), Mueller-
223. Osbeckia lanata Alston syn. Osbeckia
Dombois & Comanor 67070921, 67091320
buxifolia var. minor Thwaites (Plate 07, Figure
(PDA), Rudd & Balakrishnan 3180 (K,
H) - l=vdm;a fndaúáhd
PDA), Silva s.n. (PDA), Simpson 9545 (BM),
Much-branched shrub, up to 3 m. Branchlets
Sumithraarachchi, Moldenke & Jayasuriya
densely villous with long, curly, brownish hairs.
DBS 55 (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist
Leaves widely elliptic, coriaceous, basally
2020 – Vulnerable
rounded or subcordate with a short petiole,
rounded or notched at the apex. Hypanthium 225. Osbeckia rubicunda Arn (Plate 07, Figure
6-8 mm wide, densely covered with rather G)
long, brownish, more or less appressed hairs; A much-branched shrub, up to 3 m.
intersepalar emergences short, covered with Branchlets rather densely pubescent with
many hairs as on the hypanthium. Petals 20- spreading hairs. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-ovate,
28 mm long, pink to mauve. Anthers narrowly 2-6.5 x 1.5-4 cm, basally rounded or subcordate
ovate. Distribution - Endemic, Grassland and with a 2-9 mm long petiole, obtuse to rounded
open montane forest, forest edges. Herbarium at the apex, 5-nerved, rather densely pubescent
specimens Collected from HPNP – Totapola, with appressed short hairs on both sides.
Bernardi 15906 (K, PDA), Cramer 4814 (K, Flowers few or occasionally up to 10 in dense
clusters, pedicelled, pentamerous. Distribution 7310 (L, PDA), Silva s.n. (PDA); Horton Plains,
- Native, Grassland and open montane forest, Baker's Falls, Cramer 4455 (E, PDA); along
forest edges, also along roads. Herbarium path from Horton Plains to Ohiya, Robyns 7158
specimens Collected from HPNP – Clayton (C, G, K, L, PDA); jungle above Ohiya, Silva
5541 (K, PDA), Comanor 448 (K), Fosberg s.n. (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
& Mueller-Dombois 50106 (PDA), Gould – Endangered
13571 (PDA), Robyns 7125, 7151 (K, PDA),
228. Sonerila gardneri Thwaites
Sumithraarachchi, Moldenke & Jayasuriya
Erect herb, 30-45 cm, nearly unbranched;
DBS 67 (PDA), Theobald & Krahulik 2744
stems and branches terete, dark reddish,
(PDA), Wärme 16 (S). Conservation status_
pubescent and somewhat woody. Leaves with
lamina, finely serrate, broadly ovate, symmetric
226. Osbeckia walkeri Arn. Syn. Osbeckia and cordate to rounded at the base, subacute at
walkeri var. becketii Cogn. In DC. the apex, with hairs on both sides, with fewer
A much-branched shrub, up to 3 m. Leaves hairs and paler beneath, 5-7-nerved, rigid;
elliptic, 0.8-2.5 x 0.5-1.5 cm, basally acute and petiole 2-3 mm, glandular. Flowers many in
with a 1-3 mm long petiole, acute or obtuse at scorpioid, subsessile inflorescences. Petals
the apex, with more or less revolute margins, red, c. 13 mm long. Anthers narrowly ovate.
3- or occasionally 5-nerved, densely pubescent Distribution - Endemic, Southern montane
with appressed hairs above and appressed to zone. Herbarium specimens Collected from
spreading hairs beneath. Flowers solitary or few HPNP – Horton Plains, s. coll. C.P. 63 (PDA);
closely together, subtended by the uppermost below Horton Plains towards Galagama, s. coll.
leaves, pedicelled, pentamerous. Distribution C.P. 63 (P). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
- Endemic. Montane zone. Herbarium – Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct).
specimens Collected from HPNP – Trail to FFPO – Protected.
Kirigalpotta Peak, Nowicke & Jayasuriya 240
229. Sonerila hirsutula Arn.
(PDA); Pidurutalagala, Robyns 7298, 7301
Erect herb, 60-100 cm; stems woody and
(PDA); Horton Plains, along Small World's End
much-branched, densely pubescent to hirsute,
trail, Robyns 7312 (K, PDA); Horton Plains,
especially the nodes covered with long, stiff,
near Farr Inn, van Beusekom 1498 (PDA); top
spreading hairs. Leaves, broadly ovate, serrate,
of Pedro, Willis s.n. (PDA); Totapola, Wärme
symmetric, subcordate and rounded at the
11 (S). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
base, rounded at the apex, very hairy on both
Endangered
sides, especially on the veins beneath. Flowers
227. Sonerila arnottiana Thwaites (Plate 07, in few- to manyflowered scorpioid, subsessile
Figure I) inflorescences. Petals pink, 9-12 mm long.
Erect herb, 30-80 cm; stems and branches Distribution - Endemic, Montane forest.
glabrous or glandular to pilose in a young state. Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
Leaves with lamina 2.5-6 x 1-2.5 cm, ovate to – Fagerlind 475, 1228 (S). Conservation
broadly lanceolate, finely serrate, petiole 1-3 status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered
cm, half as long as the lamina, glandular to
230. Sonerila pumila Thwaites syn. Sonerila
pilose. Flowers in many-flowered, terminal,
zeylanica var. pumila (Thwaites) C.B. Clarke
scorpioid, sessile inflorescences. Petals red, 5-7
mm long. Distribution - Endemic, Montane
Erect small herb, 4-15 cm, often much-
forest. Herbarium specimens Collected from
branched from the base; stems and branches
HPNP – On the track between Big World's End
subquadrangular and glabrous. Leaves, ovate,
and Non Pareil bungalow, Bremer 961 (PDA,
finely serrate, almost symmetric and obtuse
S, US); Horton Plains, Bremer, Kers & Thoran
at the base, acute at the apex, above, quite
208 (S), Fagerlind 3786 (S), Gould & Cooray
glabrous and often purple beneath. Flowers
13812 (PDA), Lundin 23, 24, 25 (S), Robyns
in few-flowered, umbelshaped, sessile 233. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa var. parviflora

inflorescences or solitary. Petals white, 4-5 mm (Alston) A.J.Scott (Plate 07, Figure L) - iS;d
long. Distribution - Endemic, Montane forest fmar
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP Young parts densely greyish ocherous
– Balakrishnan NBK 401 (PDA), Bremer, Kers velutinate, ± caducous on lamina upper surface,
& Thoran 209 (S), s. coll. s.n. (PDA), s. coll. elsewhere persistent; petals sparsely so within,
C.P. 2617 (K, PDA), Gould & Cooray 13806 densely outside: stamens glabrous. Twig stout,
(PDA), Kostermans 23111 (L), Robyns 7127 terete, much branched, becoming orange-
(K, L, PDA), Willis s.n. (PDA). Conservation brown, thinly flaky. Lamina 2-8 cm x 1.4-4
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered. cm, elliptic or sometimes obovate, coriaceous,
drying dark purple above, ocherous beneath
231. Tibouchina urvilleana (DC.) Cogn. Syn.
with dark grey-brown nervation. Distribution
Tibouchina semidecandra (Plate 07, Figure K)
- Native, open places in the mountains above
A large shrub, up to 6 m. Branchlets densely
pubescent with spreading hairs. Leaves elliptic
from HPNP – N.M.S. s.n., 20.5.1911 (PDA),
or elliptic-ovate, 4-11 x 1.5-5.5 cm, basally
I.C.W. s.n., 25.1.1906 (PDA), Mueller-Dombois
rounded and with a 6-18 mm long petiole,
& Comanor 67070852 (PDA, US), Mueller-
shortly acuminate at the apex, 5-7-nerved,
Dombois & Cooray 68011309 (PDA, US),
densely pubescent with appressed to patent
Ashton 2296 (PDA,US). Conservation status_
hairs on both sides. Flowers several in branched,
pubescent inflorescences with elliptic, 1.5-3 cm
long, dorsally pubescent and ventrally glabrous 234. Syzygium revolutum (Alston) P.S.Ashton
bracts. Distribution – Exotic. Herbarium syn. Eugenia revoluta Wight (Plate 07, Figure
specimens Collected from HPNP – Horton O) - lrõ oU
Plains near Farr Inn, Robyns 7161 (K, PDA). A canopy tree, -10 m tall, -2m girth, with
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not greyish brown cracked, shallowly flaky and
Evaluated. scroll-marked bark, crooked and twisted bole
and branches, and diffuse rather flat crown.
Family Myrtaceae
Flowers many, pale pink, in slender but dense
232. Eugenia mabaeoides Wight (Plate 07, erect terminal or -3-axillary cymes; Fruit -7 x
Figure M) 6 mm, ellipsoid, with a 3 mm diam. terminal
A shrub or small tree. Young shoots and crown; ripening purplish red. Distribution -
calyx fugaceous pubescent. Twigs slender, Endemic. Common between 1600 and 2400
terete, much branched. Lamina 12–40x 6– 25 m on the main mountain massif from the
mm, spatulate (if small) to elliptic (if large), northern slopes of Pidurutalagala to Horton
coriaceous, drying dull rust to purplish brown Plains. Herbarium specimens Collected from
Flowers pale green (Trimen), 1-3 axillary; HPNP – Kostermans 23010 (PDA, US, K),
pedicels -8 mm long, very slender; calyx -2 Worthington 1709 (K), J.M. Silva s.n. (PDA),
mm long, -3 mm diam. including the 4 deltoid Comanor 957 (PDA, US), Cooray 13530 (PDA,
acute segments, shallowly cup- shaped; petals US), Ashton 2293 (PDA, US), 2295 (PDA, US),
-3 x 2 mm, elliptic, concave; stamens c. 3 mm 2298 (PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist
long. Distribution - Endemic; common in the 2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
mountains of the main massif between 1300
235. Syzygium rotundifolium Arn. Syn.
and 2500 m. Herbarium specimens Collected
Eugenia rotundifolia (non Cav.) Wight - jgm;a
from HPNP – Fosberg 50115 (PDA, US, K).
oU
Canopy tree,-10 m tall, -1 m girth, with
Concern. FFPO – Protected.
patchily flaky scroll-marked pale pink-brown
bark, crooked twisted bole and branches, and
dense rather flat crown. All parts glabrous.
Twigs sharply quadrangular, slender, much HPNP – Kostermans 23438 (K). Conservation
branched. Lamina, small, coriaceous, broadly status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern. FFPO –
obovate to orbicular. Flowers in short densely Protected.
branched terminal racemes, white or pale pink;
238. Syzygium umbrosum Thwaites syn.
petals small, concave, fugaceous; stamens c.
Eugenia subavenis (non Berg.) Duth. - je,s
4 mm long. Distribution - Endemic; one of
fodU" ySka fodU
the commonest canopy trees in the montane
A medium sized tree with pale pink-brown
forest above 2000 m. Herbarium specimens
smooth or shallowly flaky bark and dense much-
Collected from HPNP – Ashton 2292 (PDA,
branched crown. All parts glabrous. lamina 2-4.5
US), 2294 (PDA, US), 2297 (PDA, US); Horton
x 1.2-3.2 cm, spatulate or sometimes obovate
Plains, road to Ohiya, Fosberg 50115 (K.)
or broadly elliptic, drying chocolate-brown;
margin narrowly revolute; base cuneate; apex
Concern
narrowly retuse, obtuse, Flowers white with
236. Syzygium sclerophyllum Thwaites (Plate crimson calyx (Trimen), in-7 cm long dense
07, Figure N) but slender many flowered terminal or axillary
Canopy tree -10 m tall, -1 m girth, with cymes; pedicel c. 2 mm long. Distribution -
pale grey-brown cracked and patchily flaky Endemic. common between 1000 and 2000 m
bark, twisted bole and branches and dense dark in the wet zone hills from Rakwana to Knuckles
shallowly hemispherical crown with upturned and including Namunukula. Herbarium
leaves. Lamina, broadly elliptic to suborbicular; specimens Collected from HPNP – World's
base obtuse to subcordate; margin subrevolute; end, Horton Plains, Kostermans 23131(PDA,
apex obtuse or subacute. Flowers white, densely US, K). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
clustered in short terminal cymes; calyx -4 mm Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
long 3 mm diam. Petals c. 3 x 2 mm, elliptic,
Family Nymphaeaceae
concave. Distribution - Endemic. Locally
abundant in montane forest above 2000 m in the 239. Nymphaea mexicana Zucc.
main mountain massif. Herbarium specimens Stout erect rhizome with creeping stolons,
Collected from HPNP – Totupola, Worthington often ending with distinctive ‘brood-bodies’
1735 (K); Horton Plains, Kostermans 23092A which look like miniature hands of bananas.
(K), 23126 (K). Conservation status_Redlist Leaves are almost round to elliptical in shape,
2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected. with a deep narrow basal sinus. Leaves are up
to 20 cm across, green or pink on the lower
237. Syzygium spathulatum Thwaites syn.
surface, and with brown blotches on the upper
Eugenia olivifolia Duth. (Plate 07, Figure P)
surface. Flower is yellow and up to 15 cm across.
A small tree, -10 m tall, with compact
Distribution - Introduced. Conservation
rounded crown with many twisted branches,
and rough hard deeply cracked densely
narrowly flaky pink to orange-brown bark.
Lamina up-pointing, bright copper when young, Family Oleaceae
obovate to oblanceolate, thinly coriaceous,
240. Chrysojasminum bignoniaceum subsp.
rufous to golden matt beneath. Cyme, slender,
zeylanicum (P.S.Green)Banfi syn. Jasminum
terminal or subterminal axillary. Flowers pale
bignoniaceum subsp. zeylanicum P.S.Green
pink. Distribution - Endemic. Abundant in
Shrub, sometimes more or less climbing,
primary and more particularly secondary forest,
to 2 m high. Stems glabrous, shallowly angled
often remaining and apparently regenerating
from the bases of the two leaves above. Leaves
in grasslands after degradation; at 700-1500
alternate, glabrous, imparipinnate, rachis
m in the hills bordering the drier eastern
slightly grooved. Inflorescence axillary, terminal
margins of the wet zone and the intermediate
or subterminal on side shoots,. Calyx tube 2
zone. Herbarium specimens Collected from
mm long, lobes 5, triangular subulate, 1-1.5 mm 2.5 cm wide, flat or slightly undulate, margins
long. Corolla yellow, infundibuliform, tube 14 serrate; cauline leaves very narrowly elliptic to
mm long, lobes 5, rounded, overlapping at base, lanceolate. Distribution- exotic. Conservation
3 mm long. Distribution - Upper montane status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
zone, rare or very local. Forest edges, 1850 to
Family Orchidaceae
2400 m alt. Endemic. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – World's End, Horton 244. Adrorhizon purpurascens (Thwaites)
Plains, Balakrishnan 1047 (US), Nowicke & Hook.f. (Plate 08, Figure A)
Jayasuriya 229 (US) & Radcliffe-Smith 5624 A mini-miniature sized, warm to cool
(K, PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist growing epiphyte or lithophyte with narrowly
2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected. cylindrical non-pseduobulbpus stems carrying
a single apical, erect, coriaceous, rigid, linear-
241. Olea polygama Wight
oblong to lanceolate, recurved margins, purple
Small tree up to 15 m high. Bark smooth
tinted leaf that blooms in the late summer
or eventually cracked vertically light brown or
and fall on a slender, peduncle with 3 sterile
grey, young stems glabrous. Leaves opposite,
sheathing bracts. 1 to 3 flowered inflorescence
simple, entire coriaceous, glabrous; petiole 3-8
with broadly triangular-ovate, annular,
mm long. Inflorescence axillary subumbellate,
sheathing the rachis, acute, single veined floral
glabrous, 9-11-flowered; pedicels 1-2 mm long;
bracts. Distribution - Endemic, in submontane
flowers andromonoecious, white or creamy
to tropical, wet, evergreen forests on trunks of
white. Distribution - Evergreen montane
trees and on rocks along streams at elevations
forest, including secondary forest. 1000-
of 500 to 1900 meters. Phenology – Flowering
2400 m alt. Native. Herbarium specimens
September – November. Conservation status_
Collected from HPNP – Silva s.n. (PDA),
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.
Cramer 4414 (E, K, US) & Worthington 1718
(BM, K). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – 245. Bulbophyllum elliae Rchb.f. syn.
Vulnerable. Cirrhopetalum wightii Thwaites, Bulbophyllum
jayaweerae S.S.Fernando & Ormerod (Plate 08,
Family Onagraceae
Figure B)
242. Fuchsia regia (Vand. ex Vell.) Munz Miniature sized, cool growing epiphyte
(Plate 07, Figure Q) with 2" [5 cm] between each cylindrical-ovoid,
Scandent or climbing shrubs, 0.5—5 m, or canted at an angle pseudobulb carrying a single,
lianas up to 15 m, glabrous to puberulent, rarely apical, erect, narrowly elliptic, rounded apically,
densely pilose. Leaves opposite or in whorls narrowing below into the petiolalte base leaf that
or 3—4(—5) per node, firmly membranous blooms in the winter and spring on basal, erect,
or coriaceous, elliptic. Flowers solitary or peduncle, 2.4" [6 cm] long, several flowered
in pairs in the upper leaf axils, pendulous, inflorescence with the flowers held in an apical
perfect; pedicels 10—55 mm long. Floral tube umbel. Distribution - Endemic, growing on
cylindrical-fusiform. Distribution – exotic. trees in the subtropical montane forests as well
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not as in the submontane or mid-country tropical
Evaluated wet evergreen forests above 854 m alt. Hakgala,
Hantana, Horton Plains, Rangala, Nuwara
243. Oenothera stricta Ledeb. ex Link
Eliya, Veddagala etc. Herbarium specimens
Erect annual or perhaps sometimes biennial
Collected from HPNP – Sept. 1890, s. coll. s.n.
herb, rarely decumbent or nearly prostrate,
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering January-May
stems 3.5—15 dm long, unbranched or with a
and September. Conservation status_Redlist
few side branches, usually strigillose, especially
2020 – Near Threatened. FFPO – Protected.
in the lower parts, and sparsely to densely villous
and glandular pubescent. Basal leaves narrowly
elliptic to oblanceolate 10—25 cm long, 0.8—
246. Bulbophyllum trimenii (Hook.f.) J.J.Sm. Mahacoodagala, Hakgala, Mt. Pedro, Maturata,
syn. Cirrhopetalum trimenii Hook.f. (Plate 08, etc. Phenology – Flowering February-April,
Figure C) July. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Near
A mini-miniature sized, warm to cool Threatened. FFPO – Protected.
growing epiphyte, brownish green, globose-
249. Cheirostylis flabellata (A.Rich.) Wight
ovoid pseudobulb carrying a single to rarely 2,
(Plate 08, Figure F)
apical, sessile, sharply angled to the pseudobulb,
A small sized, cool to cold growing
lanceolate, oblong to oblong-ovate, notched to
terrestrial with ovate, acute, petiolate base
emarginate, thick, 6 to 8 flowered inflorescence
leaves that blooms in the winter on a terminal,
with subulate-ovate, acute to subacute, 3
erect, 6 to 8" [15 to 20 cm] long, 2 to 10
veined floral bracts and carrying the pale straw
flowered inflorescence with ovate, acuminate,
colored flowers. Distribution - Endemic,
acute, single veined floral bracts and carrying
on trees above 762 m alt. in the subtropical
white flowers. Distribution - Native, on
montane and the mid-country tropical wet
roadside hill cuttings under the shade of trees
evergreen forests. Phenology – Flowering
in the subtropical montane forests between
915 and 1829 m alt. Mt. Pedro, Hakgala,
Ambagamuwa, etc. Phenology – Flowering
247. Calanthe masuca (D.Don) Lindl. Syn. February, March. Conservation status_Redlist
Calanthe purpurea Lindl. (Plate 08, Figure D) 2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
A large sized, hot to cool growing terrestrial
250. Coelogyne odoratissima Lindl. (Plate 08,
orchid with small, narrowly conical pseudobulbs
Figure G)
and several, plicate, broadly elliptic, acute,
narrowing below into the petiolate or sessile
epiphyte with clustered, ovoid to almost round
base leaves that blooms in the late summer and
pseudobulbs enveloped basally by basal sheaths
early fall on an erect, 5 to 6" [12.5 to 15 cm]
and carrying 2, apical, membraneous, shape
long, successively several to many [10 to 15]
variable, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, plicate, 5
flowered inflorescence. Distribution - Native,
nerved, gradually narrowing below into the
Rather common under the shade of trees in
petiolate base leaves that blooms in the late
higher elevations in the submontane or mid-
summer and fall on a synanthous, slender, basal.
country tropical wet evergreen forests up to
2 to 5 flowered inflorescence with persistent
1829 m alt. Rangala, Maturata, Mahacoodagala,
floral bracts and carrying waxy, fragrant flowers.
Nuwara Eliya, Ambagamuwa, Hunnasgiriya,
Distribution - Native, Common, on trees in the
etc. Phenology – Flowering February, July,
subtropical montane forests above 1829 m alt.
August. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Nuwam Eliya, Horton Plains, Pidurutalagala,
etc. Herbarium specimens Collected from
248. Calanthe triplicata (Willemet) Ames. Syn. HPNP – Horton Plains, Jan. 1906, Willis s.n.
Calanthe veratrifolia R.Br. (Plate 08, Figure E) (PDA). Phenology – Flowering December,
Ovoid pseudobulbs carrying 3 to 6, ovate- January. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
lanceolate, to elliptic-lanceolate, plicate, Near Threatened. FFPO – Protected.
prominently ribbed, long petiolate leaves that
251. Crepidium versicolor (Lindl.) Sushil
are pubescent beneath and blooms from a
K.Singh, Agrawala & Jalal syn. Microstylis
mature pseudobulb as a new one arises in the
rheedii Wight; Malaxis versicolor (Lindl.)
spring through fall on a minutely pubescent,
Abeyw.
7' [210 cm] long, racemose inflorescence with
A small sized, as either a hot to cool or a cool
successive opening flowers that are congested
to cold growing terrestrial orchid depending on
at the apex and much longer than the leaves.
its origin with a stem carrying 3 to 5, purplish
Distribution - Native, in the shade of trees in
green, ovate-lanceolate, petiolate base leaves
the subtropical montane forests up to 2134 m alt.
that blooms in the summer on a terminal, erect, Pedro, Hakgala, etc. Phenology – Flowering
10 to 35 cm long, rather dense, many flowered January-April. Conservation status_Redlist
inflorescence with lanceolate, acuminate floral 2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
bracts and carrying yellow tinted purple flowers.
254. Dendrobium jerdonianum Wight syn.
Distribution - Native, Rather common, in
Dendrobium nutans Lindl., Dendrobium
shady places in the submontane or midcountry
nutantiflorum A.D.Hawkes & A.H.Heller (Plate
tropical wet evergreen forests extending to the
08, Figure J)
subtropical montane forests between 396 and
A miniature sized, warm to cool growing
1829 m alt. Herbarium specimens Collected
epiphyte with grooved, swollen towards
from HPNP – Dec. 1971, Balakrishnan 412
the apex, zigzag with few to many angles,
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering May-July.
yellowish, black hairy stems carrying 3 to
6, distichous, succulent, , apically bilobed
Concern. FFPO – Protected.
leaves that blooms in the later spring, summer
252. Cylindrolobus lindleyi (Thwaites) and earlier fall on 2 to 3, short, from opposite
Ormerod & C.S.Kumar syn. Eria lindleyi and above the leaf axils 2 to 4 flowered.
Thwaites (Plate 08, Figure K) Distribution - Native, common, adapted to
A small to medium sized, cool to cold grow in a variety of climatic conditions ranging
growing epiphyte with clavate at the top from the tropical wet evergreen forests to the
and tuberous at the base, many noded, terete subtropical montane forests from 1220 to 1829
pseudobuilbs enveloped by short, acute sheaths m alt. Phenology – Flowering April, November-
and carrying apical, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, March. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
obtuse, many veined, prominent midvein Near Threatened. FFPO – Protected.
leaves taht blooms in the spring and again in
the fall on erect, peduncle short, to .8 to 2 to
3.5 cm long. Distribution - Endemic, Rather
common, on trees towards the higher altitudes
in the submontane or mid-country tropical wet
evergreen forests extending to the subtropical
montane forests up to 2134 m alt. Rangala,
Laggala, Hunnasgiriya, Ritigala, etc. Phenology
– Flowering May-July. Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened. FFPO –
Protected.
253. Dendrobium heterocarpum Wall. Ex
Lindl. (Plate 08, Figure I)
A small to giant sized, hot to cool growing
epiphyte at elevations of 100 to 1800 meters
with fusiform or subcylindrical, erect or
pendulous, many noded, yellow with age stems
with tubular basal sheaths carrying deciduous,
ligulate or oblong-lanceolate, acute to obtuse
leaves, fragrant honeysucle to primrose scented
or not, flowered inflorescence that arises
from the nodes on 2 to 3 year old leafless
canes. Distribution - Native, on trees from
the submontane or mid-country tropical wet
evergreen forests to subtropical montane forests
above 1220 m alt. Rangala, Nuwara Eliya, Mt.
PLATE 07: A. Dendrophthoe neelgherrensis; B. Taxillus incanus; C. Magnolia nilagirica; D.

