STAT 1.3 your margin of error is set at 3%.

That means
from 120, there are 117 to 123 real data that is
How many data should you collect? Or if you gonna in favor of VP leni to be our president. So 120-
do a survey, should answer? This process is 3= 117 ; 120+3= 123
determining the sample size (not in the module).  The lower the margin of error, the nearer the
sample size to the population size will be.
Sample size calculator:  The higher the margin of error, the more
https://www.calculator.net/sample-size- unreliable your answers will be.
calculator.html? 4. Population proportion
type=2&cl2=95&ss2=100&pc2=60&ps2=&x=48&y=25#  The number of % that you think your
findci respondents know or could give you the right
answer. So if you are not sure, then use 50%.
As seen