Medinilla fuchsioides; E. Memecylon parvifolium; F. Osbeckia parvifolia; G. Osbeckia rubicunda;
H. Osbeckia lanata; I. Sonerila arnottiana; J. Sonerila pumila; K. Tibouchina urvilleana; L.
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa; M. Eugenia mabaeoides; N. Syzygium sclerophyllum; O. Syzygium
revolutum; P. Syzygium spathulatum; Q. Fuchsia regia; R. Biophytum nudum.
255. Ipsea speciosa Lindl. (Plate 08, Figure L) Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.
- k.d uerE w,
258. Liparis walkeriae Graham (Plate 08,
Medium sized terrestrial with subterranean
Figure M)
tubers giving rise to 1 to 2, deciduous, narrowly
Small sized, cool to cold growing terrestrial
lanceolate, plicate leaves that blooms in the
with an elongate, stalklike, cylindrical
spring on an erect, to 18" [45 cm] long, 1 to
pseudobulb carrying 2 to 3, elliptic, succulent,
3 flowered, racemose inflorescence carrying
acute, plicate leaves that blooms in the summer
fragrant flowers. Distribution - Endemic,
through fall on an erect, 6" [15 cm] long, several
in open patana lands in the montane zone in
to many flowered, racemose inflorescence with
association with grasses. Nuwara Eliya, Hakgala,
erect, lancolate floral bracts and carrying pale
Bandarawela, Hantane, Maturata, Teldeniya,
purple flowers. Distribution - Endemic, under
Galagama, Namunukula, etc. between 915 and
the shade of trees in the subtropical montane
1829 m alt. Phenology – Flowering September-
forests up to 2000 m alt. Ramboda, Nuwara
February. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Eliya, Adam's Peak, Pidurutalagala, Hakgala
etc. Phenology – Flowering June, October,
256. Liparis brachyglottis Rchb.f. ex Trimen. December. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
Slender herb with stem swollen at the base. – Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.
Leaves 1 or 2, alternate, sessile or the lower
259. Liparis wightiana Thwaites syn. Liparis
petioled, 3.8–6.4 cm long, cordate, acuminate,
trimenii Rindley (Plate 08, Figure N)
membranous, 5-veined, base equal-sided,
Miniature sized, warm to cool growing
margin crisped. Flowers small, purple, in lax-
terrestrial with close set, ovoid pseudobulbs
flowered, short-peduncled, slender racemes;
enveloped partially by a few smaller sheaths
peduncle together with the rachis 5–7.5 cm
and carrying 2, ovate, acuminate, plicate, finely
long; floral bracts ovate, acute. Distribution -
undulate margins, gradually narrowing below
Endemic, under shade of trees in the submontane
into the petiolate base leaves that blooms in
or mid-country tropical wet evergreen forests
the winter on a 10 cm long, 10 to 16 flowered
between 1220 and 1829 m alt. Knuckles,
inflorescence with narrowly triangular, acute
Wattekelle, Horton Plains, etc. Phenology –
floral bracts. Distribution - Endemic, under
Flowering September, January. Conservation
the shade of trees and shrubs in the submontane
Protected.
between 915 and 1829 m alt. Nuwara Eliya,
257. Liparis elliptica Wight Hantane, Wattekelle, Maturata, Madulkelle,
Small sized, cool growing epiphyte with Hunnasgiriya, Knuckles, etc. Phenology –
clustered, compressed, flattened, rugose, ribbed, Flowering July-November. Conservation
elliptic, subrhomboid to globose pseudobulbs status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable. FFPO –
carrying 2 apical, oblong to oblanceolate, acute, Protected.
tapering below into the shortly, channeled,
260. Oberonia mahaeliyensis C. Bandara,
petiolate base leaves that blooms in the fall
Lakkana, Ediriweera
and early winter on a compressed, 2 winged,
Herbaceous epiphyte. Roots vermiform.
zigzag, bracteate, 6 to 13 cm long, laxly to
Leaves jointed, 5–7, distichous, equitant,
subdensely many flowered inflorescence with
laterally compressed. Inflorescence many-
narrowly lanceolat, acute to acuminate bracts.
flowered, drooping; peduncle 4–5 cm long,
Distribution - Native, on trees in the submontane
terete with few sterile bracts towards the apex.
Flowers 1.2 × 2.1 mm across, widely opening,
between 915 and 1829 m alt. Rangala, Adam's
laxly placed in spiral, yellowish-white, opening
Peak, Ambagamuwa, Ramboda, Hantane,
progressively upwards. Pedicel and ovary
etc. Phenology – Flowering September,
1.2 mm long. Mature fruit clavate, green in
January. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
color, 1.7 × 2.4 mm. (Bandara et al, 2022) on the stem, linear to linear-lanceolate, acute
Distribution - Endemic, so far, known only to acuminate, somewhat undulate, basally
from two localities in Horton Plains National clasping leaves that blooms in the winter
Park. Phenology – Flowering and fruiting through later spring and again in the fall on
were recorded in November and December. an erect, terminal, 24 cm long, densely many
Proposed Conservation status – Critically flowered inflorescence with ovate-lanceolate, 3
Endangered. FFPO – Protected. veined floral bracts and carrying green flowers.
Distribution - Endemic, under dense shade
261. Oberonia wightiana Lindl. (Plate 08,
of trees by streams or on moist ground in the
Figure O)
subtropical montane forests above 1220 m alt.
Miniature sized, warm to cool growing
Nuwara Eliya, Adam's Peak, Horton Plains, etc.
epiphyte with 3 to 5, ensiform, often subfalcate,
Phenology – Flowering February, May, June,
acute-acuminate leaves that blooms in the fall
September-November. Conservation status_
on an erect, terminal, 3.2 to 4" [8 to 10 cm]
Redlist 2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
long, somewhat curved, laxly many flowered
inflorescence with oblong to lanceolate, erose 264. Peristylus spiralis A. Rich. Syn.
floral bracts and carrying pale yellowish green Habenaria torta Hook.f. (Plate 08, Figure P)
flowers. Distribution - Endemic, on trees in Medium sized terrestrial that blooms in
the submontane or midcountry tropical wet the late winter and early spring on an erect,
evergreen forests from 548 to 2134 m alt. terminal, 6" [15 cm] long, 2.5" [6.25 cm] long
Rangala, Ambagamuwa, Hakgala, Hatton rachis, laxly several flowered inflorescence.
(Duke's Nose, abundant), Hantane, Ramboda, Distribution - Native, under the shade of trees
Nuwara Eliya, Horton Plains, Namunukula and in open slopes of the montane temperate forests
Pidurutalagala. Phenology – Flowering July- above 1220 m alt. Galagama, Dolosbage,
November. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 Pidurutalagala, Dimbulla, Hakgala, Sita Eliya,
– Near Threatened. FFPO – Protected. etc. Phenology – Flowering September-
November, February. Conservation status_
262. Octarrhena parvula Thwaites
Miniature sized, warm to cold growing
epiphyte with many close set, non-branching 265. Phaius wallichii Lindl. as Phaius
stems carrying many, laterally flattened, linear, tankervilleae (Banks) Blume in Dass. (Plate 08,
acute, light green leaves that blooms in the Figure Q)
spring on more than one per stem, 1.4" [3.5 cm] Large sized, warm to cool growing
long, to 14 flowered, two ranked inflorescence terrestrial with fusiform to cylindric-ovoid
with shortly triangular, acute floral bracts. pseudobulbs carrying about 4, green, oblong-
Distribution - Endemic, on the upper branches elliptic, plicate, glabrous, acuminate leaves that
of trees in the submontane or mid country blooms in the later spring on an erect, glabrous,
tropical wet evergreen forests extending to the to 40" [100 cm] long, to more than 10 flowered
subtropical montane forests up to 2134 m alt. inflorescence arising from the lower nodes
Rangala, Hakgala, Hantane, Matale, Maturata, on the pseudobulb and has caducous, ovate-
Dimbula, Horton Plains, etc. Phenology – lanceolate, glabrous floral bracts and carrying
Flowering July-November. Conservation widely opening flowers. Distribution - Native,
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered. FFPO – under the shade of trees in the submontane or
Protected. mid-country tropical wet evergreen forests
extending on to the subtropical montane forests
263. Peristylus gardneri (Hoook. f.) Kraenzl.
between 915 and 2134 m alt. Phenology –
Syn. Habenaria gardneri Hook.f.
Flowers February, April-June, September-
Small to medium sized, cool growing
November. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
terrestrial with an erect, slender stem carrying
several in the upper 2/3's, ash green, distant
266. Pinalia bicolor (Lindl.) Kuntze syn. Eria forests up to about 1829 m alt. Phenology –
bicolor Lindl. (Plate 08, Figure R) Flowers October, April-August. Conservation
Small to medium sized, cool growing status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened. FFPO
epiphyte with thick, fleshy, purplish-brown, – Protected.
fusiform, many noded, smooth in youth,
269. Robiquetia brevifolia (Lindl.) Garay
longitudinally wrinkled with age, , many
syn. Saccolobium brevifolium Lindl. (Plate 09,
veined leaves that blooms in the later winter
Figure A)
and early spring and early fall on an axillary,
A large sized, cool growing, monopodial,
erect, puberulous, peduncle .8 mm long, deep
scandent epiphyte with an elongate, non-
purple, 3 to 5 cm long rachis, many flowered
pseudobulbous, slender stem carrying alternate,
inflorescence with ovate, acuminate, acute, 5 or
short, sessile, coriaceous, oblong-elliptic,
more veined floral bracts bell shaped, sweetly
channeled along the middle, unequally bilobed
scented flowers. Distribution - Native, on trees
apically leaves that blooms in the mid winter
above 1067 m alt. in the submontane or mid-
through mid spring on an axillary, arching, to 8"
country tropical wet evergreen forests extending
[to 20 cm] long, many flowered inflorescence
to the subtropical montane forests. Phenology
with small, triangula-ovate, acute to subacute
– Flowers February, April-June, September-
floral bracts. Distribution - Endemic, on
November. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
branches of trees in the submontane or
– Near Threatened. FFPO – Protected.
mid country tropical wet evergreen forests
267. Podochilus falcatus Lindl. (Plate 12, extending to the subtropical montane forests
Figure O) - uy moauhd up to 1829 m alt. Rangala, Hakgala, Ramboda,
Miniature to small sized, warm to cool Maturata, Mahacoodagala, Hunnasgiriya, Sita
growing epiphyte or terrestrial with a slender, Eliya, Namunukula, etc. Phenology – Flowers
nonpseudobulbous stem carrying distichous, February-April, September. Conservation
equitant, , few flowered inflorescence with status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable. FFPO –
ovate, acuminate, acute, basally cordate, Protected.
persistent, minutely and sparsely spiny, 3 veined
270. Robiquetia gracilis (Lindl.) Garay syn.
floral bracts. Distribution - Endemic, common,
Saccolobium gracile Lindl.
on trunks of trees or on rocks in the submontane
A small sized, warm to cool growing,
monopodial, pendent growing epiphyte with
extending to the subtropical montane forests,
a nonpseudobulbous, zig-zag to flexuous stem
610-1829 m alt. Phenology – Flowers June-
carrying alternate, narrowly linear, unequally
September, October. Conservation status_
bilobed apcially, narrowing below into the
clasping base leaves that blooms in the later
268. Porpax braccata (Lindl.) Schuit., spring and summer on an axillary, 4.8" [12 cm]
Y.P.Ng & H.A.Pedersen syn. Eria braccata long, pendulous, many flowered inflorescence
(Lindl.) Lindl., Conchidium braccatum (Lindl.) with minute, subulate,floral bracts. Distribution
Ormerod (Plate 08, Figure H) - Native, on trees in the submontane or mid-
Miniature sized, cool growing epiphyte country tropical wet evergreen forests up to
with a branched rhizome giving rise to small, about 1220 m alt. Hantane, Horton Plains, etc.
crowded, flattened, , minutely serrulate apically, Phenology – Flowers May, July. Conservation
15 to 19 veined, pale bright green leaves that status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered. FFPO –
blooms in the mid spring, summer and mid fall Protected.
on a single to 3 flowered inflorescence carrying
fragrant flowers. Distribution - Native, on
trunks of trees in the jungles extending from
the submontane or mid-country tropical wet
evergreen forests to the subtropical montane
PLATE 08 : A. Adrorhizon purpurascens; B. Bulbophyllum elliae; C. Bulbophyllum trimenii; D.

Calanthe masuca; E. Calanthe triplicata; F. Cheirostylis flabellata; G. Coelogyne odoratissima;
H. Porpax braccata; I. Dendrobium heterocarpum; J. Dendrobium jerdonianum; K. Cylindrolobus
lindleyi; L. Ipsea speciosa; M. Liparis walkeriae; N. Liparis wightiana; O. Oberonia wightiana; P.
Peristylus spiralis; Q. Phaius wallichii; R. Pinalia bicolor.
271. Robiquetia virescens Ormerod & axillary, erect, stout, 1.2' [3 cm] long, densely
S.S.Fernando (Plate 09, Figure B) many flowered inflorescence with ovate-
A medium sized, warm to cool growing acuminate floral bracts and carrying yellow
epiphyte with an elongate, nonpseudobulbous flowers with orange veins. Distribution -
stem carrying linear-oblong, shortly petiolate Native, common on trees in the subtropical
base leaves that blooms in the mid winter montane forests up to 2134 m alt. Nuwara
through early spring on an axillary, short, 2 to Eliya, Pidurutalagala. Herbarium specimens
2.5 cm long, several flowered inflorescence Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains, May
with triangular, acute, spiny margined floral 1960, Jayaweera 2051 (PDA), May 1906, A.M.
bracts and carrying green or white flowers. Silva s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Flowers March
Distribution - Endemic, on branches of trees to May. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
in the submontane or mid-country tropical Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
wet evergreen forests. Rangala at 1296 m
274. Spiranthes australis (R.Br.) Lindl. Syn.
alt. Phenology – Flowers February-March.
Spiranthes sinensis in Dass. (Plate 09, Figure E)
A small to medium sized sized, cool to cold
Threatened. FFPO – Protected.
growing terrestrial with 3 to 5, obliquely erect,
272. Satyrium nepalense D. Don (Plate 09, narrowly lanceolate, dark green, somewhat
Figure C) shiny leaves held in a basal rosette that blooms
A miniature to large sized, cool to cold in the spring and summer on an erect, 10 to 60
growing terrestrial with 1 ro 2, ovoid- flowered inflorescence with spirally arranged,
cylindric tubers giving rise to a sout, bracteate fragrant flowers. Distribution - Native, in the
above stem carrying 2 to 3, oblong to ovate- wet patana grasslands. Phenology – Flowers
lanceolate, sub-basal, fleshy, basally clasping almost throughout the year. Conservation
leaves that blooms in the summer and fall on status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened. FFPO
an erect, densely many flowered inflorescence – Protected.
with oblong-lanceolate, leaf-like floral bracts
275. Stichorkis gibbosa (Finet) J.J.Wood syn.
that exceed the ovary in length and carrying
Liparis gibbosa Finet
fragrant flowers. Distribution - Native, in the
a small sized, hot to cool growing epiphyte
wet patana lands among grass above 1220 m
on trees on cliff faces or lithophyte on rocks with
alt. Adam's Peak, Hakgala, Nuwara Eliya, etc.
small compressed, ovoid pseudobulbs carrying
a single apical, linear, acute leaf blooming in
– Sept. 1890, s. coll. s.n. (PDA), Oct. 1974,
the summer and fall on a 6" long, flattened,
Davidse 7608 (PDA), Aug. 1970, Cramer 3137
imbricating inflorescence with 2 ranked
(PDA), Sept. 1969, van Beusekom 1458 (PDA),
bracts and carrying many successive flowers
Dec. 1970, Theobold and Krahulie 2749 (PDA).
with mostly one or 2 at a time. Distribution
Phenology – Flowers, September, October,
- Endemic, on trees in the submontane or
November, December, January. Conservation
mid-country tropical wet evergreen forests
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threatened. FFPO
extending up to the subtropical montane forests
– Protected.
from 1220 to 1829 m alt. Rangala, Maturata,
273. Seidenfadeniella filiformis (Rchb.f.) Hantane, Hakgala, Haputale, Horton Plains,
Christenson & Ormerod syn. Saccolobium etc. Phenology – Flowers January, March-
filiforme Trimen, Schoenorchis chrysantha November. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
(Alston) Garay (Plate 09, Figure D) – Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected.
276. Taeniophyllum alwisii Lindl.
epiphyte with a spreading, terete, flexuous, non-
A mini-miniature sized, hot to cool growing
pseudobulbous, purple spotted stem carrying
leafless epiphtye without pseudobulbs, stems
green, terete, ventrally grooved, acute, basally
or leaves that has green, fleshy, tortuous,
clasping leaves that blooms in the spring on
vertical toand then flat on the basrk roots that lip. Distribution - Native, Parasitic on roots of
blooms at anty time of the year on an erect, Strobilanthes spp. Montane zone. Conservation
slender, peduncle. 4.5 mm long, few flowered status_Redlist 2020 – Critically Endangered.
inflorescence with triangular-ovate, rounded, FFPO – Protected.
persistent floral bracts and carrying whitish green
279. Christisonia legocia Beck Syn. Legocia
flowers. Distribution - Native, on branches of
aurantiaca Livera
trees and shrubs both in the submontane or mid-
Scape 1—2.5 cm long, suberect, densely
country tropical wet evergreen forests and the
squamous above, less so below, with bracts
subtropical montane forests from 457 to 1829
broadly ovate-oblong, obtuse; whole plant
m alt. Nuwara Eliya, Mahacoodagala, Hantane,
yellow to almost white. Flowers usually paler
Hunnasgiriya, Botanic Gardens Peradeniya,
than rest of plant, racemose on short, stout
Hakgala, etc. Phenology – Flowers all the year
pedicels bearing 2 sparsely hairy bracteoles
round. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
arising about midway. Corolla 1.5—2.25
cm long, lobes short, rounded, incurved,
277. Trichoglottis tenera (Lindl.) Rchb.f. syn. lowest smaller than others, long, lax, viscid-
Cleisostoma tenerum Hook.f. (Plate 12, Figure hirsute without. Capsule 0.8 cm in diameter.
P) Distribution - Native, Parasitic on roots of
A miniature to small sized [each plantlet] Strobilanthes spp. Montane zone. Conservation
as a warm to cool growing epiphyte with thin, status_Redlist 2020 – Critically Endangered.
nonpseudobulbous, green, flecked with red FFPO – Protected.
stems carrying alternate, distichous, oblong
280. Christisonia subacaulis (Benth.) Gardner
to linear-oblong, recurved, notched apically,
Scape very short, stout, glabrous, densely
midrib goes beyond forming a pointed apically
squamous. Scales 9—12 x 4—4.5 mm, oblong-
spine that blooms in the mid winter and
ovate, imbricate, apex rounded to subtruncate,
spring on a stout, peduncle [.5 to 1 cm] long,
slightly fleshy, white to pinkish-white. Flowers
2 flowered inflorescence with broadly ovate,
crowded, erect, sessile to subsessile on very
speckled pink inside, obtuse, single veined
short, stout pedicels, ebracteolate below calyx,
floral bracts. Distribution - Endemic, on trees
reportedly copiously mucilaginous. Corolla
in the submontane or mid country tropical wet
tube c. 5 (—7) cm long. Distribution - Native,
evergreen forests up to 1829 m alt. Nuwara Eliya,
Grasslands and among leaf-litter on forest floor;
Laggala, Rangala, Hunnasgiriya, Maturata,
parasitic mostly on roots of grasses. Herbarium
Namunukula, etc. Phenology – Flowering
specimens Collected from HPNP – Behind
February, March, April. Conservation status_
Farr Inn, 2135 m, 17 Oct 1974, Davidse 7625
Family Orobanchaceae Endangered
278. Christisonia calcarata Wight syn. 281. Pedicularis zeylanica subsp. zeylanica
Christisonia lawii Wight Benth. (Plate 09, Figure F)
Scape 2.5—5 cm long, erect, or appearing Annual with tuberous roots. Stem erect, up
absent as scarcely distinct from rhizome, to 52 cm high, generally simple, occasionally
glabrous except for corolla, squamous; scales branched, terete, hoary hirsute. Leaves usually
9—11 mm long, broad, subrectangular, crowded near base of stem, fewer and distant
obtuse, imbricate. Flowers subsessile; pedicel above, uppermost ones bracteiform. Corolla
when present, very short, stout, ebracteolate. bright pink, 2-2.5 cm long; upper lip erect, 8-
Corolla 5 cm long; tube white, obscurely, 9 mm long; lower lip 10-16 mm across, deeply
finely hirsute-pubescent; limb c. 2 cm across, lobed, lobes reflexed with age, midlobe slightly
subglabrous, subbilabiate; lobes dark blue- smaller than lateral ones. Distribution - Native,
purple, throat white with yellowspotted lower In patana slopes of the upper hill country above
2000 m. Herbarium specimens Collected Inflorescence axillary, pseudoumbellate, with

from HPNP – Ohiya rd., below Rest House, usually 1-6 flowers. Peduncle 2 - 12 cm long,
Comanor 418 (PDA), Cramer 3140 (NBV, erect, pilose, slightly thicker and more firm than
PDA, US). Phenology – Flowering August- the petioles. Bracts 1 - 4 mm long, filiform,
February. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 pubescent, ciliate. Distribution – exotic.
– Endangered Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not
Evaluated
Family Oxalidaceae
Family Passifloraceae
282. Biophytum nudum (Arn.) Wight (Plate
07, Figure R) 285. Passiflora mollissima (Kunth) L.H.Bailey
Erect undershrub to c. 80 cm tall. Stems to c. (Plate 09, Figure H)
4 mm broad, branching once or a few times, with Climber to 20 m; perennial, densely and
branches often in whorls; older parts furrowed, softly villous; stem terete, striate. Leaves
glabrescent, younger parts purplish red, pilose 3-lobed, 5—10 x 6—12 cm, divided to about
with appressed brown hairs, and a zone of two-thirds, subcordate, membranous to thinly
retrorse hairs beneath the crown of leaves. coriaceous, Flowers axillary, solitary; peduncles
Leaves crowded at stem apices. Inflorescence 2—6 cm long, inserted beside a simple, 5—18
at first subcapitate, later elongating, with 6 - cm long tendril. Bracts and bracteoles 2.5—4
10 flowers and buds at one time. Petals 5 - 6 cm, acute-acuminate, connate for about half
mm long, spathulate, yellow. Distribution - length, softly tomentose, margin entire, forming
Native, Montane region, 1300 - 2000 m. In open a tubiform involucre. Distribution – exotic.
places. Herbarium specimens Collected from Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not
HPNP – Koyama 14078 (PDA). Phenology – Evaluated
Flowering March - September. Conservation
286. Passiflora subpeltata Ortega
Climber or herbaceous creeper, glabrous;
283. Biophytum proliferum (Arn.) Wight stem terete, striate. Leaves 3- lobed to about
Low undershrub with numerous prostrate half-way, suborbicular, 4—9 x 5—12 cm; base
and ascending stems, forking and profusely rounded or cordate, often subpeltate, glabrous
branching, the branches sometimes in whorls. or slightly puberulous above. Inflorescences 1
Leaves to c. 2.5 cm long, with 8 - 14 pairs of - flowered; peduncles 3—6 cm long, inserted
pinnae, crowded at stem apices and in rosettes beside a simple, 4—12 cm long tendril.
spaced along stems below. Inflorescence Distribution – exotic. Conservation status_
subcapitate. Pedicel 4 - 8 mm long, afterwards Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated
elongating to c.1 cm, glandular pubescent Sepals
Family Pentaphylacaceae
3.5 - 4 mm long, lanceolate, sparsely pubescent.
Petals 6 - 8 mm long. Distribution - Native, 287. Adinandra lasiopetala (Wight) Chosy -
Common, in open sunny places. Herbarium r;= ñysßh
specimens Collected from HPNP – Horton Small, slender trees, 12—15 m tall;
Plains, in 1882, s. coll. s.n. (PDA). Phenology young parts minutely hairy; branches terete,
– Flowering all the year. Conservation status_ greyish-brown, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous,
Redlist 2020 – Least Concern oblonglanceolate or oblanceolate. Flowers
axillary, solitary, c. 2 cm across, white; pedicels
284. Oxalis corniculata L. (Plate 09, Figure G)
somewhat recurved, up to 1.5 cm long, very
- ySka weUq,a weô,sh
stout, appressed pubescent thickened above.
Prostrate herbs, with fibrous, often somewhat
Bracteoles 2, unequal, opposite, immediately
tuberous, roots. Stems much branched, to c.
beneath the flowers, persistent, triangular or
2 mm thick, pubescent, green or purplish,
subrotund, 3—5 mm long, finely appressed-
ascending at the tips, rooting at nodes. Leaves
pubescent. Distribution - In montane forests of
scattered along the stems at irregular intervals.
wet zone, 1220—2300 m. Endemic. Herbarium obovate or spathulate. Flowers axillary, solitary,
specimens Collected from HPNP – World‘s 1.2—1.8 cm across; pedicels terete, glabrous.
End trail, Horton Plains, 2400 m, 3 Nov 1971, Distribution - Endemic, in secondary montane
Balakrishnan 1041, 1043 (PDA); Pattipola, forests in wet zone, 1700-2400 m. Herbarium
± 2000 m, 5 Dec 1972, Cramer 3943 (PDA); specimens Collected from HPNP – Feb 1846,
Horton Plains, forest beside Pattipola road, Thwaites C.P. 782 (PDA, holotype; BM, K,
± 2200 m, 26 Jan 1977, Cramer 4811 (PDA); isotypes); Baker‘s Falls, Horton Plains, ± 2400
Road up to Farr Inn from Pattipola, 1 Nov 1973, m, 14 May 1975, Cramer 4456 (K, PDA); Near
Sohmer, Jayasuriya & Eleizer 8535 (PDA); Galagama Falls, along trail from Big World‘s
Trail from Small World‘s End to Big World‘s End, c. 2300 m, 27 Dec 1970, Theobald &
End, Horton Plains, c. 2300 m, 28 Dec 1970, Krahulik 2834 (PDA); Horton Plains, 11 May
Theobald & Krahulik 2838 (PDA). Phenology 1970, Cooray 70051108R (PDA). Phenology –
– Flowering February to June. Conservation Flowering February to October. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered. status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
288. Eurya ceylanica Wight syn. Eurya Family Phyllanthaceae
japonica var. ceylanica (Wight) Trimen
291. Glochidion candolleanum (Wight &
Shrubs, 4—5 m high; branches terete;
Arn.) Chakrab. & M.Gangop syn. Glochidion
extreme branches and leaf—buds hairy.
pyncocarpum var. ellipticum Hook.f.,
Leaves coriaceous, thick, broadly elliptic or
Glochidion pachycarpum Alston; Phyllanthus
oval-oblong. Flowers axillary, small, 2—4 in
candolleanus (Wight & Arn.) Chakrab. & N.P.
clusters, 3—4 mm across; pedicels about 2 mm
Balakr.
long, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Bracteoles
Small tree or shrub up to 6 m tall; branches
2, ovate, nearly half as long as the sepals, hairy.
smooth, yellow- brown, glabrous; branchlets
Distribution - In montane forests in wet region.
alternate, often simple, short, slender, angular.
Endemic. Herbarium specimens Collected
Leaves slender, coriaceous: lamina 3—6(—8)
from HPNP – Kirgalpotha Summit, 2375 m, 26
x 1.5—3(—4.25) cm, obovate-elliptic, apex
Jan 1940, Worthington 1728 (K). Conservation
obtuse or occasionally emarginate, base cuneate.
Flowers red, clustered in axillary glomerules,
289. Eurya chinensis R.Br. syn. Eurya japonica drying black, male and female flowers apparently
var. chinensis (R.Br.) Trimen in separate axils. Distribution - High altitude
Small shrubs, 1—4 m high branchlets forests and meadows, up to 2300 metres. Native.
terete, sometimes 2-edged, covered with black, Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
patent hairs, leaf-buds hairy. Leaves coriaceous, – 1 km N of Farr Inn, Horton Plains, 1 Mar
obovateelliptic or oval-elliptic. Flowers small, 1971, Wheeler & Balakrishnan 12387 (PDA);
axillary, bracteolate, sub sessile, 3—5 in clusters, c. 1 km E of Farr Inn, 2130 m, 29 Jan 1977,
2.5—3 mm across, white; pedicels c. 1.5 long, Wheeler 12885 (PDA); Farr- Inn to Pattipola
glabrous. Bracteoles 2, ovate, obtuse, usually road, milepost 6/3, 2130 m, 29 Jan 1977,
glabrous sometimes slightly hairy without. Wheeler 12891 (PDA); trail from Farr- Inn to
Distribution - Along edges of montane forests Worlds End, 2200 m, 11 Oct 1977, Nooteboom
in wet zone, Native. Phenology – Flowering 3337 (PDA); Horton Plains, road to Ohiya, c.
January to May. Conservation status_Redlist 1 km S of Old Farm, 2100 m, 29 Mar 1968,
2020 – Endangered Fosberg 50112 (PDA). Conservation status_
Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
290. Ternstroemia emarginata (Gardner)
Choisy (Plate 09, Figure I) - r;áh 292. Phyllanthus gardnerianus (Wight) Baill.
Shrubs, 3—4 m high; branches dichotomous, Syn. Phyllanthus gardneri Thwaites
terete, glabrous. Leaves alternate, crowded at Glabrous perennial herb or subshrub to
the ends of the branchlets, coriaceous, glabrous, 6 dm high, monoecious branches ascending,
persistent, compressed-angled, usually smooth; s.n. (PDA); Haldumulla road, in 1906, Willis
leaves distichous. Stipules mostly 1—2 (—5) s.n. (PDA); Big World‘s End, Wheeler &
mm long. Flowers in axillary glomerules. Male Balakrishnan 12389 (PDA, US); Little World‘s
flower: pedicel slender, 2—5 mm long; sepals End, c. 2135 m, 2 Mar 1971, Wheeler 12388
6, (1—) 1.3—1.5 mm long. Distribution - (PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
Endemic, Montane rain forest, often in disturbed – Near Threatned.
areas, above 1000 m. Herbarium specimens
Family Piperaceae
Collected from HPNP – Feb 1846, (Gardner)
C.P. 296 (K), 1 mi NW of Farr Inn, c. 1750 m, 295. Peperomia heyneana Miq. Syn. Peperomia
20 May 1971, Wheeler 12516 (DAV, PDA, US); wightiana Miq. (Plate 09, Figure K)
Pattipola Road c. 1 mi N of Farr, Inn, c. 2135 Perennial, 5 to about 15 cm tall, erect
m, 1 Mar 1971, Wheeler & Balakrishnan 12386 or ascending, the sterns glabrous or thinly
(PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – pubescent, striate when dry. Leaves alternate
Near Threatned. throughout or alternate in the lower half only
and opposite or ternately whorled above; petiole
293. Phyllanthus oreophilus Müll. Arg (Plate
3-7 mm long, of lower leaves up to 15mm long,
09, Figure L)
glabrous or puberulous. Spike solitary, terminal,
Glabrous shrub c. 1 m high, monoecious;
1.5-3.5 cm long. 0.7-1.5 mm in diameter, with
leaves on main stems reduced to scales.
glabrous axis. Distribution - A rare plant on
Deciduous branchlets 5—7 cm long, glabrous
mossy rocks in the submontane and montane
or minutely hirsutulous with 20—25 leaves.
rain forest. Native. Conservation status_
Stipules on deciduous branchlets 1—1.5 mm
Redlist 2020 – Data Deficient
long, lanceolate, acute, deciduous. Leaves:
lamina 8 — 10 x 5 — 6 mm, elliptic or ovate 296. Peperomia leptostachya Hook. & Arn.
to obovate, obtuse-apiculate at tip, unequal Syn. Peperomia blanda var. floribunda (Miq.)
at base. Flowers 1 or 2 per axil on deciduous H.Huber
branchlets. Distribution - Native, Montane rain Perennial, 9-40 cm tall, the stems ascending
forest, above 1000 m. Herbarium specimens or erect, densely pubescent with mostly crispate
Collected from HPNP – Feb 1857, Thwaites hairs curved upwards, striate when dry. Leaves
s.n. in C.P. 2148, ex p. (K, PDA), between Little usually opposite, towards the apex of the
World‘s End and World‘s End, 2100 m, 28 Mar stem often in whorls of three. Spikes solitary,
1968, Fosberg 50067 (PDA, US), Waas 148 terminal, often with additional spikes from
(PDA), near World‘s End, patana grassland, 2 the axils of the upper leaves. Peduncle 1-2 cm
Dec 1970, Fosberg & Jayasuriya 53258 (US). long, sparsely pubescent or glabrate. Bracts
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Critically 0.6-0.7 mm in diameter. Flowers immersed
Endangered. for two-thirds in the spike axis. Distribution
- Terrestrial and epiphytic in the montane
294. Phyllanthus rheedei Wight (Plate 09,
zone from 450 to 2200 m. Native. Herbarium
Figure J)
specimens Collected from HPNP – Trimen s.n.
Glabrous perennial (also annual?) 3—15
(PDA), 2200 m, Bernardi 15886 (PDA, US), N.
dm high, monoecious; leaves on main stcms
entrance, 2100 m, Fosberg 50010 (PDA, US),
reduced to scales. Deciduous branchlets (2—)
near Farr Inn, 2100 m, van Beusekom 1487
7—13 cm long, with (6—) 9—15 leaves,
(US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
angular, smooth. Stipules of branchlets 1.5—
Near Threatned.
2.5 mm long, subulate. Leaves: lamina mostly
15—25 x 7—13 mm, elliptic to obovate, acute, 297. Piper zeylanicum Miq. Syn. Piper
cuneate at base. Distribution - Native, Montane thwaitesii C.DC. (Plate 09, Figure M)
forests, 1000—2000 m (or higher). Herbarium A terrestrial or epiphytic climber with the
specimens Collected from HPNP – 2000 m, stems glabrous, much swollen at the nodes.
10 Apr 1969, Kostermans 23114 (K), s.coll. Leaves of fertile branches with a petiole 5-15,
rarely up to 20 mm long and 0.6-1.2 mm ovatespathulate, obtuse and rounded at the

thick when dry; lamina 2-6, very rarely up apex, tapering to the petiole, 2—15 mm long
to 10 cm long Flowers crowded, dioecious. including the petiole, 1—9 mm broad, fleshy,
Stamens mostly 2. Stylules 3-4, 0.7-0.9 mm glabrous, with 3 veins, dark green. Flowers
across. Berries distinct, spherical or obovoid, mostly in only one axil of a pair of leaves.
4-5 mm long, fleshy and orange at maturity. Staminate flower: filament erect, filiform,
Distribution - Common in moist primary and 3—4 mm long, white. Anther c. 0.75 mm long,
secondary forests between 1,300 and 2,400 m. pale yellow. Distribution - Upper montane
Endemic. Herbarium specimens Collected zone. In stagnant or slow-moving water or on
from HPNP – Kostermans 23032 (K), damp ground. Native. Herbarium specimens
Townsend 73/165 (PDA), Trimen s.n. (PDA), Collected from HPNP – Gardner in C.P. 303
5000 ft, Samuel 64 (K); forest back of Farr Inn, (PDA). Phenology – Flowering throughout the
Fosberg 53291 (PDA, US); 2100 m, near Farr year. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not
Inn, Fosberg 50102 (US); way to World's End, Evaluated.
Cooray 70051104 R (K, PDA, US); c. 0.5 mile
300. Plantago asiatica subsp. erosa (Wall.)
before descent to Pattipola, c. 2200 m, Theobald
Z.Yu Li syn. Plantago erosa Wall.
& Krahulik 2766 (PDA, US); near beginning of
Perennial herb. Stem erect, to about 10
Pattipola Road, Fosberg & Sachet 53360 (PDA,
cm long. Leaves 5—15, 3— 11 x 1.5—7 cm,
US); W. slope along road to Agrapatana, 1940
elliptic, broadly elliptic or ovate, with obtuse
m, Huber 843 (HBG, P, PDA, US); between
apex and more or less broadly cuneate base.
Horton Plains and Ohiya, Jayasuriya & Robyns
Inflorescence a spike; peduncle axillary, erect
90 (K, PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist
or ascending, more or less arcuate, furrowed,
2020 – Least Concern
nearly glabrous, 6—30 cm long; spike 4—20 cm
Family Pittosporaceae long, with flowers more or less distant towards
298. Pittosporum tetraspermum Wight & the base. Distribution - Montane and upper
Arn. (Plate 09, Figure N) - isõjeg leáh montane zone. Native. Herbarium specimens
Shrub or small tree branching bifurcately, Collected from HPNP – 19 Sept 1969, Van
or in whorl at the top. Outer bark lenticellate, Beusekom 1461 (PDA); Horton Plains, 17 May
greyish-brown. Inner bark fibrous, moderately 1968, Cooray & Wirawan 68051710R (PDA).
thick, white; exudation gummy, arange, Phenology – Flowering throughout the year.
scanty. Young branches puberulous. Young Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
leaves and inflorescence ferrugineous hirsute. Concern.
Leaves densely crowded at ends of branches, 301. Veronica arvensis L
subverticillate, oval-oblong or oval-elliptic. Stem erect, up to 35 cm high, with
Flowers bisexual, yellowish-green, fragrant. ascending branches, glandularhirsute. Lower
Petals 7 to 10 mm long. Distribution - Found leaves opposite, broadly ovate, 8-13x6-12 mm,
along borders of montane forests Native. truncate at base, obtuse at apex, coarsely crenate,
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP 5-nerved at base, scabrid on both surfaces;
– Tirvengadum & Cramer 99 (G, K, L, MAU, upper or floral ones oblong-lanceolate. Racemes
P, PDA, US), Wight s.n. (K). Phenology – lax, terminal and axillary, up to 19.5 cm long.
Flowering December to February. Conservation Calyx lobes linear-lanceolate. Corolla bright
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable. blue; limb 2 mm across, lobes suborbicular.
Family Plantaginaceae Style 0.6 mm long, glabrous. Capsule broadly
obcordate. Distribution - Weed in cultivated
299. Callitriche stagnalis Scop. fields of the upper hill country above 1900 m.
Much-branched flaccid herb rooting at introduced. Phenology – Flowering April-
the nodes. Stems glabrous, 1—2 mm thick November. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
green. Leaves broadly ovate- to very broadly – Not Evaluated.
302. Veronica persica Poir – Gould & Cooray 13791 (K, US), Jowitt s.n.
Stem pilose, often purplish; branches often (PDA), Mueller Dombois & Cooray 68011318
ascending. Leaves broadly ovate, 8-28 x 6-15 (US), Clayton 5464 (K, US), 5506 (K, US).
mm, rounded or truncate at base, obtuse at apex, Phenology – Flowering August. Conservation
5-nerved at base, scabrid on both surfaces; status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
petioles 2-4 mm long. Flowers in axils of
305. Andropogon lividus Thwaites syn.
leaves. Pedicels 10-22 mm long, slender, pilose,
Cymbopogon lividus (Thwaites) Willis
decurved in fruit. Sepals oblong or lanceolate,
Annual herbs, culms tufted, to 50 cm;
pilose without at base, ciliate. Corolla tube 0.5
nodes glabrous. Leaves, adaxially glabrous,
mm long; limb up to 9 mm across, purplish-blue
scaberulous abaxially and on margins, tip
with longitudinal dark blue lines. Distribution
setiform; ligule ovate, scarious. Racemes,
- Weed in cultivated fields of the upper hill
subtended by linear-lanceolate bracts; sessile
country above 2000 m. introduced. Phenology
spikelet and pedicel of upper spikelet silky
– Flowering March-August. Conservation
villous. Spikelets lanceolate; upper glume linear-
oblong, as long as lower glume, coriaceous,
303. Veronica serpyllifolia L. (Plate 09, Figure keeled; keel narrowly winged, margins ciliate;
O) lower lemma oblong, ciliate; upper lemma
Perennial herb, forming mats when left oblong. Distribution - A constituent of the
undisturbed. This species is easy to identify high patanas at about 2000-2200 m elevation.
because of its growing habit, rounded leaves, Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from
and whitish-blue flowers. Oppositely arranged HPNP – Gould 13563 (CANB, K, PDA, TAES,
leaves are very short- stalked. Leaves are US), Lazarides 7306 (CANB, K, PDA, TAES,
round, entire to slightly toothedm green, US), Soderstrom and Kulatunge 1669 (CANB,
mostly hairless. Leaves are reduced to bracts K, PDA, TAES, US). Conservation status_
in inflorescence. Flowers are borne in racemes Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
full of bracts. Flowers are whitish-blue with
306. Andropogon polyptychos Steud.
purple stripes internally. Distribution - Weed in
Densely tufted perennial. forming tussocks;
cultivated fields of the upper hill country above
culms 30-60 cm tall. Leaf blades, erect, pilose;
2000 m. introduced. Phenology – Flowering
ligule membranous, 1-2 mm long, without
April - July. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
auricles; basal sheaths flabellate. Inflorescence
– Not Evaluated.
composed of 2 or 3 (1-6) subdigitate racemes,
Family Poaceae terminal on the culm; racemes 4-8 cm long,
light green to purplish-grey, each supported on a
304. Agrostis pilosula Trin. Syn. Calamagrostis
slender raceme-base 5-15 mm long; internodes
pilosula Hook.f.
linear, slightly widening upwards, without a
Annual or short-lived perennial, tufted.
scarious rim. Distribution - A constituent of
Culms loosely ascending or decumbent at base
the high patanas at 2000-2500 m elevation.
and rooting from lower nodes, 30–90 cm tall, 3-
or 4-noded. Leaf sheaths glabrous; leaf blades
HPNP – Clayton 5471 (CANB, K, PDA, TAES,
linear, flat, 3–20 cm × 3–5 mm, both surfaces
US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
scabrid; ligule 2.5–6 mm, apex lacerate.
Endangered.
Panicle lanceolate to ovate in outline, 10–30
cm, open or somewhat contracted; branches 307. Arundinella villosa Arn. ex Steud.
2–7 at each node, 2–5 cm, scabrid, bearing Perennial with stiffly erect culms from a
branchlets mainly in distal half. Distribution bulbous base, mostly 30-100 cm base of plant
- In montane grasslands, especially on black densely while-woolly. Upper leaf sheaths
peaty soil at elevations of 1800-2500 m. Native. usually with a zone of woolly hairs just above
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP the culm node and with lateral tufts of long
stiff hairs on the collar; blades relatively long 310. Bromus diandrus Roth
and narrow, usually involute on drying, mostly Tufted, often robust annual to 1 m high;
3-5 mm wide. Panicle narrow, with a densely culms usually stout, ascending, geniculate.
hirsute axis and usually 7-18 short, spicate, Leaves with sheath loose, villous to puberulent;
densely flowered, erect branches. Distribution ligule obtuse to laciniate, 1–5 mm long;
- Abundant in the patana grasslands, Native. blade to 10 mm wide, villous to puberulent.
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP Panicle open, loose, to 26 cm long, branches
– Gould 13552 (K, TAES), Lazarides 7305 nodding. Spikelets 5–14-flowered, 5–10 cm
(K, TAES), Soderstrom & Kulatunge 1617 (K, long including awns. Glumes acute, lower
TAES), in 1911, Piper s.n. (US). Conservation linear-lanceolate, 12–24 mm long, 1–3-nerved;
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable. upper lanceolate, 20–30 mm long, 3–5-nerved.
Distribution - A weed at an old farm at 2300 m
308. Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.)
elevation. Introduced. Herbarium specimens
P.Beauv.
Collected from HPNP – Clayton 5532 (K,US).
Cespitose perennial bunchgrass that is
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not
sometimes very weakly rhizomatous. It ranges
Evaluated.
in height from a few centimeters up to about
200 cm. Sheaths are open and the nodes are 311. Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex
typically pubescent. The leaf blades are bright Chiov.) Morrone syn. Pennisetum clandestinum
green. The blades are 4-15 mm wide, flat and Hochst. ex Chiov.
lax, with variable pubescence. Ligules are A rhizome forming and runner forming
variable in size and are generally pubescent and perennial herb. Leaves with ligule a dense
ciliate. Racemes are nodding with an average of fringed with hairs rim; blade 3-7 mm wide,
9 spikelets, each with 3-24 florets. Distribution hairless or slightly hairy. Inflorescence are borne
- In montane grasslands, hedgerows, and around on short shoots mostly reduced to a cluster of
buildings at elevations of 2000-2400 m. Native. 2-4 spikelets, enclosed in sheaths, at branch-
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP ends spikelet with up to 15 delicate bristles,
– Clayton 5500 (K, US), Davidse 7637 (CANB, the lateral with fewer. Spikelets bisexual
K, L, MO, PDA, TAES, US), Gould & Cooray or functionally unisexual, 10-20 mm long.
13822 (K, US). Conservation status_Redlist Distribution - Naturalized along roadsides and
2020 – Endangered. similar habitats at elevations of 1800-2200 m.
Introduced. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
309. Briza minor L. (Plate 09, Figure P)
– Not Evaluated.
A loosely caespitose annual. Culms 10-60
cm. tall. Leaf-sheaths somewhat loose, rounded, 312. Cenchrus geniculatus Thunb. Syn.
smooth. Ligule 3-6 mm. long, obtuse. Leaf- Pennisetum thunbergii Kunth
laminae 3-14 x 0·3-0·9 cm., narrowly lanceolate, Loosely tufted rhizomatous perennial.
tapering to a fine point, usually expanded, Culms 10–150 cm. high, erect or geniculate,
asperulous on the upper surface and along the glabrous or pubescent below panicle. Leaf
margins. Panicle 4-15(20) cm. long, obovate in laminae 2–8 mm. wide, flat or convolute.
outline, with many spikelets; branches spreading Panicle 2–15 cm. long, linear to narrowly
or obliquely ascending, scaberulous. Pedicels oblong; rhachis cylindrical with rounded ribs
5-15 mm. long, capillary. Distribution - On and distinct peduncle stumps, scaberulous;
grassy roadsides and in cultivated areas, weedy involucre enclosing 1 sessile spikelet, the base
around buildings, at elevations of 1600-2300 m. truncate; bristles fine, glabrous, the longest
Exotic. Herbarium specimens Collected from 5–14 mm. Distribution - In montane tussock
HPNP – Horton Plains, van Beusekom & van grassland, Horton Plains; elevation 2000-
Beusekom 1462 (US), Cla- Yton 5481 (US), 2300 m. Introduced. Herbarium specimens
Gould & Cooray 13792 (US). Conservation Collected from HPNP – Clayton 5503 (K,
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated. PDA, US), Davidse 7639 (CANB, K, MO,
PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 315. Coelachne simpliciuscula (Wight & Arn.
– Not Evaluated. ex Steud.) Munro ex Benth. Syn. Coelachne
pulchella var. simpliciuscula (Steud.) Hook.f.
313. Chrysopogon nodulibarbis (Hochst. ex
Flowering culms 5-40 cm tall; similar to C.
Steud.) Henrard syn. Andropogon zeylanicus
perpusilla in vegetative characteristics and also
Sted., Chrysopogon zeylanicus (Plate 09, Figure
forming a sod in moist or wet soil. Panicles 1-8
Q) - .jr ;K" .jr
cm long, with stiffly spreading branches to 1.5
Perennials; culms 80-150 cm high; nodes
cm long, the lower branches typically with 5-9
glabrous. Leaves usually collected at base,
closely placed spikelets but with as few as 2-3
linear-lanceolate; sheath sharply keeled; ligule
in depauperate inflorescences. Spikelets 2-2.6
a fimbriate membrane. Panicle 10-20 cm long,
mm long. Lemma of upper floret with a hairs
lax with few spikelets. Sessile spikelets 6-8
at base and on nerves near base. Anthers 0.6-
mm long; lower glume 6 x 1.5 mm with two
1.1 mm long. Caryopsis about 0.8 mm long.
lines of bristles on dorsal side near the margins;
Distribution - In same habitats as C. perpusilla
upper glume similar but not with bristles;
but more widespread and tending to somewhat
second lemma delicate, 1-nerved; awn 40 mm
lower elevations. Native. Herbarium
long; anthers 3 mm long. Distribution - A
specimens Collected from HPNP – Clayton
common constituent of patana grasslands, at
5534 (K, TAES), Gould 13545 (TAES).
elevations of 900-2300 m. Native. Herbarium
Phenology – Flowering & Fruiting: September
specimens Collected from HPNP – Clayton
to December. Conservation status_Redlist
5458 (CANB, K, PDA, TAES, US), Gould
13553 (CANB, K, PDA, TAES, US), Gould &
Cooray 13790 (CANB, K, PDA, TAES, US), 316. Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle syn.
Lazarides 7320 (CANB, K, PDA, TAES, US). Cymbopogon thwaitesii (Hook.f.) Willis,
Phenology – Flowering & Fruiting: December- Cymbopogon confertifolrus (Steud.) Stapf - ySka
February. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – me`.sß" f,ak ngq" f,akng me`.sß udk" me`.sß
Vulnerable. udk" jgq iejekaord" udkd
Habit: Perennial; caespitose. Butt sheaths
314. Coelachne perpusilla (Nees ex Steud.)
persistent and investing base of culm. Culms
Thwaites syn. Coelachne perpusilla var.
75–300 cm long. Ligule an eciliate membrane;
muscosa Hook.f.
3–9 mm long. Leaf-blades drooping; flat; 20–60
Culms densely tufted, erect, to 15 cm.
cm long; 3–15 mm wide; aromatic. Leaf-blade
Leaf-blades 1.2-2.6 x 0.4-1 cm, acuminate,
surface smooth, or scaberulous. Inflorescence:
adaxially glabrous or puberulous. Panicles
Synflorescence compound; linear; 15–60
to 5 cm; branches a few, distant, spreading,
cm long; dense. Inflorescence composed of
to 1.8 cm, bearing 1-4 spikelets. Spikelets
racemes; terminal and axillary; subtended by a
ovate-lanceolate, to 0.35 cm. Glumes ovate-
spatheole; enclosed. Distribution - A common
oblong, 0.12-0.2 cm; lower glume 1-5-veined;
species of patanas and roadsides at 500-2300
upper glume 5-9-veined; lower lemma ovate-
m. Native. Herbarium specimens Collected
lanceolate, to 0.3 cm, glabrous or puberulous.
from HPNP – Clayton 5452 (CANB, K, PDA,
Distribution - At high elevations, in moist or
TAES, US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
wet soil along lakes, streams seeps and springs.
– Least Concern.
HPNP – Fosberg & Mueller-Dombois 50026 317. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. - B;K" ÿ¾jd"
(K), Clayton 5501 (K, TAES), Lazarides 7304 yß;d,s" ySka wefgdar
(K, TAES), Gould & Cooray 13820 (K, TAES). prostrate mat-forming grass and my be the
Phenology – Flowering & Fruiting: July- most serious weed of the grass family.The stems
November. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 is very ramified, spreading at the soil surface by
– Vulnerable. long rhizomes and stolons.The leaves are narrow
and with flat arrangement. The nodes and leaf
sheaths are glabrous.The erect inflorescence 320. Digitaria abyssinica (Hochst. ex A.Rich.)
has 3 to 7 spikes in a single terminal whorl, Stapf
arranged like the fingers in a hand. Distribution Perennial, creeping grass with long, slender,
- Common in upland rice, moist but not flooded branching rhizomes which form a dense mat
soils, particularly in areas regularly disturbed. beneath the soil surface; rhizomes can go
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected deeper than 1m. Flowering stems lying on the
from HPNP – 30 Aug 1902, Jowitt s.n. (PDA). ground at the base, rising at the tip to 0.5-1 m
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least high. Leaves: Often bluish green; blade flat, up
Concern. to 15 cm long and 2-8 mm wide. Inflorescence:
Branched with 2 to 25 upwardly pointing,
318. Cyrtococcum deccanense Bor
2-11cm long flower heads ('branches'), which
Annuals; culms 20-60 cm high, rooting
are alternate along a 1-9 cm long central axis.
from lower nodes; nodes sparsely hairy. Leaves
Distribution - Native: In the mountains at higher
5-13 x 0.4-0.9 cm, lanceolate, slightly narrowed
to base, thinly hairy; sheath keeled, ciliate
from HPNP – Near Farr Inn, Gould & Cooray
along one margin; ligule membranous, narrow.
13849 (K, TAES), Clayton 5490 (K, TAES),
Panicle. Pedicels very long, filiform. Spikelets
Horton Plains, Patana grassland, Clayton 5502
few, 2 x 1.5 mm; glumes subequal, glabrous
(K, TAES); Horton Plains, Lazarides 7311 (K,
to 1 mm long, upper one larger; first lemma 2
x 1 mm, lanceolate, 5-nerved; second lemma
Endangered
broadly ovate. Distribution - Common in
shade in montane forests, especially along trails 321. Digitaria cruciata (Nees ex Steud.)
or in plantations at elevations of 1800-2400 m. E.G.Camus & A.Camus
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from Annual with erect or geniculate-spreading
HPNP – Fosberg & Mueller-Dombois 50028 culms mostly. Leaves glabrous or sparsely
(US), Gould & Cooray 13824 and 13826 (K, pubescent, the sheath base often puberulent.
US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Ligule 1-3 mm long, lacerate: blades short or
Vulnerable elongate, mostly 3-7 mm wide. Inflorescence
branches mostly 5-9, clustered but not dactylate
319. Davidsea attenuata (Thwaites) Soderstr.
on the upper portion of the culm, the lower
& R.P.Ellis
branches often in 1 or 2 verticels. Branch
Plants of unicaespitose habit, the rhizomes
rhachis flattened and moderately winged, with
sympodial, pachymorph with a short neck
appressed spikelets in pairs of one subsessile
3-5 cm long, producing a dense clump with
and one pedicelled. Distribution - Native:
closely placed culms. Leaf sheath when young
Known from Horton Plains only. Herbarium
maroon toward the summit and pale green
specimens Collected from HPNP – Weed in
below, becoming stramineous with age. Leaves
garden at Farr Inn, Gould & Cooray 13831 (K,
in complements to 40 cm long, 30 cm wide,
with 9 or 10 leaves in the complement; most
Critically Endangered.
fully developed blades 10-20 cm long, 2-3 cm
wide. Distribution - Endemic: known only 322. Digitaria didactyla Willd.
from the mountains of south-central Sri Lanka. Stoloniferous perennial to 0.4 m high,
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP rooting and branching from the nodes. Leaves
– Between Horton plains and Ohiya, Soderstrom with sheath densely to sparsely pilose; ligule
& Kulatunge 1657 (PDA, US). Conservation 1–1.5 mm long; blade 1–3 mm wide, usually
status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable. glabrous, green to bluish green. Racemes 2–4,
2–7 cm long, the spikelets appressed. Fertile
floret very slightly shorter than the sterile lemma,
yellowish or rarely tinged with purple, almost
smooth. Distribution - Native to the Mascarene
Islands but widely introduced elsewhere as a sometimes channelled, simple or sparsely

turfgrass. Herbarium specimens Collected branched. Panicles mostly up to 12 cm long and 4
from HPNP – Farr Inn, Clayton 5489 (K, cm wide, loose, prominently exserted; peduncle
TAES). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – terete, glabrous, smooth; axis angular, glabrous,
Not Evaluated scabrous; branches and pedicels angular,
densely scabrous, glabrous. Distribution - In
323. Digitaria wallichiana (Wight & Arn. ex
montane elevations between 2000 and 2400 m
Steud.) Stapf syn. Paspalum perrottetii Hook.f.
of the wet zone. Commonly, the species grows
Perennial with slender culms mostly 20-
as a weed on roadsides and around buildings.
80 cm tall from a knotty base; culms often
decumbent below and rooting at the lower nodes.
from HPNP – Near Farr Inn. Gould & Cooray
Sheaths, at least, the lower ones, hispid with
13851 (CANB, K, TAES); N edge of Horton
papilla-based hairs. Ligules brownish, 2-3.5
Plains, Gould 13550 (CANB, K, TAES); Farr
mm long. Blades short to long, 2.5-8 mm wide,
Inn, Clayton 5494 (CANB, K): N of Farr Inn,
thinly hirsute with long, fine hairs. Inflorescence
Gould & Cooray 13782 (CANB, K, TAES);
open, 3-12 cm long, with spreading branches
Reflection Lake, Clayton 5462 (CANB, K).
1-6 cm long, these scattered or the lower ones
paired or in verticels. Distribution - It occurs in
Evaluated.
the mountains, mostly along woodland borders,
shaded roadsides and trails and occasionally 326. Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex
in moist, open grasslands. Native. Herbarium Steud.
specimens Collected from HPNP – Lazarides Annual, or perennial, short-lived grass.
7309 (K, TAES). Conservation status_Redlist Stems are rising or prostrate, 7–50 cm long,
2020 – Vulnerable. rooting from lower nodes. Ligule is a fringe of
hairs. Leaf-blades are 3–10 cm long, 2–5 mm
324. Eragrostis nigra Nees ex Steud.
wide. Spikelets occur in panicles. Spikelets
Tufted perennials; culms 30-50 cm high,
are ovate, laterally compressed, looking like
erect; nodes glabrous. Leaves, linear, base
pink hearts. 4–12 mm long, 2–3.4 mm wide.
rounded with a tuft of long hairs; sheath
Distribution - Virtually throughout the island,
slightly keeled, ciliate towards the mouth;
being common from sea-level to 2300 m.
ligule a fimbriate membrane. Panicle 15-30
Though usually plentiful, it is not readily grazed
cm long, lax, branches and pedicels smooth.
by livestock. Native. Herbarium specimens
Spikelets many, pedicelled, oblong, black;
Collected from HPNP – Clayton 5511 (CANB,
glumes similar, 1-nerved, keeled. Distribution
K); 6 miles N of Horton Plains and 1 mile S of
- Common at elevations from 1500 to 2300 m
Pattipola, Gould & Cooray 13758 (CANB, K,
in the wet zone, often occuring as a ruderal of
TAES); Horton Plains, Reflection Lake, Clayton
habitation and weed of lawns and tea-estates
5463 (CANB, K), Clayton 5461 (CANB, K).
on steep, rocky slopes, but also as a component
of patanas on waterlogged, black peaty soils.
Concern.
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected
from HPNP – Farr Inn, Horton Plains, Clayton 327. Eulalia thwaitesii (Hack.) Kuntze syn.
5493 (CANB, K); Horton Plains, Clayton 5527 Pollinia thwaitesii Hack.
(CANB, K). Conservation status_Redlist Tufted perennial; basal sheaths glabrous,
2020 – Vulnerable. the culms 30-60 cm high. Leaf blades mostly
radical, 10-30 cm long, 2 mm wide, involute.
325. Eragrostis schweinfurthii Chiov.
Inflorescence composed of 2 or 3 racemes, each
Annual or short-lived perennial 30-50
5-8 cm long and white hairy. Spikelets narrowly
cm high, usually glandular on the culms and
elliptic-oblong, 6-7 mm long; lower glume dark
sometimes on the panicle-branches; culms
brown, densely white villous, narrowly obtuse.
usually erect, terete or angular or compressed,
Distribution - Endemic in swamps at 2300 m
elevation. Herbarium specimens Collected for the most part glabrous but the lower portion
from HPNP – Gould & Cooray 13785 (CANB, often hirsute, hispid or lanate. Panicle mostly
K, PDA, TAES, US). Conservation status_ 20-40 cm long and about 5 cm wide at maturity.
Redlist 2020 – Endangered. Distribution - In moist meadows and woodland
borders, mostly at elevations of 1650-2500 m.
328. Festuca bromoides L. syn. Vulpia
bromoides (L.) Gray
HPNP – Simpson 9531 (BM), Gould & Cooray
Tufted annual, culms slender, erect or
13777 (K, TAES, US); about 1 mile from Farr
ascending, to 50 cm high. Leaf-blades soft,
Inn, Sohmer, Jayasuriya & Eliezer 8580 (OSH,
bright green when young, to 20 cm long and
US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
3 mm wide. Inflorescence a one-sided panicle
Vulnerable.
(rarely a raceme), erect or slightly drooping,
1–10 cm long, well exserted from uppermost
leaf-sheath. Spikelets 6–11 mm long (excluding
awns), 4–10-flowered, mostly fertile.
Distribution - A weed of lawns and roadsides,
at elevations of c. 1700-2200 m. Introduced.
– Gould 13567 (PDA, US). Conservation
329. Garnotia courtallensis (Arn. & Nees)
Thwaites
Annuals; culms slender, 15-40 cm high,
erect, loosely tufted; nodes bearded. Leaves
2-8 x 0.5-0.8 cm, lanceolate, rounded at base,
glabrous; sheath rounded; ligule a membrane.
Panicle 5-20 cm long; spreading, rachis
and branches broadened or slightly winged.
Spikelets many, 4 mm long, lanceolate; glumes
subequal, 3-3.5 x 1 mm, acute, 3-nerved;
upper glume larger; lemma 3 x 1 mm, elliptic,
brown; awn 4 mm long; palea oblong, 2-nerved;
stamens 3. Distribution - In open woodlands,
exposed grassy ridges and borders, at medium to
high elevations. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Clayton 5535 (TAES).
Phenology – Flowering & Fruiting: November
to December. Conservation status_Redlist
330. Garnotia exaristata Gould (Plate 09,
Figure R)
Culms 90-150 cm tall, in dense clumps,
unbranched above the base. Lower sheaths
typically glabrous and shiny below but usually
densely lanatehispid above with shaggy hairs.
Blades mostly 20 cm long, oblanceolate,
gradually broadening from a narrow base to
8-15 mm wide well above the middle; blades
PLATE 09 : A. Robiquetia brevifolia; B. Robiquetia virescens; C. Satyrium nepalense; D.

Seidenfadeniella filiformis; E. Spiranthes australis; F. Pedicularis zeylanica; G. Oxalis corniculata;
H. Passiflora mollissima; I. Ternstroemia emarginata; J. Phyllanthus rheedei; K. Peperomia
heyneana; L. Phyllanthus oreophilus; M. Piper zeylanicum; N. Pittosporum tetraspermum; O.
Veronica serpyllifolia; P. Briza minor; Q. Chrysopogon nodulibarbis; R. Garnotia exaristata.
331. Holcus mollis L. 334. Ischaemum timorense Kunth - ß,d r;a

Erect, spreading, rhizomatous grass that ;K
forms mats and can reach a height of 6-8 niches A variable, spreading, erect, perennial
tall. Leaves: Narrow, green in color, blade-like, (or annual), with ascending, scrambling, or
0.50 inches wide. Stems: Erect, creeping, nearly stoloniferous growth habit, and fertile culms
to completely hairless. Flowers: Purplish- 15–60 (–100) cm tall. Stems rooting at the
white in color. Distribution – Introduced. nodes; nodes silky. Leaf sheath keeled, 3–7
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP cm long, tight, hairy round the node, fringed
– Rest House Garden, 7,200 feet, 30 August towards the throat; ligule 2–4 mm long, a
1902, J.F. Jowitt. Conservation status_Redlist short fringed membrane, sometimes long
2020 – Not Evaluated ciliate. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, well
exserted. Caryopsis ellipsoid, 1–2 mm long.
332. Ischaemum ciliare Retz. Syn. Ischaemum
Distribution - In moist, shady habitats along
indicum var. longipilum (Hack.) Bor, Ischaemum
road embartkments, tea plantations, forest
ciliare var. longipilum Hack.
margins at elevations of 100-2000 m. Native.
Tufted or spreading stoloniferous perennial,
rooting freely at the lower nodes, and forming
– Larsen AAU 70-29482 (MO). Conservation
a dense mat under regular defoliation. Culms
status_Redlist 2020 – Data Deficient
prostrate, geniculate or erect, often branching.
Leaves grey green sometimes with purple- 335. Kuruna debilis (Thwaites) Attigala,
coloured margins; leaf sheath often tight, node Kaththr. & L.G.Clark syn. Arundinaria debilis
bearded, otherwise sparsely hairy to glabrous; Thwaites, Indocalamus debilis (Thwaites)
ligule membranous, truncate. Inflorescence Alston; Sinarundinaria debilis (Thwaites)
well exserted, comprising 1 or 2 terminal C.S.Chao & Renvoize
racemes 2–10 cm long, breaking up at maturity Vinelike bamboo. Culms c. 0.5-1 cm in
Distribution - In patana grassland and on diameter, glabrous, thin-walled. spreading
roadcuts, at elevations of (380)-1200- 2300 m. and hanging over other vegetation with culms
Native. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – developing from a sympodial pachymorph
Least Concern. rhizome system, the culms to 4.5 m long with
primary branches to 4 m long and secondary
333. Ischaemum commutatum Hack.
branches to 1.5 m. Lemma of lowest floret ovate-
Perennial, caespitose; culms 15-I 10
lanceolate, 7-10.2 mm long, 7-nerved, glabrous;
cm long, erect or commonly decumbent or
palea ovate-lanceolate. Ovary with a single
sprawling and rooting at the lower nodes, much
style and 2 plumose stigmas. Distribution - The
branched. Sheaths densely villous to glabrous
species is endemic to the upper cool mountain
towards the base, the margin ciliate, the collar
slopes of the Central Province at elevations of
glabrous to pubescent on the sides. Racemes
1500-2500 m. Herbarium specimens Collected
2, 2.5-8 cm long, usually tightly appressed and
from HPNP – 2200 m alt., Jayasuriya 2385
appearing as a single spike. Distribution - In
(PDA), 2388 (PDA). Conservation status_
patanas, forest glades, grassy stream banks,
Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
forest trails, at elevations of 1000-2300 m.
Native. Herbarium specimens Collected 336. Kuruna densifolia (Munro) Attigala,
from HPNP – Clayton 5466, 5467, 5492 (US), Kaththr. & L.G.Clark (Plate 10, Figure A)
Davidse 7610 (CANB, K, KLU, L, MO, PDA, Gregarious low shrubs, forming large
TAES, US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 patches in wet places, culms 30-90 cm high,
– Least Concern internodes 2-4 cm long, glabrous; branches
semi-verticillate at the nodes. Leaves 1.5-3 x
0.3-0.5 cm, linear-lanceolate, acute, mucronate,
tessellate with almost membranous fimbriate
margins, nerves 1 pair, sheath often dark
hairy above, bear auricles and oral setae at mm, lanceolate, 1-nerved; upper glume 4 x 1.5
the apex, tip long fimbriate; ligule obscure. mm, ovate. Distribution - In montane forests,
Distribution - found only in the wet patanas in shade and in open areas and along trails, at
of the Horton Plains, where it often forms elevations of 1300-2400 m. Native. Herbarium
dense thickets and grows in cold, standing specimens Collected from HPNP – Clayton
water. Herbarium specimens Collected from 5491 (K, PDA, US), Clayton 5537 (K, PDA,
HPNP – Reflection Lake, alt. 2300 m, Clayton US), Davidse 7642 (BRI, CAL, CANB, K,
5486 (PDA, US), along road from Pattipola, KLU, L, PDA, PRE, TAES, US), Gould 13546
alt. 2175 m, Comanor 451 (PDA, US), alt. (K, PDA, USA), Gould 13753 (K, US, in part),
7000 ft., Davidse 7600 (PDA), Meadow N of Gould 13773 (K, PDA, US), Gould & Cooray
Farr Inn, alt. 2300 m, Gould & Cooray 13780 13825 (K, PDA, US). Conservation status_
(PDA, US), alt. 7200 ft. 29 Aug 1902, Jowitt Redlist 2020 – Least Concern.
s.n. (PDA), below rest house, at Ohiya Road,
339. Paspalum urvillei Steud. - Wia miamd¨ï
alt. 2130 m, Mueller-Dombois & Comanor
;K
67070915 (US), 18 Mar 1904, Nock s.n.
A large clumping grass with many (10-
(PDA), alt. 2195 m, Soderstrom & Kulatunge
30), hairy rames, sheaths hairy at base, ligule
1656 (PDA, US); road from Diyagama Tea
prominent, pointed and transparent. Sometimes
Estate to Horton Plains Ohiya Road, Sohmer
confused with Paspalum floridanum but has
& Sumithraarachchi 10051 (PDA). Trimen 29
visibly hairy spikelets. The other common
(PDA, US), 3 May 1906, “J.C.W.” s.n. (PDA);
Paspalum in Louisiana with hairy rames is P.
wet grounds at base of Totupola, 17 Sep 1890, s.
dilitatum. Blue-green. At least 9 rames with
spikelets that point up. Hairy florets. Look alike:
2020 – Endangered.
P. notatum- only has 3-4 rames. Distribution
337. Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv. - At elevations of 1200-2000 m. Introduced.
Annuals. Culms 25-80 cm long, trailing, Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
creeping and rooting at the lower nodes; nodes – Gould & Cooray 13838 (PDA). Conservation
softly hairy. Leaves 1.5-7 x 0.8 - 2 cm, elliptic- status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated.
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, base oblique,
340. Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.
margins wavy, apex acuminate, hispid; sheaths
Syn. Setaria glauca sensu Alston
to 6 cm long; ligule a row of hairs. Inflorescence
Lump-forming summer annual with a
8-20 cm long, lax; racemes 4-8, each 1.5 - 11
seedhead that resembles a fox's tail. A weed of
cm long; rachis triquetrous, pilose. Spikelets
many agronomic crops, turf, landscapes, and
paired, 3-4 mm long, elliptic, distant, subsessile.
nurseries. Leaf blades may reach 12 inches in
Distribution - found only in the wet patanas of
length and 7-12 mm in width, and have long
the Horton Plains, where it often forms dense
silky hairs at the leaf bases. Auricles are absent
thickets and grows in cold, standing water.
and the ligule is a fringe of hairs reaching 2 mm
in length. The seedhead is a cylindrical bristly
– Lazarides 7314 (K, TAES), Clayton 5520 (K,
panicle, reaching 6 inches in length and 1/3-2/3
inch in width. Distribution - In weedy open
Endangered
grassy areas; from sea level to 2300 m elevation.
338. Panicum gardneri Thwaites syn. Isachne Native. Herbarium specimens Collected from
gardneri (Thwaites) Benth. HPNP – Clayton 5497, 5508 (K,US), Davidse
Perennials; culms 80-100 cm high, rooting 7698 (CANB, K, KLU, L, MO, PDA, TAES,
from lower nodes. Leaves 10-15 x 2-2.5 cm, US), Gould & Cooray 13786 (K, US), Lazarides
lanceolate, base rounded or cordate, glabrous; 7301 (K). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
sheath rounded, margins ciliate; ligule a Least Concern.
membrane. Panicle effuse, glabrous. Spikelets
4-5.5 mm long, solitary; lower glume 2.5 x 1
341. Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) Robyns & elevations of 1800-2400 m. Native. Herbarium
Tournay specimens Collected from HPNP – Horton
Fast-growing, tufted, rhizomatous perennial Plains, Clayton 5505 (US), Davidse 7638
grass, growing from 280–1 500 mm high. Its (PDA), Gould & Cooray 13789 (US), Mueller-
roots are fibrous. The leaf blade rolled in the bud, Dombois & Cooray 680111302 (US), 30 Aug
slender, stiff. Leaves are reasonably strong and 1902, Jowitt s.n. (PDA), 4 May 1906, Silva s.n.
difficult to break, leaf sheaths are hairless and (PDA), Soderstrom & Kulatunge 1668 (US);
slightly compressed. The dark, slightly green 1 mile S of Pattipola, Gould & Cooray 13767
inflorescence is a dense, elongated, almost spike- (US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
like panicle. Branches are not whorled, relatively Endangered
short, rigid. Distribution - At elevations from
Family Polygalaceae
150-2400 m, occurring as a ruderal or weed of
habitation, lawns, and roadsides; also in rock 344. Polygala arillata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
crevices, seepage Situations and on steep slopes (Plate 10, Figure B)
in shallow soils. Native. Herbarium specimens Shrub, small tree or sometimes a scandent
Collected from HPNP – Clayton 5498 (CANB, climber, up to 3 m tall, branches glabrescent.
K). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least Leaves ovate-lanceolate, (4-) 5-9 (-11) cm long,
Concern. 2-3.5 cm broad, glabrous above and pubescent
beneath, lateral veins 5-7, prominent on both
342. Themeda triandra Forssk. Syn. Nnthistiria
surfaces. Racemes up to 10 cm long, 5-20
imberbis Retz., Themeda forskalii Hack.
flowered, bracteate. Bracts soon caducous.
Tufted perennial that can grow to 1.5 m
Bracteoles 3, lanceolate, the margin ciliate.
tall and 0.5 m across. Its leaves are 10-50 cm
Distribution - Native, Montane zone above
long and 2-5 mm wide, green to grey drying
to an orange brown in summer. It produces
from HPNP – 27 Apr. 1932, Simpson 9520
distinct large red-brown spikelets, which
(PDA), 14 Mar. 1971, Balakrishnan 452 (US,
occur on branched stems. Spikelets have long
PDA, K); 24 Feb. 1976, Cramer 4602 (US,
distinguishing spathes at their base and bare
PDA, K); 27 Mar. 1968, Fosberg 49980 (US,
florets with black awns 4-7 cm long, which
PDA), 10 Dec. 1975, Bernardi 15888 (US, PDA,
remain with the seed when it falls. Distribution
G); Elk Plains, Nov. 1851, Gardner C.P. 434 in
- In open grasslands at elevations of 100-2270
part (PDA); near Totupola, 2 May 1906, Willis
m. Native. Herbarium specimens Collected
s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Flowering August to
from HPNP – Schmid 1447 (K). Phenology –
Flowering December to February. Conservation
– Near Threatned.
status_Redlist 2020 – Data Deficient.
345. Polygala hirsutula Arn. Syn. Polygala
343. Trisetopsis aspera (Munro ex Thwaites)
glaucoides var. hirsutula Arn.
Röser & A.Wölk syn. Helictotrichon asperum
Herb up to 20 cm tall, decumbent, highly
(Munro ex Thwaites) Bor , Avena aspera Munro
branched from woody base, branches pubescent.
ex Thwaites, Helictotrichon virescens Senaratne
Leaves rhomboid, sometimes oblong, when
Caespitose perennial with short, knotty
mature glabrescent, lateral veins hardly visible,
rhizomes, the culms 35-120 cm tall, erect or
the base attenuate, the apex acute, sometimes
slightly decumbent at the glabrous lowest
obtuse, rarely apiculate, the margin entire, the
nodes. Leaf blades to 33 cm long, the uppermost
petiole up to 1 mm long, pubescent. Raceme
much shorter, 2.3-5.2 mm wide, glabrous
lax, up to 2.5 cm long, 3-8-flowered, bracteate.
to pubescent; sheaths glabrous to softly and
Bracts ovate, soon caducous. Bracteoles 3,
retrorsely pubescent; ligule 0.6-3.9 mm long,
ovate, the margin ciliate. Distribution - In
glabrous or pubescent on the margins. Panicle
the upper montane zone. Occasional. Endemic.
15-30 cm long. Distribution - In montane
Phenology – Flowers all the year round.
grasslands. lawns, riverbanks, and pastures at
Herbarium specimens Collected from to as-cending, glabrous except for fleshy,

HPNP – 12 Dec. 1971, Balakrishnan 402 (US, retrorse, whitish hairs at nodes. Leaves: ocrea
PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – brownish or hyaline, cylindric to funnelform,
Endangered. 4-10 mm, chartaceous, base inflated or not,
margins oblique, eciliate. Flowers 1-2 per
Family Polygonaceae
ocreate fascicle; perianth white to pink
346. Persicaria capitata (Buch.-Ham. ex or lavender, urceolate, glabrous, scarcely
D.Don) H.Gross syn. Polygonum capitatum accrescent. Distribution - Native, Moist
Bucb. (Plate 10, Figure C) montane areas; commonly a weed of cultivation.
Plants annual or perennial, 0.5-5 dm; roots Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
also often arising from proximal nodes. Stems – Near Farr Inn, 11 May 1970, Gould & Cooray
prostrate, glabrous or glandular-pubescent. 13830 (PDA), 13844 (PDA); Horton Plains,
Leaves: ocrea brown or reddish brown, cylindric Aug 1905, s.coll. s.n. (PDA). Conservation
to funnelform, chartaceous, base inflated or not, status_Redlist 2020 – Data Deficient
margins oblique, eciliate or ciliate with bristles
349. Rumex acetosella L
to 1.5 mm, surface lanate, sometimes also
Plants perennial, glabrous, with vertical
glandular-pubescent; petiole 2-5 mm, winged
rootstock and/or creeping rhizomes. Stems erect
distally; blade ovate to elliptic. Flowers 1-5
or ascend-ing, several from base, branched in
per ocreate fascicle. Distribution - Native,
distal 1/ 2 (in inflorescence), 10-40(-45) cm;
Moist, montane areas. Herbarium specimens
shoots variable. Leaves: ocrea brownish at
Collected from HPNP – Road to Ohiya,
base, silvery and lacerated in distal 1/ 2; blade
2200 m, 2 Nov 1973, Jayasuriya et al. 1370
normally obovate-oblong, ovate-lanceolate.
(K, PDA), 6 Feb 1971, Robyns 7174 (PDA);
Flowers (3-)5-8(-10) in whorls; inner tepals
Farr Inn, Horton Plains, 2200 m, 2 Nov 1973,
not or slightly enlarged, base cuneate, apex
Jayasuriya et al. 1368 (K, PDA). Conservation
obtuse or subacute. Distribution - Introduced.
347. Persicaria chinensis (L.) H.Gross syn. – Horton Plains, 27 Apr 1932, Simpson 9534
Polygonum chinense L. ñhkaú, (BM, PDA), c. 2400 m, 15 May 1975, Cramer
Plants perennial, 7-10 dm; roots not also 4463 (K); c. 800 m E of Farr Inn, 2000 m, 3 Feb
arising from proximal nodes; rhizomes present. 1994, Philcox et al. 10584 (K, PDA, US); E of
Stems ascending to erect, sometimes scandent, Farr Inn at Ohiya Road, Horton Plains, c. 2100
glabrous or retrorsely hispid. Leaves: ocrea m, 15 Mar 1971, Balakrishnan 470 (K, PDA);
brownish, cylindric, coriaceous proximally, near Farr Inn, 12 May 1970, Gould & Cooray
chartaceous distally, base often inflated, margins 13854 (PDA); above stream crossed by bridge
oblique, eciliate, surface glabrous or pubescent. near Farr Inn on road to World‘s End, 3 Nov
Flowers 1-3 per ocreate fascicle; perianth white 1973, Sohmer et al. 8623 (PDA). Conservation
to pink, campanulate, glabrous, accrescent; status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated
tepals 5, ovate, 3-4 mm. Distribution - Native,
350. Rumex obtusifolius L (Plate 10, Figure D)
Moist, montane areas. Herbarium specimens
Plants perennial, glabrous or ± papillose
Collected from HPNP – World‘s End, 2250
especially on veins of leaf blades abaxially,
m, 28 Jan 1974, Jayasuriya et al. 1469 (K,
with fusi-form, vertical rootstock. Stems erect,
branched distal to middle or occasionally in
Vulnerable.
distal 2/ 3, often with few flowering stems from
348. Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) H.Gross rootstock, 60-120(-150) cm. Leaves: ocrea
syn. Polygonum nepalense Meisn, Polygonum deciduous to partially persistent at maturity;
punctatum Buch.-Ham.) blade oblong to ovate-oblong, sometimes
Plants annual, 3-5 dm; roots also often broadly ovate. Flowers 10-25 in lax whorls.
arising from proximal nodes. Stems decumbent Distribution - Introduced. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated. Redlist 2020 – Endangered.

Family Primulaceae 353. Maesa indica (Roxb.) Sweet syn. Maesa
perrottetiana A.DC. (Plate 10, Figure G) -
351. Lysimachia deltoidea Wight (Plate 10,
ud;ïì
Figure E)
Shrubs or small evergreen trees, to 8 m high;
Plant perennial, pubescent, with stems
branchlets and leaves densely rusty-tomentose
creeping, prostrate, wellbranched, often rooting
to glabrous; bark thin, reddish-brown,
at nodes, and usually 10-20 cm long, and
lenticellate. Leaves alternate, ovate-oblong
usually less than 1 mm wide; leaves opposite
to elliptic lanceolate, 7.5-15 (-18.0) x 3-7 cm;
with petioles, and with blades entire, broadly
subcoriaceous. Corolla white, campanulate, 3
ovate to oval and truncate to subcordate to
mm across; lobes 5, ovate, 2 mm long, obtuse,
slightly acute at base, subacute to mucronate
rotate, margin somewhat fimbriate. Stamens
at apex. flowers solitary and axillary with
5, subexserted; anthers oblong-cordate.
pubescent, dotted pedicels 0.7-2.0 cm long,
Distribution - Native, in shady places in moist
and with lanceolate, acute, pubescent (outside).
region, especially in montane region; up to
Distribution - Native, found above an elevation
of about 1900 Metres. Herbarium specimens
from HPNP – Road from Diyagama to Horton
Collected from HPNP – N. Balakrishnan NBK
Plains, Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi 9958, 9974
1033 (US), F.R. Fosberg & D. Mueller Dombois
(K, PDA). Phenology – Flowers February to
50030 (US), F.R. Fosberg & M.H. Sachet 53293
April. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
(US), F. W. Gould & R. Cooray 13818 (US), D.
Least Concern.
Mueller-Dombois & P.L. Comanor 67070940
(PDA, US), J.W. Nowicke & M. Jayasuriya 354. Myrsine robusta (Mez) Wadhwa
236 (US), R.W. Read 2009 (US), J.M. Silva 20 Small tree, to 6 m high; branches very thick,
May 1911 (PDA). Phenology – Flowers August glabrous, warted. Leaves oblong or narrowly
September to January-February. Conservation elliptic, c. 11 x 3.2 cm, gradually cuneate at
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered. the base, subobtuse, rarely emarginate at the
apex. Inflorescence of thick, short cylindrical,
352. Lysimachia laxa Baudo syn. Lysimachia
usually umbellate branches, equal to or slightly
ramosa Wall. ex Duby (Plate 10, Figure F)
longer than the petioles. Flowers 3-3.5 mm
Stems erect, considerably branched above,
long, glabrous; pedicels very stout, c. 3 mm,
becoming 5-winged and thick and frequently
glabrous. Distribution - In forests of moist
somewhat woody below, to 1.5 m tall, glabrous;
region, to 1600 m; fairly common. Endemic.
leaves decurrent, with petioles 0.1-1.2 cm long,
and thin lanceolate to oblanceolate blades 3.0-
– North Entrance, Fosberg & Mueller-Dombois
15.0 cm long with entire margins, glabrous
50004 (BM). Phenology – Flowers December
throughout and somewhat glaucous below;
to March. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
flowers solitary, axillary, on pedicels 1.6-4.5
Vulnerable.
cm long at anthesis, shorter than the leaves.
Distribution - Native, locally abundant in the 355. Myrsine thwaitesii (Mez) Wadhwa syn.
shade of the upland forests above an elevation Myrsine capitellata sensu Thwaites
of 1600 m. Herbarium specimens Collected Shrub, to 2.5 m high; branches thick,
from HPNP – N. Balakrishnan NBK404 (PDA), glabrous. Leaves glabrous, entire, obovate-
NBK1032 (US), F.R. Fosberg 53303 (US), A.M. oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
Silva 4 May 1906 (PDA), S.H. Sohmer, M. subacuminately-acute towards the base, apex
Jayasuriya, K. Eliezer 8599 (PDA, US), without rounded and emarginate; petioles c. 5 mm
further data, N. Balakrishnan NBK 1032 (PDA). long. Inflorescence of short, wart-like branches
Phenology – Flowers August September to usually longer than petioles. Flowers 2.5-3 mm
December-February. Conservation status_ long, glabrous; pedicels 3-5 mm long. Sepals
shortly connate at the base; lobes ovate, obtuse or trifoliolate segments tripartite, deeply cut
or slightly acute, punctate and elongate striated. or toothed at ends, long silky on both surfaces,
Distribution - In forests of moist region in upper pale green. Flowers solitary, 0.5—1 cm across.
montane zone, to 2200m. native. Herbarium Peduncle pubescent. Distribution - Upper
specimens Collected from HPNP – Between montane zone, common. Grows gregariously in
Little World's End & Big World's End, Fosberg damp shady places with some exposure, such
50046 (PDA), Along Trail near Small World's as edges of jungle paths. native. Herbarium
End, Robyns 7141 (K, PDA), Small World's specimens Collected from HPNP – April
End, Hoogland 11529 (K, PDA), World's End 1856, s. coll. C.P. 1012, p.p. (PDA), 20 May
Trail 2200 m, Balakrishnan 1178, 1202 (K, 1911, J.M. Silva s.n. (PDA). 28 March 1968,
PDA), J.M. Silva s.n. (PDA), North Entrnace, Fosberg et al. 50025, 50082 (PDA), 29 March
Dieter's Plot P24, Fosberg & Mueller-Dombois 1968, Fosberg 50113 (PDA), 24 April 1970,
50004 (PDA), Trail Farr Inn - Big World's End, Gould 13560 (PDA), 11 May 1970, Gould et
Nooteboom 3335 (PDA). Phenology – Flowers al. 13841 (PDA), 6 Dec 1972, Trivengadum et
February to May. Conservation status_Redlist al., 98 (PDA). Phenology – Flowers April to
2020 – Vulnerable October. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Vulnerable.
Family Ranunculaceae
Family Rhamnaceae
356. Ranunculus sagittifolius Hook. (Plate 12,
Figure Q) 358. Rhamnus arnottiana Gardner ex
Perennial herb, to c. 90 cm tall, Rhizome Thwaites (Plate 10, Figure H)
horizontal or ascending, pale, c. 1 cm thick, Tall, unarmed shrubs, up to 3 m high; young
hairy. Leaves mostly radical, sheathing at the branches puberulous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate.
base; lamina 3—11 x 2.5—6.5 cm, cordate- Flowers 2—4 in axillary fascicles, 4- merous;
oblong, obtuse or acute at apex. Inflorescence pedicellate, red in colour; pedicels slender,
to c. 90 cm tall, branched. Flowers 2.2—3 longer than the petioles. Distribution - Along
cm across. Pedicel to c. 5 cm at anthesis. forest edges in wet zone, up to 2400 m. Endemic.
Distribution - Upper montane zone. In wet Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
or marshy places, among grass. Endemic. – 2400 m, 12 Dec 1971, Balakrishnan 405 (K,
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP PDA), 2100 m, 21 Jan 1945, Worthington 1684
– 29 Jan 1974, Sumithraarachchi 849 (PDA), (K), 29 Jan 1980, Rasiah 83 (PDU). Phenology
28 April 1970, Cramer 2951 (PDA), 11 March – Flowers April to July. Conservation status_
1969, Robyns 6963 (PDA), 27 March 1968, Redlist 2020 – Endangered
Fosberg 49987 (PDA), Sept 1890, s. coll. s.n.
359. Rhamnus wightii Wight & Arn.
(PDA). 26 Jan 1906, Willis s.n. (PDA), 27
Large shrubs or small trees, c. 3.5 m
April 1932, Simpson 9522 (PDA), 22 April
high, unarmed; stem grooved; younger parts
1968, Mueller-Dombois 68042201 (PDA),
puberulous; nodes enlarging around the leaf
17 May 1968, Cooray 68051722 (PDA), 9
scars. Leaves alternate, rarely subopposite.
July 1967, Mueller-Dombois et al., 67070902
Flowers 10—20 in axillary fascicles, yellowish-
(PDA), 13 Sept 1967, Mueller Dombois et al.
green, 5-merous, pedicellate; pedicels 2—4
67091322 (PDA). Phenology – Flowers April
mm long, accrescent; calyx lobes 5, deltoid, up
to October. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
to 4 mm long, thickened at apex; Calyx-tube
– Endangered.
campanulate, 2 mm in diameter. Distribution -
357. Ranunculus wallichianus Wight & Arn. In wet evergreen montane forests, 1400—2200
Perennial stoloniferous herb to c. 25 cm m. Endemic. Herbarium specimens Collected
tall. Stem to c. 2 cm long. Stolons c. 3 mm from HPNP – Trail behind Fair Inn, 2130 m,
thick, pubescent, rooting at nodes. Leaves 23 April 1969, Hladik 739 (PDA). Phenology
radical; lamina 1—8 x 1—9 cm, ternatisect. – Flowers May to December. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threaned. swampy habitats, boggy places, open marshy
grounds among grass, wet patanas, often close
Family Rosaceae
to mountain streams. Herbarium specimens
360. Alchemilla indica Gardner (Plate 10, Collected from HPNP – At road from Pattipola
Figure I) just where it enters Horton Plains, 2175 m alt.,
Herb with an erect, somewhat woody Mueller Dombois & Comanor 67070950 (PDA,
rootstock. Stems decumbent, fairly stout or US); at New Farm, Cooray 68051716 (PDA,
extremely slender, pilose, clothed at the base US); swampy patanas, Silva s.n. (PDA); Patana,
with remains of old sheathing stipules. Leaves 7200 ft alt., Pearson 567 (CGE); Sept. 1890, s.
6 to 9-lobed, spreading, orbicular, more or coll. s.n. (PDA); s. coll. s.n. (CGE). Phenology
less cordate at base, dentate, mucronate, – Flowers July, August. Conservation status_
pilose above, densely so below and at the Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
margin, coriaceous. Inflorescence crowded
362. Fragaria vesca L. - iafg%dafnß
into dense corymbs from axis of stem leaves
Plants hermaphroditic (sometimes pistillate
or in paniculate cymes, villous. Distribution
in subsp. bracteata). Leaves bright green
- Native, A species confined to the upper
(sometimes darker green in subsp. californica),
montane zone, at an elevation of 2000 to 2300
not glaucous, thin, not leathery, not reticulately
m. Herbarium specimens Collected from
veined abaxially, terminal tooth of terminal
HPNP – Horton Plains "Old Farm" 2200 m
leaflet longer than or equal to adjacent teeth
alt., Fosberg 49986 (K, PDA, US); near Black
(sometimes equal to or shorter than adjacent
Bridge, 2100 m alt., Hoogland 11557 (BM, BR,
teeth in subsp. californica). Flowers bisexual
CAL, CGE, E, G. K, L, NY, PDA, US); along
or unisexual. Distribution - Introduced.
the roadside, near settlement, near Farr Inn, C.F.
& R.J. Van Beusekom 1479 (PDA, US); Ohiya
Evaluated.
Road, near the Old Farm, 7000 ft alt., Koyama
& Cooray 13, 534 (PDA, US); Jayasuriya 177 363. Photinia integrifolia Lindl. Syn. Photinia
(PDA, US); along a track parallel with the notoniana Wight & Arn. (Plate 12, Figure R) -
Belihul Oya between Slab Rock Fall and Baker's ¨Kq jr,
Fall, Townsend 73/157 (K); s. coll. C.P. 2770 Evergreen shrub or tree. Young branches
(BM, CAL, CGE, MH, P, PDA); Jungle path quite glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, oblanceolate
on Horton Plains, s. coll. s.n. (PDA); World's or oval oblong, 8 to 12 (—to 15) cm long, 3 to
End, Tirvengadum & Cramer 95, 103 (G, K, 4 (-to 6) cm broad, cuneate or rounded at base,
L, MAU, P, PDA, US). Phenology – Flowers subacuminate at apex, entire, glabrous, shining
March to April. Conservation status_Redlist above, paler beneath. Petiole 1 to 1.5 (—to 3)
2020 – Vulnerable. FFPO – Protected. cm long. Stipules triangular or subulate, 2 to 4
mm long, deciduous. Inflorescence in terminal
361. Argentina polyphylla (Wall. ex Lehm.)
corymbose panicles, spreading, glabrous or
Soják syn. Potentilla mooniana Wight;
more or less pubescent. Distribution - Native,
Potentilla polyphylla Wall. ex Lehm.
Found in jungles, along mountain paths, summit
Erect perennial herb with a stout, woody,
of hills, and in secondary montane forests.
rootstock, giving off long slender stems, up to 1
m long, hispid, ascending, sometimes prostrate.
– Totapolankande, 2600 m alt., Tirvengadum
Leaves imparipinnate, in a rosette at the apex
& Cramer 110, 284 (G, K, L, MAU, P, PDA,
of rootstock, distant on the branches. Rachis
US); Horton Plains, 7000 ft alt., Worthington
+ petiole 10 to 50 cm long, hispid. Flowering
1689 (BM, PDA); s. coll. C.P. 136 or 135? (K);
stems longer than rosette leaves, 15 to 60
Vladik 710, 893 (PDA, US); Van Beusekom
cm long. Inflorescence an open, irregularly
1503 (PDA, US); Meijer, Dassanayake &
branched, lax panicle, hispid. Bracts leaf-like,
Balasubramaniam 618 (K, PDA, US); J.C.W.
toothed at apex. Distribution - Native. In
s.n. (PDA). Phenology – Flowers March to
April. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Calyx lobes ovate, acuteacuminate, or obtuse-

Least Concern. mucronate, erect in fruit. Distribution - Native,
in montane regions above 1000 m. Herbarium
364. Potentilla indica (Andrews) Th.Wolf syn.
specimens Collected from HPNP – Pattipola
Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Teschem. (Plate
Road, 1/4 mile downslope, 2100 m alt.,
10, Figure J)
Comanor 977 (PDA); near Farr Inn, Fosberg
Extensive runner with many slender,
& Mueller Dombois, 2100 m alt., 50079
creeping stolons. Leaves palmately 3-foliolate,
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering all the year.
distant, many at each node. Leaflets rhomboid
or obovate, scabrid above, glandular pubescent
Concern.
beneath. Flowers 1.5 to 2.5 cm across. Bracts
toothed or incised at tip. Pedicel 3.5 to 9 cm long, 367. Rubus leucocarpus var. tomentosa Alston
slender, pilose. Distribution - Native, Usually (Plate 10, Figure L)
found in disturbed habitats like tea or way-side Leaflets glabrous and green above, lanate
gardens. Rarely in damp places. Herbarium tomentose underneath, silvery white at first,
specimens Collected from HPNP – New Farm, turning buff-coloured with age or on exposure,
Tirvengadum & Cramer 105 (G, K, L, MAU, P, 5 to 7, coriaceous. Flower slightly more than 1
PDA, US). Phenology – Flowering and fruiting cm across. Pedicel 1 or 2 cm long. Calyx lobes
from December to February. Conservation ovate-triangular, subulate at tip. Fruit globose,
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated. 1 to 1.6 cm across, greenish- white, purplish-
blue when ripe; drupelets subglobular, fleshy,
365. Potentilla sundaica (Blume) W.Theob.
covered with a thick cottony white tomentum.
Syn. Potentilla kleiniana Wight & Arn.
Distribution - Native, in the upper montane
Annual herb 45 to 60 cm tall. Stem
zone, above 2000 m. Phenology – Flowering
decumbent at base, but not often rooting,
from December to March. Conservation
pubescent. Leaves palmately 3 or 5-foliolate.
status_Redlist 2020 – Near Threaned.
Rosette leaves larger than cauline leaves.
Inflorescence a compound corymbose cyme, 368. Rubus rosifolius Sm. Syn. Rubus rosifolius
spreading, with 2 (sub) opposite dichasial to var. rosifolius; Rubus rosifolius var. coronarius
monochasial branches under the terminal flower. Sims (Plate 10, Figure M)
Bracts leaf-like, sparsely pilose. Pedicel slender, Shrub rooting at nodes and branching
2.5 cm long. Epicalyx lobes oblong, mostly profusely in the apical part. Stem weak, erect,
entire; calyx lobes triangular, slightly larger than or subscandent, slightly pilose. Young branches
the epicalyx. Distribution - Native, in the upper densely pilose. Prickles few, distant, weak.
montane zone at an elevation of 2000 to 2500 m. Leaves compound, imparipinnate. Inflorescence
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP in 2 to 3-flowered axillary and terminal cymes,
– Horton Plains, patana, 7200 ft alt., Pearson often reduced to a single flower, pilose. Flowers
566 (CGE). Phenology – Flowering April, from up to 2.5 cm across. Pedicel up to 3 cm long.
September to October. Conservation status_ Distribution - Introduced. Conservation
Redlist 2020 – Endangered. status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated
366. Rubus ellipticus Sm. (Plate 10, Figure K) 369. Rubus rugosus Sm.
- kr nQgE Strongly growing, scrambling shrub. Stem
Suberect or scrambling shrub. Stem stout, hispid, greyish-yellow or dark brown, old
flexuose, hispid. Young branches ferruginous stem glabrous. Prickles few, scattered, almost
hispid. Stem and branches covered with long, straight, weak. Leaves simple, palmate, ovate
stiff, reddish bristles. Prickles scattered, strong, or suborbicular. Inflorescence in few flowered,
hooked. Leaves compound pinnate, trifoliate, compact axillary or extra-axillary racemes or in
coriaceous; leaflets elliptic or orbicular. Flowers terminal panicles. Distribution - Native. it is
up to 1.2 cm across. Pedicel 0.5 to 1 cm long rather rare and confined to the upper montane
zone, above 2000 m alt. Herbarium specimens Trimen) (Plate 10, Figure N)
Collected from HPNP – North Entrance, 2100 Perennial herb with woody base or shrub.
m, Fosberg & Mueller Dombois 50008 (PDA, Stems glabrous to densely hairy, often drying
US); World's End, 7000 ft. Pearson 490 (CGE); flavescent. Stipules connate, membranous,
Greater World's End, Tirvengadum & Cramer tubular part 3- 6(-8) mm, nervature apparently
101 (K, L, MAU, P, PDA, US); 280 (G, K, L, elongated into bristles 2-4 mm long, outside
MAU, P, PDA, US). Phenology – Flowering sparsely to densely hairy. Leaves various, ovate
from February to May; July; from November to to (ovate-) oblong to elliptic. Inflorescence
December. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 axillary in densely flowered pseudowhorls.
– Endangered. Flowers subsessile, 4-merous, heterostylous.
Distribution - Endemic, Montane vegetation
Family Rubiaceae
in open and secondary sites. Herbarium
370. Galium asperifolium Wall. specimens Collected from HPNP – Trail to
Slender herb, with weak trailing branches, Mt Totapola, Bernardi 15900 (US), Farr Inn,
stems 4-angled, glabrous or slightly scabrid. Fosberg & Mueller-Dombois 50080 (PDA).
Leaves 4-8 whorled, linear-lanceolate to linear- Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
oblong, 5- 15 X 2-3 mm, above glabrous, below Concern.
glabrous or with a few coarse recurved hairs
373. Hedyotis coprosmoides Trimen
on margin and midrib, apex acute to cuspidate,
Shrub up to 2 m, sometimes with somewhat
base acute, lateral nerves indistinct. Petiole 0.
fastigate branches. Lateral branches-distinctly
Flowers solitary in the axils of minute bracts
supra-axillary in origin. Leaves ovate to
forming a small branched inflorescence. Pedicel
broadly elliptic, 0.3-2 x 0.3-1.5 cm, those of the
up to 2 mm. Distribution - Native, Open areas
orthotropic vegetative shoots larger, up to 5 x 3
upper montane zone. Herbarium specimens
cm. Inflorescence lateral, axis distinctly supra-
Collected from HPNP – Balakrishnan 455 (K,
axillary, up to 3 cm long, lateral branches short,
PDA), Fosberg & Mueller- Dombois 50042
up to 1 cm, few-flowered. Flowers heterostylous,
(K), Fosberg & Sachet 53329 (L, PDA), Hepper
subsessile or with a pedicel up to 2 mm long.
4449 (K, PDA), Hepper 4456 (K), Sohmer,
Distribution - Endemic, Open secondary
Jayasuriya & Eliezer 8620 (K). Conservation
areas and shrubberies. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – A.M. De Silva s.n.
371. Gynochthodes umbellata (L.) Razafim. & (PDA), Willis s.n. (PDA), Trimen s.n. (PDA),
B.Bremer syn. Morinda umbellata L. - lsßje,a Farm H.Q., Fosberg 49979 (PDA, US), Trail
Liane to 12(—20) m. Leaves elliptic to Little World's End, Fosberg 50074 (PDA,
to elliptic-lanceolate, rarely ovate, 6—10 x US), Northern entrance, Fosberg & Mueller-
2—3.5(—5) cm, above and below glabrous, Dombois 50000 (PDA, US). Conservation
apex acute to acuminate, base acute to cuneate, status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
lateral nerves 5—8, ultimate venation somewhat
374. Hedyotis dendroides Alston (Plate 10,
reticulate. Petiole up to 1 cm. Inflorescence a
Figure O)
terminal umbel, pedicels 4—10, up to 3 cm
Shrub or small tree up to 5 m, stems thick.
long. Flowers 4- merous. Calyx limb short,
Stipules connate, distinctly sheathing, persistent,
truncate. Corolla white, tube 1 mm, inside
and becoming scarious, usually overlapping,
villous in the throat, lobes oblong, 6-8 mm long,
the basal part of the stipules 2.5-6 cm long,
recurved. Distribution - Native, Wet zone up to
outside with scattered scale-like floccose hairs,
2000 m. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
apical rim fimbriate, fimbriae 9-13, short, 3-10
Least Concern.
mm long, densely floccose at the apex. Leaves
372. Hedyotis ceylanica N.Wikstr. & Neupane ovate to elliptic. Inflorescence a terminal cyme,
syn. Metabolos decipiens (Thwaites) Ridsdale axis up to 25 cm long, lateral axes up to 20 cm.
(in Dass.); Allaeophania decipiens Thwaites (in Flowers heterostylous. Distribution - Endemic,
Upper montane shrubberies. Herbarium Fosberg & Mueller-Dombois 49998 (PDA,

specimens Collected from HPNP – Trail to US), Ohiya Rd, Weerasooriya, Jayasekera &
Little World's End, Fosberg 50064 (PDA, US), Ridsdale 1972 (K, L, PDA), Ohiya Rd. south
Fosberg 50069 (US), Tirvengadum et al. 564 of old farm, Fosberg 50110 (PDA, US), Ohiya
(K, PDA, US); Farr Inn, Fosberg & Sachet station trail, Cramer 4417 (US), World's End
53316 (US); Horton Plains, Agrapatana Rd, trail, Balakrishnan 489 (US), Fosberg &
Huber 834 (PDA, US); Horton plains, Larsen Jayasuriya 53244 (US), Mueller-Dombois &
7029632 (AAU); Kirigalpotta trail, Nowicke & Comanor 67070829 (PDA, US), Stone 11283
Jayasuriya 238 (PDA, US); World's End, Stone (US), World's End to rest house, Comanor 959
11279 (PDA, US); Horton Plains, Ohiya Rd, (PDA, US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
Weerasooriya, Jayasekera & Ridsdale 1970 (K, – Least Concern.
L, PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
377. Hedyotis marginata (Thwaites ex Trimen)
Near Threaned.
Alston syn. Hedyotis lessertiana var. marginata
375. Hedyotis fruticosa L. (Plate 10, Figure P) Thwaites ex Trimen (Plate 10, Figure R)
- jerKsh Shrub or small tree up to 3 m. Stipules
Shrub or small tree 1-3(-4) m high. Stipules connate and connate to the petiole, distinctly
on the flowering shoots deltoid to triangular, 4-6 sheathing, persistent. Leaves ovate to elliptic,
X 5-8 mm, keeled, glabrous, margins glandular 5-16 X 1.5-5cm, above glabrous, below with
serrate. Leaves narrowly- to oblong-lanceolate. a few scattered hairs on the nerves, margins
Corolla infundibular, tube 2-3 mm long, outside faintly ciliate, Inflorescence a terminal,
glabrous to sparsely pubescent, inside densely condensed capitate cyme, sometimes with
pubescent at the throat, lobes narrowly ovate to secondary lateral axis at the next lower node,
oblong, 2-2.5 mm long, incurved at the apex, axis up to 2 cm long, lateral axes up to 1 cm.
outside sparsely pubescent, inside sparsely Flowers heterostylous. Hypanthium 1-2 mm
to densely pubescent. Distribution - Native, long. Distribution - Endemic, Upper montane
Open secondary vegetation and rocky areas shrubberies. Conservation status_Redlist
on mountain tops, generally up to 1000 m. 2020 – Endangered.
378. Hedyotis obscura Thwaites
Concern.
Shrub up to 2 m, sometimes with somewhat
376. Hedyotis lessertiana Arn. Syn. Hedyotis horizontal branches. Lateral branches distinctly
confertiflora (Thwaites) Alston., Hedyotis supra-axillary in origin. Leaves narrowly
lessrtiana var. confertiflora Thwaites; Hedyotis elliptic to lanceolate or broadly elliptic, those
lessertiana var. major Thwaites; Hedyotis of the orthotropic vegetative shoots larger,
lessertiana var. pilosa - fy,a jerKsh drying blackish, above and below glabrous.
Shrub or small tree up to 4 m, stems thick. Inflorescence lateral, axis distinctly supra-
Stipules connate, distinctly sheathing, persistent, axillary, up to 5 cm long, lateral branches short,
and becoming scarious. Leaves ovate to elliptic, up to 1 cm, few-flowered. Flowers heterostylous,
(3.5-)4-8(-10) X (1-) 1.5-3(-5) cm, above sub sessile or with a pedicel up to 2 mm long.
glabrous, below sparsely pallidly hairy on the Distribution - Endemic, Open secondary
nerves, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescence a areas and shrubberies. Herbarium specimens
terminal cyme, axis up to 10 cm long, lateral axes Collected from HPNP – Mt. Totapola, Gardner
up to 8 cm. Flowers heterostylous. Distribution in Thwaites C.P. 94 (K, PDA), s. coll. (?Trimen)
- Endemic, Upper montane shrubberies, often s.n. (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
in open and secondary area. Herbarium – Endangered.
Plains-Mt. Totapola trail, Bernardi 15897,
15899 (PDA, US), Weerasooriya, Jayasekera &
Ridsdale 2001 (K, L, PDA), Northern entrance,
379. Hedyotis plantaginifolia Arn. Syn. sometimes slightly hairy on the keel, apex
Hedyotis verticillaris sensu Trimen; black glandular. Leaves ovate to elliptic, rarely
Pleiocraterium plantaginifolium (Arn.) orbicular. Inflorescences axillary and sometimes
Bremek. (Plate 10, Figure Q) terminal, cymose, axis 2-5 cm long, lateral axes
Perennial tussock-forming herb, stemless short, up to 2 cm long, bracteolate at the nodes.
or very short stemmed, rootstock stoloniferous, Flowers heterostylous, pedicel up to 4 mm
branched. Leaves sessile forming a large rosette, long. Distribution - Endemic, Open secondary
linear-lanceolate to ensiform. Inflorescence vegetation and rocky areas on mountain tops,
axillary, subcapitate, axis up to 30 cm long, generally up to 1000 m. Conservation status_
lateral branches upto 5 cm long. Flowers mostly Redlist 2020 – Least Concern.
heterostylous, subsessile or shortly pedicelled,
382. Ixora calycina Thwaites
pedicel 0.2-0.5 mm long. Distribution -
Shrub or small tree, branchlets glabrous.
Endemic, Wet marshy grassland at higher
Stipules 4 mm long, outside slightly hairy,
altitudes. Herbarium specimens Collected
cusp 2-3 mm long. Leaves (elliptic-) oblong
from HPNP – Horton Plains, s. coll. (?J.C.
to obovate, 7-14 X 2-4.5 cm, above and below
Willis) s.n. (PDA), van Beusekom 1510 (L,
glabrous, apex obtuse to acute, base cuneate,
US), Could 13576 (L, US), Grey-Wilson & S.
lateral nerves 8-11 pairs. Petiole 4-8 mm long.
Silva 3072 (K, US), Kostermans 23054 (L),
Inflorescence often with 3 main branches,
Weerasooriya, Jayasekera & Ridsdale 1992
peduncle 1.7-2 cm long, pubescent, bracts
(K, L, PDA), Robyns 6964 (K, US), Theobold
4-8 mm long, linear. Flowers white, sessile or
& Krahulik 2748 (US), Simpson 9533 A (PDA);
pedicel to 2 mm long. Distribution - Native,
near Farr Inn, Davidse 7620 (US), Fosberg
Montane forest. Conservation status_Redlist
& Mueller-Dombois 50078 (US), Mueller-
Dombois & Cooray 68011308 (US), "Old Farm",
Fosberg 49988 (US), Reflection Lake, Clayton 383. Knoxia platycarpa var. hirsuta (Arn.)
5472 (K, US), World's end, Mueller-Dombois Thwaites syn. Knoxia hirsuta Arn., Knoxia
& Comanor 67070856 (US) Conservation platycarpa var. foliosa Thwaites (Plate 11,
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered. Figure B)
Suffruticose perennial with woody base
380. Hedyotis quinquinervia Thwaites
or low shrub to 2 m. Stem with two lines of
Shrub. Stipules distinctly sheathing,
pubescence, becoming glabrous. Stipules 3-5(-
persistent, on the flowering shoots the basal
10) mm, 3- cleft bristles (4-)5-6, 3-10 mm long,
part of the stipules 3-10 mm long, outside
glabrous sometimes with a few scattered hairs
pubescent, apical rim fimbriate, fimbriae 9-13,
or sparsely pubescent. Leaves ovate-lanceolate.
short, 0.5-1.5 mm long. Leaves broadly ovate
Inflorescence a condensed capitate corymb,
to orbicular or broadly obovate, Flowers
usually with 3 or 4 main axes, peduncle short,
heterostylous, subsessile. Hypanthium 0.8-
up to 1 cm. Distribution - Endemic, Open rocks
1.2 mm long, glabrous, calyx tube short, lobes
and roadside cuttings. Herbarium specimens
deltoid to narrowly triangular, 0.5-1 X 0.5-1
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains-Farr Inn
mm, margins ciliate. Distribution - Endemic,
to World’s End, Sohmer, Jayasuriya & Eliezer
Upper montane shrubberies. Conservation
8629 (US), Read 2017 (PDA), Tirvengadum
et al. 562, 563, 566 (L, PDA ); World’s End,
FFPO – Protected.
Davidse 7646 US), Fosberg & Sachet 53337
381. Hedyotis trimenii var. trimenii Deb & (US), Gould & Cooray 13803 (L, PDA, US),
Ratna Dutta (Plate 11, Figure A) - f.dkq Mueller-Dombois & Comanor 67070830 (US),
jerKsh Nowicke & Jayasuriya 228 (US), Stone 11255,
Shrub or small tree to l-3(-4)m. Lateral 11281 (US), Tirvengadum & Cramer 278
branches distinctly supraaxillary in origin. (PDA, US); Little World’s End, Fosberg 50044,
Stipules ovate, 2-3 X 3-5 mm, keeled, glabrous, 50045, 50061, 50065 (all PDA, US), Theobald
& Krahulik 2759 (US). Conservation status_ Jayasuriya 221 (US), Tirvengadum et al. 559,
Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable. 560, 561, 568, 569 (all PDA, US); Farr Inn,
Fosberg 53314 (US), Gould & Cooray 13846
384. Lasianthus foetulentus syn. Lasianthus
(US); Horton Plains, Kostermans 23106 (K, L)
foetulentus var. pseudovarians Ridsdale
Willis s.n. (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist
Shrub. Branchlets glabrous, crushed plants
2020 – Least Concern.
foetid. Stipules lanceolate, 3-5 x 0.5 mm,
glabrous or with a few russet hairs at the top. 387. Neanotis nummularia (Arn.) W.H. Lewis
Leaves elliptic to obovate, 3-8 x 1-3 cm, above syn. Anotis nummularis (Arn.) Hook.f. (Plate
and below glabrous, lateral and tertiary nerves 11, Figure E)
prominently raised above and below, apex Perennial stoloniferous herb, stems
shallowly acute and abruptly apiculate. Flowers prostrate at base with erect shoots to 40 cm,
2-6 per axil. Hypanthium ovoid, 0.8-1 mm long, angled to slightly winged, glabrous or slightly
glabrous. Distribution - Endemic, Montane pubescent, slightly foetid when crushed.
shrubbery. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 Stipules inconspicuous, highly reduced to a few
– Vulnerable teeth. Leaves subsessile, ovate to rotundate.
Inflorescence terminal, subcapitate, axis up to 6
385. Lasianthus thwaitesii (Thwaites) Trimen
cm. Flowers heterostylous, subsessile. Corolla
(Plate 11, Figure C)
hypocrateriform, violet-blue, tube 2-3 mm
Shrub. Branchlets densely adpressed hairy.
long, outside and inside glabrous. Distribution
Stipules lanceolate, 3-4 X 0.5 mm, glabrous
- Native, Common herb in open, usually
or with a few russet hairs at the top. Leaves
wet, places, montane forests and grasslands.
lanceolate, drying yellow-brown, above
glabrous, glossy, below glabrous or with very
HPNP – A.M.S(ilva)s.n. (PDA), Fosberg &
few scattered hairs, apex long acuminate,
Sachet 53354 (US), Jayasuriya 2400 (K, PDA,
base acute, lateral nerves 3-4 pairs, prominent
US), Mueller- Dombois & Cooray 67091323
below, tertiary venation indistinct, somewhat
(PDA, US), Bogawantalawa Rd, Willis s.n.
immersed in the lamina. Petiole up to 0.5 cm
(PDA), Farr Inn to World's End, Waas 118, 120
long, densely hairy. Flowers solitary or few
(PDA, US), New Farm, Cooray 68051720R,
per axil. Distribution - Endemic, Montane
68051721R (PDA, US), Ohiya Rd, culvert
shrubbery. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
5/6, Cramer 3146 (PDA, US), Pattipola Rd,
– Critically Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
Mueller-Dombois & Cooray 67070952 (PDA,
386. Neanotis monosperma (Wight. & Arn.) US), Trail to Kirigalpotta mountain, Nowicke
W.H. Lewis (Plate 11, Figure D) & Jayasuriya 234 (PDA, US). Conservation
Perennial herb, rooting at the nodes, usually status_Redlist 2020 – Vulnerable.
procumbent, often matforming, crushed parts
with a foetid smell. Leaves ovate to elliptic, (0.7-
)1-3 X (0.5-)0.8-1.5 (-2) cm, chartaceous, above
and below slightly, mediumly to densely hirsute.
Inflorescence a loose terminal corymb, axis up
to 4 cm long. Distribution - Native, Common
herb in open, usually wet, places, montane
forests and grasslands. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Mt. Totapola, Bernardi
15896 (US) Pattipola-Horton Plains, Comanor
945 (US); Trail World's End to Little World's
End, Fosberg 50043 (US), 50050 US), 50055
(PDA, US), Fosberg & Jayasuriya 53255 (US),
Gould & Cooray 13802 (PDA, US), Nowicke &
PLATE 10 : A. Kuruna densifolia; B. Polygala arillata; C. Persicaria capitata; D. Rumex

obtusifolius; E. Lysimachia deltoidea; F. Lysimachia laxa; G. Maesa indica; H. Rhamnus arnottiana;
I. Alchemilla indica; J. Potentilla indica; K. Rubus ellipticus; L. Rubus leucocarpus; M. Rubus
rosifolius; N. Hedyotis ceylanica; O. Hedyotis dendroides; P. Hedyotis fruticosa; Q. Hedyotis
plantaginifolia; R. Hedyotis marginata.
388. Pavetta involucrata Thwaites highlands, usually above 1500 m elevation.

Shrub or small tree to 7 m, branchlets Herbarium specimens Collected from
glabrous, young growth drying black. Stipules HPNP – Diyagama Tea Estate Road up to
oblong, 10-20 x 3-5 mm, inside and outside Horton Plains, Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi
glabrous, apex acute. Leaves (broadly-) 9971 (BISH, F, GH, GOET, K, MO, NY, P,
elliptic to oblong, or obovate to oblanceolate, PDA, RSA, US). Phenology – Flowering
(5-)8-12(-15) x (2.5-)3.5-5 cm. Inflorescence The flowering period varies greatly usually
subcapitate, subtended by modified involucrum- beginning during April-May and continuing
like stipules up to 1-2 cm long and wide, these into Nov.-Dec. During Oct.-Nov. flowers and
surrounding the young inflorescence, axis mature fruits are seen simultaneously on some
broad, 3-5 mm wide. Flowers 4- merous, pale individuals. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
green. Distribution - Endemic, Montane forest. – Least Concern.
391. Rubia cordifolia L. (Plate 11, Figure G) -
– Fosberg & Mueller-Dombois 49996 (L, PDA),
uKavd u¢k je,a" fhda.u je,a
Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi 10162 (PDA),
Perennial herb, with long rootstock with
Stone 11298 (PDA), Tirvengadum et al. 545 (K,
a red cortex, stems up to 6 m long weakly
L, PDA); Mt. Totapola, Hoogland 11549 (K, L,
scrambling. Leaves 4 (-6 or 8)whorled, ovate to
obovate, above glabescent to scabrous, below
Vulnerable.
with a few coarse recurved hairs on margin and
389. Psychotria gardneri var. jayasuriyae midrib, apex acute to acuminate, base rounded
Sohmer (Plate 11, Figure F) - l¿ l+ráh to cordate, lateral nerves 2-3 pairs, usually
Slender, much-branched, glabrous trees to 5-nerved from the base. Petiole up to 3 cm.
5 m with narrow, ovate, caduceus stipules 4-10 Inflorescence terminal and axillary, lax dichasial
mm long, slightly lobed at apex. Inflorescence cyme. Flowers 5-merous. Distribution -
monochotomous, with one main axis 2.5-9.5 cm Native, Secondary and disturbed montane
long with up to 4 nodes with whorls of usually forest. Herbarium specimens Collected
four branches at each. Distribution - Endemic, from HPNP – Cramer 4603 (PDA), Davidse
in wet forests of the central province, excepting & Sumithraarachchi 8065 (PDA), Fosberg
Horton Plains, from about 1000 to 2000 50060 (K), Fosberg & Mueller Dombois 50088
m. Herbarium specimens Collected from (K, PDA), Kostermans 23018 (PDA), Sohmer
HPNP – Road from Diyagama Tea Estate up & Sumithraarachchi 10040 (K), Waas 136
to Horton Plains, Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
9973 (BISH, F, GH, K, MO, NY, P, PDA, Endangered.
US). Phenology – Flowering usually begins in
392. Saprosma glomerata var. gardneri
March-April and the fruits mature by August-
(Thwaites) Gang syn. Saprosma indica var.
gardneri (Thwaites) Hook.f.
– Vulnerable
Shrub, branching appearing dichotomous,
390. Psychotria zeylanica Sohmer syn. branchlets yellowishbrown, shiny, widening
Psychotria bisulcata sensu Trimen - isxy, j,a at the nodes. Stipules ovate to triangular, apex
f.ksld with 1 or 3 bristle-like teeth. Leaves ovate to
Shrubby tree to 3 m, diffusely branched, elliptic above and below glabrous, apex acute to
with ovate-deltoid, glabrous, caducous acuminate, base rounded to subcordate, lateral
stipules to 12 mm long, leaving a laciniate nerves 9-13 pairs. Flowers solitary or in 3's,
scar after abscission; leaves with petioles 0.1- terminal or axillary, pedicels short, 1-2 mm
1.5 cm long and with obovate, oblanceolate or long, bracteolate. Corolla infundibular, tube 5-6
elliptic, coriaceous blades 0.8 x 2.9-4.5 x 12 mm long, outside glabrous, inside villous in the
cm wide and long. Distribution - Endemic, throat. Distribution - Endemic, Montane forest.
Very common in the wet forests of the central Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
– Galagama, below Horton Plains, Thwaites C.P. greenish-cinereous, soon glabrate. Leaves
82 (K, PDA). Conservation status_Redlist almost always trifoliolate, the petioles 8-48
2020 – Endangered mm long; petiolules 2-12 mm long; blades
thin, coriaceous, subequal, elliptic to oblance-
393. Tarenna flava Alston syn. Webera
obovate, mostly 3-12 cm long, 1-6.5 cm
corymbosa var. montana Thwaites
wide. Flowers small, tetramerous, about 2
Shrub or small tree 3-10 m, bark thin,
mm long; sepals rounded-deltoid, cinereous;
smooth, rather scaly. Stipules short, 2-3 mm with
petals deltoid-ovate. Distribution - Native,
a 2-3 mm long acicular point, glabrous, often
Widespread in the wetter zones, at almost all
resinous. Leaves elliptic, (5-)6-10 x (1.5-) 2-4(-
altitudes, but shrubby and dwarfed at high
5.5) cm, coriaceous, glabrous, usually drying
black, apex acute, base cuneate, lateral nerves
from HPNP – Stone 11280 (KLU), Sohmer
6-10 pairs, petiole up to 1 cm. Inflorescence
10007, 10185 (A). Conservation status_
up to 6 cm long, branches glabrous. Flowers
Redlist 2020 – Least Concern
pedicellate, pedicels glabrous. Distribution
- Native, Wet mid- and upper-montane areas, 396. Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. (Plate 11,
usually above 1,200 m. Herbarium specimens Figure J) - l=vqñßiai
Collected from HPNP – Diyagama estate to Small climber, the stems scrambling
Horton Plains, Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi by the sharp, recurved prickles; branch-lets
994 (US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – terete, glabrous or slightly puberulent. Leaves
Near Threaned. alternate or spiralled, trifoliolate; petiole to 2
cm long, often prickly beneath; leaflets sessile,
Family Rutaceae
to 5 cm long, ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
394. Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq. Syn. bluntly acuminate, at base acute; margins
Acronychia laurifolia Blume (Plate 11, Figure shallowly crenulate; midrib sometimes prickly
H) - wxflkao beneath; lateral nerves numerous. Inflorescence
A small tree, with pale smooth bark; younger paniculate, the pedicels very short. Distribution
branchlets glabrous to finely puberulent. - Native, rather common in montane forests.
Leaves simple; petiole up to 5 cm long; leaf- Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least
blade elliptic to suboblong or slightly obovate, Concern.
at base usually cuneate, at apex obtusely
Family Sabiaceae
acuminate; lateral nerves 3-7 pairs; texture
thin-coriaceous; blades 3.5-24 cm long, 2-8 397. Meliosma simplicifolia subsp. pungens
cm wide. Inflorescences mostly 4-24 cm long, (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Beus (Plate 11, Figure
axes glabrous or nearly so. Flowers greenish- K) - we,aneoao .ia
white, mostly 8-11 (rarely to 13) mm long, Leaves elliptic to oblong, sometimes
occasionally smaller. Distribution - Native, lanceolate, without or with some distant
in the moist region, from sea-level up to 1600 teeth, acute to rounded at the base, acute to
m. Herbarium specimens Collected from acuminate at the apex. Panicles lax to dense,
HPNP – Horton Plains, Hladik 870. Phenology branched up to the 2nd (3rd) order; axes rather
– Flowering occurs mostly in February to April. coarse, terete to slightly angular, densely
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least short-tomentose. Flowers crowded in dense
Concern. glomerules. Distribution - Native , Common in
hill-forests at least from c. 1600 up to c. 2100
395. Melicope lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.)
m altitude. Herbarium specimens Collected
T.G.Hartley syn. Euodia lunu-ankenda
from HPNP – 7000 ft alt., Worthington 1677
(Gaertn.) Merr., Euodia roxburghiana Benth. ex
(K). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Hook.f. (Plate 11, Figure I) - ¨Kq wxflkao
Vulnerable.
Small tree, sometimes dwarfed, the bark
smooth, grey. Young branchlets compressed,
Family Salicaceae Family Sapindaceae

398. Casearia thwaitesii Briq. Syn. Casearia 400. Allophylus zeylanicus L. syn. Allophylus
coriacea Thwaites hispidus Trimen , Allophylus varians (Thwaites)
Tree 4—12 m or shrub 2—3 m tall with dense Radlk., Allophylus acuminatus (Hiern.) Radlk.,
canopy; d.b.h. up to 60 cm; bark dark, smooth A. zeylanicus var. varians Hiern. (Plate 11,
or very rough (fide Worthington); living bark Figure M) - j,a fldínE
yellowish; young branches glabrous. Leaves ± Shrubs or small trees; bark smooth,
congested, red-purple when young, obovate or somewhat whitish; young parts glabrous,
some shortly elliptic. Flowers in few-flowered occasionally hairy. Leaves simple, lanceolate to
axillary fascicles, pinkish white; pedicels 2—4 linear-lanceolate, (5) 8-18 cm long, base acute-
mm long. Distribution - Native, Primary and cuneate. Inflorescences axillary, 3-6 cm long,
secondary montane forest edges, cloud-forest, lax, pubescent, thyrses or racemes, with scattered
jungle, scrub and thicket edges; 1500—2300 fascicles of flowers. Flowers shortpedicellate,
m. Herbarium specimens Collected from irregular, unisexual. Distribution - Endemic,
HPNP – World‘s End Trail, Balakrishnan 1045 In the forests of the moist region, up to 2000
(K, PDA, US), 1048 (K, PDA, US), 1205 (K, m. Herbarium specimens Collected from
US), Cramer 4343 (K), road from Ohiya to Farr HPNP – Ohiya-Horton Plains Road, D.B. & D.
Inn, Huber 662 (PDA), Farr Inn to Big World‘s Sumithraarachchi 942 (K, PDA). Conservation
End, jungle patch, Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi status_Redlist 2020 – Least Concern.
10047 (K), midway Pattipola to Horton Plains,
Family Sapotaceae
Tirvengadum & Cramer 113 (K), road to
World‘s End, Tirvengadum & Cramer 275 401. Isonandra montana (Thwaites) Gamble
(K). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – syn. Isonandra lanceolata var. montana
Vulnerable. (Thwaites) Trimen (Plate 11, Figure N)
Small to medium tree 2—17 m tall with
Family Santalaceae
very short branches; wide, broadly rounded to
399. Korthalsella japonica (Thunb.) Engl. slightly emarginate or with traces of obscure
(Plate 11, Figure L) acumination at the apex, cuneate at the base,
Plants usually less than 1 dm tall, often ± coriaceous, glabrous above, at first often
densely flabellately branched by the occurrence pubescent beneath but later entirely glabrous
of collateral branches arising from the nodes; or with only few hairs particularly on the
basal internodes of the main stem c. 5-10 mm midrib; lateral nerves, the venation ± closely
long, often somewhat rounded and shorter reticulate between. Inflorescences axillary
than immediately succeeding ones, which are often when leaves have fallen, mostly in upper
c. 12-15 mm long, c. 5 mm wide, flattened parts of branchlets. Distribution - Endemic,
and broadened with a medially raised midrib, Wet evergreen mixed forest with pronounced
becoming gradually narrowed and shortened dry season, montane forest; 1350-2100 m.
apically. Fruit subpyriform c. 1-2 mm long. Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
Distribution - Native, Scattered through the – Huber 643 (PDA). Conservation status_
high montane zone. Herbarium specimens Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
Collected from HPNP – Trimen in 1890
Family Smilacaceae
Critically Endangered. FFPO – Protected. 402. Smilax aspera L. syn. Smilax rettiana
Wills ex Livera (Plate 11, Figure O)
Much-branched climbing shrub. Branches
smooth or with prickles, more or less angular
with 4-6 ribs. Leaves 2.5-8 x 1.5-6 cm, ovate,
deltoid or lanceolate, acute or acuminate; at
base hastate or cordate with rounded lobes. 406. Solanum mauritianum Scop. Syn.
Petiole 2-3 cm long, smooth or with prickles, Solanum verbascifolium sensu Trimen (Plate
with wings 1-2 mm broad, and tendrils arising 11, Figure P) - yelß,a,
6-7 mm above the base. Peduncle 0.5-1.5 Solanum mauritianum is a small tree or
mm. Inflorescence axis 2.5-6 cm long, zig- shrub native to South America, including
zag, smooth. Distribution - Native, Montane Northern Argentina, Southern Brazil, Paraguay
zone, rather common. Herbarium specimens and Uruguay. Its common names include earleaf
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains and nightshade (or "ear-leaved nightshade"), woolly
Dimbula, Apr 1852, staminate, s. coll. C.P. 75, nightshade, flannel weed, bugweed, tobacco
p.p. (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020 weed, tobacco bush, wild tobacco and kerosene
– Endangered. plant. Distribution - exotic. Conservation
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated
Family Solanaceae
Family Staphyleaceae
403. Cestrum elegans (Brongn. ex Neumann)
Schltdl. 407. Turpinia malabarica Gamble syn.
Straggling shrub 2-3 m high, with long Turpinia nepalensis var. montana Thwaites,
terete branches, densely dark ferrugineously Turpinia pomifera sensu Hiern. non (Roxb.)
pubescent on the younger parts. Leaves ovate- DC.,p.p. (Plate 11, Figure Q) - weg ysß,a,
lanceolate, 4-12 cm long, 1-4 cm wide, rounded Medium to large trees, 12-15 m tall; young
at the base, slightly unequal, acuminate at the parts glabrous. Stipules triangular, leafy, early
apex, finely pubescent beneath, petiole 0.5-1 cm deciduous. Leaves opposite, imparipinnate,
long. Inflorescences terminal or subterminal, leaf axis 6-15 cm long. Flowers regular, white,
congested, with numerous flowers; corolla red, numerous, in axillary and terminal panicles,
often deeply coloured, tube rather inflated, 2 with opposite branches; bracts and bracteoles
cm long. Distribution- exotic. Conservation caducous. Sepals 5; lobes ovate, 2 mm long,
status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated. obtuse, ciliate. Petals 5, obovate, ovaloblong, c.
3 mm long, obtuse, finely ciliate. Distribution
404. Lycianthes bigeminata (Nees) Bitter
- In moist zone forests; up to 2000 m; Native.
Straggling undershrub c. 35-100 cm high,
upper branches dichotomous, rather zig-zag,
HPNP – Thwaites C.P. 218 (type of Turpinia
quadrangular, internodes 3-10 cm long. Lower
nepalensis Wall. var. montana Thw. BM, K).
leaves solitary, upper ones often paired and
Phenology – Flowering & Fruiting March to
unequal. Flowers 2-5 in axils, pedicels 7-9 mm
October. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
long in flower, extending to 16 mm long in fruit.
Least Concern.
Distribution - Native, Inhabiting the forests of
the montane zone, now uncommon. Herbarium
specimens Collected from HPNP – Sept. 1890,
? Trimen s.n. (PDA), Fosberg 49976 (PDA),
Balakrishnan 1046 (PDA, US). Conservation
405. Solanum laxum Spreng.
Solanum laxum, commonly known as potato
vine, potato climber or jasmine nightshade, is an
evergreen vine in the family Solanaceae. It is
native to South America and commonly grown
as an ornamental garden plant. Distribution-
exotic. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
Not Evaluated.
PLATE 11 : A. Hedyotis trimenii; B. Knoxia platycarpa; C. Lasianthus thwaitesii; D. Neanotis

monosperma; E. Neanotis nummularia; F. Psychotria gardneri; G. Rubia cordifolia; H. Acronychia
pedunculata; I. Melicope lunu-ankenda; J. Toddalia asiatica; K. Meliosma simplicifolia; L.
Korthalsella japonica; M. Allophylus zeylanicus; N. Isonandra montana; O. Smilax aspera; P.
Solanum mauritianum; Q. Turpinia malabarica; R. Symplocos bractealis.
Family Symplocaceae to densely long-villous; bracts and bracteoles

appressedly hairy. Distribution - Mainly in the
408. Symplocos acuminata (Blume) Miq.
hill country. Endemic. Conservation status_
Syn. Symplocos spicta Roxb.; as Symplocos
Redlist 2020 – Endangered. FFPO – Protected.
cochinchinensis subsp. laurina (Retz.) Noot. In
Dass. (Plate 12, Figure A) - fndaUq 411. Symplocos obtusa Wall. - fudg fndaUq
Shrub, or tree to 12 m. Twigs and leaves Shrub, or tree to 15 m high and 30 cm diam.,
glabrous except sometimes the youngest parts but mostly smaller. Twigs glabrous. Leaves
which can be appressedly hairy in innovations. glabrous, (broadly) obovate, with cuneate base
Leaves broadly to narrowly elliptic, and rounded, rarely shortly acuminate, apex.
Inflorescence a mostly compound spike to 14 Inflorescence a 2-15 cm long spike or raceme,
cm; axis glabrous to more or less appressedly sometimes in small-leaved forms reduced to
puberulous or pubescent. Distribution - only 1 flower; axis glabrous; the (narrowly)
Predominantly in the wet zone, from 0-2100 elliptic or ovate bracts and the bracteoles
m, often in secondary vegetation. Native. glabrous but ciliate, caducous under the
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Least flower. Distribution - In mountain forest. Alt.
Concern 1000-2300 m. Native. Herbarium specimens
Collected from HPNP – Theobald & Krahulik
409. Symplocos bractealis Thwaites (Plate 11,
2829 (US). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
Figure R)
– Endangered.
Shrub or treelet to 12 m but mostly shorter;
twigs glabrous. Leaves glabrous, mostly 412. Symplocos pendula var. pendula Wight
elliptic, 1.8 to 10 x 1.2 to 5 cm with cuneate (Plate 12, Figure C)
to slightly cordate base and rounded to acute, Shrub. Twigs glabrous or puberulous.
rarely slightly acuminate apex. Corolla 5-7 mm. Leaves glabrous, elliptic to obovate, 3-10x1.5-
Stamens c. 100. Disk 5-glandular, (sparsely) 5 cm with cuneate base and rounded apex.
soft hairy; style glabrous except the often soft Petiole 3-10 mm. Flowers solitary or few
hairy base. Fruit ovoid-ellipsoid, c. 12.5 x 6.5 together in a short raceme; pedicel slender, 2-10
mm; stone smooth or with shallow ridges. mm, with 2- several minute bracteoles. Ovary
Distribution - Mountain forest, alt. 1170-2400 glabrous, conical, 3-5 mm high, semiinferior,
m. Native. Herbarium specimens Collected the superior part densely greyish hairy. Calyx
from HPNP – Horton Plains, Comanor 457, with very short, rounded ciliate lobes. Corolla
960 (PDA), Cramer 4024 (PDA), Kostermans tubular, trumpet shaped, 6-10 mm long.
23051, 23123 (PDA, L), Meijer 638 (PDA), Distribution - in primary mountain forest
Nowicke 260 (PDA, US), Sohmer 9976, 10044, and secondary shrubbery, alt. 1000-2300 m.
10050 (PDA), Tirvengadum & Cramer 274 Native. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
(PDA), Waas 852 (PDA, US), Nooteboom Vulnerable.
3345, 3338, 3340, 3349 (PDA). Conservation
Family Theaceae
413. Polyspora ceylanica (Wight) Orel, Peter
410. Symplocos elegans var. minor Thwaites
G.Wilson, Curry & Luu syn. Gordonia
(Plate 12, Figure B)
ceylanica Wight (Plate 12, Figure D) - r;áh"
Shrub or treelet to 3 m. Twigs densely
ñysßh
patently soft and long-villous or more or less
Medium-sized trees, 12—15 m, tall;
appressedly. Leaves c. elliptic or ovate, patently
branchlets pilose; bark with vertical concave
or appressedly pilose beneath, but often
ridges. Leaves rather coriaceous, lanceolate
glabrous, apex rounded to acuminate, margin flat
or oblonglanceolate. Flowers axillary, solitary
to strongly revolute, denticulate. Inflorescence
on short pedicels, 3.2— 4.2 cm diam., white;
a spike or raceme to 3 cm, but often shorter;
pedicels thick, about 4 mm long, pilose-hairy.
axis sparsely appressedly pilose or pubescent
Sepals orbicular. Distribution - In montane
forests of wet zone, 900—2100 m., endemic. flowers in lax clusters in the upper axils,
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP pedicellate; pedicels 2-3 mm; perianth-teeth
– Horton Plains-Diyagama 1950 m, 28 Jan acute, dorsally hairy. Female flowers in dense
1945, Worthington s.n. (BM). Conservation clusters; flowers surrounded by lanceolate,
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered. small bracts; perianth-teeth hirsute above the
middle, enveloping the achene. Achenes elliptic
Family Thymelaeaceae
or ovoid, compressed, enclosed. Distribution
414. Wikstroemia canescens Meisn. (Plate 12, - Among stones in the upper montane zone,
Figure E) 1,800-2,100 m. Native. Conservation status_
Twiggy shrub c. 1-2.25 m tall. Branchlets Redlist 2020 – Critically Endangered.
and twigs slender, terete, ± whitish-or yellowish-
416. Dendrocnide sinuata (Blume) Chew syn.
tomentose when young, glabrescent and
Laportea crenulata (Roxb.) Wedd. - udWiaid
brownishpurple when older, with pale lenticels.
.ia" ud Wiaid
Leaves narrowly elliptic to elliptic or oblong.
Dioecious shrubs or small trees c. 6 m high,
Flower rather few and inconspicuous, greenish-
with profuse, downward-pointing stinging hairs.
yellow to yellow, frequently ± purplish-
Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, ovate-oblong to
suffused on the outer surface, in lateral and
elliptic-lanceolate, sparsely clothed with irritant
terminal panicles of congested. Distribution
hairs on the adaxial surface, more on the veins
- Edges of mossy mist forests, scrub margins,
of the abaxial surface, acute-acuminate at apex,
streamside in "wet" patana; at higher altitudes
narrowed or cuneate at base. Inflorescence a
(to c. 2300 m) in Central Province only, Native.
slender panicle, dichotomously branched with
flowers in loose fascicles, unisexual, male ones
– Horton Plains, at Ohiya Road 1 1/2 miles from
shorter than the female. Distribution - In damp
Rest House, 9 July 1967, Mueller-Dombois &
forests in wet zone. Occationaly in Montane
Comanor 67070939 (PDA, US); ibid., near
areas. Native. Conservation status_Redlist
Farr Inn, 29 Mar. 1968, Fosberg & Mueller-
2020 – Endangered.
Dombois 50089 (PDA, US), Moon Plains near
Govt. Farm, at scrub edge above plot P. 16, 17 417. Elatostema monandrum (Buch.-Ham. ex
May 1968, Cooray 68051732R (PDA, US), D.Don) H.Hara syn. Elatostema surculosum
Horton Plains, edge of forest to left and down Wight (Plate 12, Figure F)
slope from where road to Diyagama forks from Dioecious or monoecious herbs; stems 6-25
road to Ohiya, 4 March 1973, Townsend 73/159 cm long. Leaves numerous, uniformly increasing
(PDA, US); ibid., by track to North Cove c. in size upwards, membranous, coriaceous or
1 mile S.S.E. of S. shoulder of Kirigalpota, almost fleshy, Male receptacles 6-12 mm diam.,
4 Mar. 1973, Townsend 73/161 (PDA, US). pedunculate; peduncles usually longer than the
Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Near leaves; involucral bracts free, membranous,
Threatned. orbicular, outer often dorsally spurred; flowers
few; tepals 4, ovate; stamens 4. Female
Family Urticaceae
receptacles smaller, sessile. Distribution -
415. Chamabainia cuspidata Wight Native On wet rocks or stream banks in shady
Ascending or diffuse herbs, rooting from places in montane wet zone, to 2,100 m.
the nodes, young parts densely short-pubescent. Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
Leaves opposite, ovate or elliptic, 1.5-5 x – Ascent to Horton Plains, mile post 2/5, S.W. of
1-2.5 cm, apex acute-acuminate, base rounded Pattipola, 1,980 m, 18 Oct 1974, Davidse 7689
or cuneate, finely shallowly serrate, sparsely (PDA); Mt. Totapola, 2,200 m, 10 Dec 1975,
pubescent on both surfaces, 3-nerved; petioles Bernardi 15905 (PDA). Conservation status_
0.4-1.5 cm long; stipules 4 at each node, ovate, Redlist 2020 – Endangered.
very conspicuous, 4-5 x 2-3 mm, membranous.
Flowers in axillary, bracteate clusters. Male
418. Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis syn. axillary, long-peduncled, dichotomous cymes.
Girardinia heterophylla Decne, Girardinia Male flowers: tepals 4, connate, often spurred;
hetrophylla var. palmata Hook.f. (Plate 12, stamens as many as tepals; pistillode minute,
Figure G) - .ia lyô,shd oblong. Female flowers: tepals usually 3, rarely
Undershrub, to 1.5 (2) m; branches with 4. Distribution - In forests and shady places
stinging hairs throughout. Leaves alternate, in montane wet zone; 1,500- 2,300 m. Native.
elliptic-ovate in outline, entire, pedately Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP
3-7-lobed, 10-15 x 10-20 cm, margin inciso- – Horton Plains, forest back of Farr Inn, 3 Dec
serrate. Male flower: 3.5 mm across, white. 1970, Fosberg & Sachet 53276 (PDA); Along
Tepals 4, ovate, cucullate, c. 2 mm wide, Primate Survey Transect in Cloud forest, N.
valvate, membranous, strigose hairy without. of Horton Plains Rest House, 2,300 m, 3 Dec
Stamens 4; filaments 2 mm long. Distribution 1970, Theobald & Krahulik 2739 (PDA);
- Endemic, on waste ground in low country, Horton Plains, 1 Nov 1971, Balakrishnan
800-1,000 m and along forest edges in montane 1035 (PDA), near World's End, 20 Oct 1994,
zone 1,000-1,900 m. Herbarium specimens Wadhwa, Weerasooriya & Samarasinghe 446
Collected from HPNP – Foot trail from (K, PDA). Conservation status_Redlist 2020
Ohiya to Pattipola, c. 2,100 m, 15 Mar 1971, – Endangered.
Balakrishnan 483 (K, PDA); Road from
421. Pouzolzia hirta var. hirta (Blume) Hassk.
Diyagama Tea Estate to Horton Plains, 27
Syn. Pouzolzia bennettiana Wight
Oct 1975, Sohmer & Sumithraarachchi 9981
Herbs or shrubs, to 1.5 m; young parts
(PDA). Phenology – Flowering November to
pubescent. Leaves opposite or ternately
February. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
whorled, upper leaves not reduced to bracts or
Endangered.
markedly smaller, oblong, elliptic-lanceolate or
419. Pilea melastomoides (Poir.) Wedd. Syn. narrowly lanceolate, apex usually acuminate,
Pilea trinerva (Roxb.) Wight (Plate 12, Figure base acute, rounded or subcordate, pubescent on
H) lower surface, sometimes completely glabrous,
Tall herbs or undershrubs to 2.5 m, 3-nerved from base; stipules persistent. Flowers
dioecious; internodes short, tumid. Leaves in dense, axillary, ± sessile clusters. Male flowers
ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, 6-20 x 5-11 cm. 4 mm across, buds truncate. Distribution - In
Male inflorescence on long peduncles; flowers 4 montane forests of wet zone, 1,200-2,200 m.
mm across; tepals 4, ovate, 2 mm, acute, shortly Native. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 –
beaked dorsally; stamens 4; filaments c. 3 mm Vulnerable.
long. Female inflorescence mostly short and
Family Viburnaceae
congested; flowers 1.5 mm across. Distribution
- In forests of wet zone, in damp shady places, 422. Viburnum cylindricum Bunch. - Ham.
700-2,000 m. Native. Herbarium specimens ex D.Don syn. Viburnum coriaceum Blume,
Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains, Viburnum coriaceum var. capitellata (Wight &
Agararapatana road, 29 June 1973, Nowicke & Arn.) C.B. Clarke
Jayasuriya 267 (PDA). Conservation status_ Large erect shrubs or small trees,
Redlist 2020 – Near Threatned. occasionally up to 15 m; young parts thinly
pubescent. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, ovate
420. Pilea wightii Wedd. (Plate 12, Figure I)
– lanceolate. Inflorescences terminal umbellate
Slender herbs, to 30 cm tall. Leaves
- corymbose cymes, upto 8 cm across, axis
membranous, ovate or ellipticovate, glabrous
stellately pubescent, primary rays 5-7. Flowers
to sparsely pubescent above, usually punctate
usually on rays of third order, nearly sessile;
below, base subcordate to acute, apex acute-
peduncles 1.0-1.4 cm long. Bracts linear.
acuminate, margin narrowly serrate to just
Distribution - In open primary and secondary
below the apex, lateral veins evanescent a short
forests in montane area, upto 2000 m. Native.
distance below the apex. Flowers minute, in
Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP – Horton Plains, halfway from Farr Inn to Little
– Feb 1846, s.coll. C.P. 73 (K), 6 Oct 1973, World's End, Read 2042 (US); between Small
Waas 132 (PDA). Conservation status_Redlist World's End and Big World's End, Theobold &
2020 – Endangered Krahulik 2761 (USI; past Pattipola on road to
Horton Plains, Mueller-Dombois & Comanor
423. Viburnum erubescens Wall. ex DC.
67070823 (US). Conservation status_Redlist
Large shrubs or small trees; bark smooth,
2020 – Least Concern.
white or crimson-white; young parts pubescent.
Leaves subcoriaceous, broadly ovate, sometimes 426. Hedychium flavescens Carey ex Roscoe
oblong, 3.5-7.8 x 2.2-4.8 cm. Inflorescences (Plate 12, Figure L)
terminal, lax, drooping paniculate cymes, c.5 cm Up to 3 m high. Leaves sessile, lanceolate
long, axis pubescent to stellate hairy. Flowers acuminate, tapering towards the base, lightly
whitish-pink or cream coloured; pedicels 3-5 pubescent on lower surface; ligule 1–2 cm,
mm long. Bracts linear, 1.5-2 cm long, slightly membranous, entire, pubescent; sheaths
pubescent. Distribution - In dense montane glabrous. Inflorescence terminal, more or less
forests 1000-2000 m. Native. Conservation ovate. Bracts at the base of the inflorescence,
status_Redlist 2020 – Endangered. broadly ovate, rather obtuse, membranous at
margins, distinctly pubescent at apex, sometimes
Family Violaceae
sparsely so elsewhere; each bract subtending a
424. Viola pilosa Blume syn. Viola serpens cincinnus of at least 4 flowers. Distribution -
Wall. ex Ging. (Plate 12, Figure J) Exotic. Common by streams in moist areas in
Prostrate to subprostrate herbs; stems Sri Lanka. Conservation status_Redlist 2020
slender, stoloniferous, rooting at nodes. Leaves – Not Evaluated.
ovate-deltoid, 1.5—8 x 1—6 cm, shallowly
to deeply cordate at base, acute to acuminate,
Stipules free, 6—15 mm long, lanceolate,
long acuminate, subentire-dentate, pale-green,
pubescent. Flowers 8—14 mm broad, white-
pale violet, with darker veins; peduncles
filiform, solitary, axillary. Distribution -
Native. Montane area of wet region, descending
to 1200 m. Phenology – Flowering most of
Least Concern.
Family Zingiberaceae
425. Alpinia abundiflora Burtt & R.M.Sm.
syn. Amomum floribundum (Thwaites) Trimen
(Plate 12, Figure K)
Leafy stem sometimes exceeding 3 m.
Leaves usually sessile, occasionally with
petioles up to 2 cm long; lamina up to 60 x 12
cm oblong or narrowly lanceolate, acuminate,
glabrous or sometimes lightly pubescent
beneath, attenuate at base; ligule 1.5 cm long,
membranous, obtuse, glabrous or lightly
pubescent. Inflorescence capitate, truncate or
globose. Distribution - Native. Montane zone.
PLATE 12 : A. Symplocos acuminata; B. Symplocos elegans; C. Symplocos pendula; D. Polyspora

ceylanica; E. Wikstroemia canescens; F. Elatostema monandrum; G. Girardinia diversifolia; H.
Pilea melastomoides; I. Pilea wightii; J. Viola pilosa; K. Alpinia abundiflora; L. Hedychium
flavescens; M. Sisyrinchium micranthum; N. Actinodaphne albifrons; O. Podochilus falcatus; P.
Trichoglottis tenera; Q. Ranunculus sagittifolius; R. Photinia integrifolia.
ACKNOWLEGEMENT P.N. Dayawansa, R. How, B.M.P.

The authors wish to express their Singhakumara, D. Weerakoon and M.R.
sincere gratitude to M.G.C.Sooriyabandara Wijesinghe, ARD Inc in association with
(Director General, DWC), M.S.L.R.P. Infotech IDEAS and GREENTECH
Marasinghe (Director - Operations, DWC), Consultants. Sri Lanka Protected Areas
D.M.Weerasinghe (Assistant Director – Head Management and Wildlife Conservation
of Research & Training, DWC), Prashantha Project (PAM&WCP/CONSULT/02/
Wimaladasa (Assistant Director – Former BDBS). Colombo, Sri Lanka:
head of Research & Training, DWC), Ruchira Department of Wildlife Conservation,
Karunarathna (Assistant Director – Planning & Ministry of Environment and Natural
ICT, DWC) for giving necessary approvals to Resources, pp. 1-28.
carry out this Survey. We are indebted to Staff Gunatilleke, I.A.U.N. and C.V.S. Gunatilleke,
of Horton Plains National Park for assistance in (1990). Distribution of floristic richness
the field. We would also like to thank Himesh and its conservation in Sri Lanka.
Dilruwan Jayasinghe & Nimalka Sanjeewani Conservation Biology, 4(1), pp.21-31.
for sharing their field data. Pethiyagoda R., (Ed.), (2012). Horton Plains:
Sri Lanka's cloud-forest national park.
Colombo: Wildlife Heritage Trust, pp.8-
REFERENCES 311.
Abayasinghe, K.K., K.B. Ranawana, M.G.E. POWO, R.B.G., (2022). Plants of the world
Gamage and R.M.R. Nilanthi, (2014). online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic
Change detection in vegetation cover of Gardens, Kew.[https://powo.science.
Horton plains national park for adaptive kew.org/].
management: a practical geoinformatics The National Red List (2020) Conservation
approach. Wildlanka Journal of the Status of the Flora of Sri Lanka.
Department of Wildlife Conservation, 2, Biodiversity Secretariat, Ministry
pp.113-131. of Environment and the National
Balasubramaniam, S., R. White and S. Herbarium, Department of National
Ratnayake, (1993). The montane forest Botanic Gardens, xviii + 254 pp.
of the Horton Plains nature Reserve Webb, C.J., W.R. Sykes and G.J. PJ, (1988).
of Sri Lanka. Ecology and landscape Flora of New Zealand. V. IV:
management in Sri Lanka (eds W. Naturalised pteridophytes, gymosperms,
Erdelen, C. Preu, N. Ishwaran and CM dicotyledons.
Maddumanabdara), pp.95-102. Werner, W.L. and S. Balasubramaniam, (1992).
Bandara, C., T. Lakkana and S. Ediriweera, Structure and dynamics of the upper
(2022). Oberonia mahaeliyensis montane rain forests of Sri Lanka. In
(Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Tropical forests in transition (pp. 165-
Malaxideae), a new species from 172). Birkhäuser Basel.
montane cloud forest of Sri Lanka.
Phytotaxa, 549(1), pp.97-103. Received Date :
Dassanayake, M. D. (Ed.) (1980-2000). A Accepted Date :
revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon,
14 Volumes. Amerind, Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Department of Wildlife Conservation, (2007).
Biodiversity Baseline Survey: Horton
Plains National Park. Consultancy
Services Report prepared by M.J.B.
Green, (ed.), S.M.D.A.U. De Alwis,
AUTHOR INDEX
N. C. Jayawardana 001
P.K.P.M.P. Kumara 001
R.M.R. Nilanthi 001
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WILDLANKA

Journal of the Department of Wildlife Conservation, Sri Lanka

Department of Wildlife Conservation

Reference for citation:

Name/s of Authors (2022). Title of the paper. WILDLANKA. 10(1):Pages 001-104.

WILDLANKA Vol.10, No.1, March, 2022.

Eriocaulon atratum (Eriocaulaceae)

ISSN 1800-1777(print) | 2424-6263(online)

Flora of Horton Plains National Park 001 - 104

FLORA OF HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK

NUWAN C. JAYAWARDANA*, P.K.P.M. PRADEEP KUMARA and R.M.R.NILANTHI

Department of Wildlife Conservation,

INTRODUCTION of vascular plants (i.e. flowering plants, ferns

Leaves ovate to orbicular or oval-oblong, – Ohiya, beside foot-path to Horton Plains,

streams, gregarious, 900-2000 m. Herbarium branched panicle, with elongated spikelike

Herbarium specimens Collected from HPNP 21. Pimpinella leschenaultii DC.

PLATE 01: A. Barleria involucrata; B. Rostellularia procumbens; C. Rungia longifolia; D.

specimens Collected from HPNP – Kirigalpota, tomentum, 1-nerved, undersurface more

48. Bidens pilosa L. (Plate 02, Figure K) 2020 – Vulnerable.

forests in montane zone. Herbarium specimens long, minutely papillate-puberulent at tips,

Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Not Phenology – Flowering throughout the year.

PLATE 02: A. Zantedeschia aethiopica; B. Hydrocotyle javanica; C. Asparagus racemosus; D.

flowered, c. 3 - 5 cm long, unbellate-racemose, Family Boraginaceae

PLATE 03: A. Helichrysum luteoalbum; B. Moonia heterophylla; C. Myriactis wightii; D. Senecio

Family Caryophyllaceae 4-angled, glabrous; bark soft, brown, fissured.

Family Convolvulaceae flowers are solitary on slender 7-40 mm.

PLATE 04 : A. Wahlenbergia marginata; B. Euonymus revolutus; C. Myriactis wightii; D. Microtropis

Family Fabaceae few-flowered; bracts and bracteoles linear-

on the branches, or somewhat congested and Family Lamiaceae

PLATE 05 : A. Eriocaulon subglaucum; B. Euphorbia rothiana; C. Cajanus trinervius; D.

2000 m. Herbarium specimens Collected x 1—3.5 cm, verticillate, elliptic or oblong,

subobovate-oblong to elliptic, rarely lanceolate- 206. Utricularia moniliformis P. Taylor (Plate

appearing superficially umbellate. Distribution 211. Macrosolen parasiticus (L.) Danser

PLATE 06 : A. Clinopodium umbrosum; B. Coleus inflatus; C. Isodon nigrescens; D. Leucas biflora;

in few-flowered, umbelshaped, sessile 233. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa var. parviflora

PLATE 07: A. Dendrophthoe neelgherrensis; B. Taxillus incanus; C. Magnolia nilagirica; D.

PLATE 08 : A. Adrorhizon purpurascens; B. Bulbophyllum elliae; C. Bulbophyllum trimenii; D.

2000 m. Herbarium specimens Collected Inflorescence axillary, pseudoumbellate, with

rarely up to 20 mm long and 0.6-1.2 mm ovatespathulate, obtuse and rounded at the

Islands but widely introduced elsewhere as a sometimes channelled, simple or sparsely

PLATE 09 : A. Robiquetia brevifolia; B. Robiquetia virescens; C. Satyrium nepalense; D.

331. Holcus mollis L. 334. Ischaemum timorense Kunth - ß,d r;a

Herbarium specimens Collected from to as-cending, glabrous except for fleshy,

status_Redlist 2020 – Not Evaluated. Redlist 2020 – Endangered.

April. Conservation status_Redlist 2020 – Calyx lobes ovate, acuteacuminate, or obtuse-

Upper montane shrubberies. Herbarium Fosberg & Mueller-Dombois 49998 (PDA,

PLATE 10 : A. Kuruna densifolia; B. Polygala arillata; C. Persicaria capitata; D. Rumex

388. Pavetta involucrata Thwaites highlands, usually above 1500 m elevation.

Family Salicaceae Family Sapindaceae

PLATE 11 : A. Hedyotis trimenii; B. Knoxia platycarpa; C. Lasianthus thwaitesii; D. Neanotis

Family Symplocaceae to densely long-villous; bracts and bracteoles

PLATE 12 : A. Symplocos acuminata; B. Symplocos elegans; C. Symplocos pendula; D. Polyspora

ACKNOWLEGEMENT P.N. Dayawansa, R. How, B.M.P.

2. Papers should be written in English.

3. Abstract and manuscripts formatted according to the instructions given below.

6. The format to be used is as follows:

Section Type style Alignment Font Size Type Case

- All non-English and technical terms should be underlined or in italics.

8. The graphs drawn in the MS XL program are preferable.

10. The references should be arranged alphabetically.Referencing style: Harvard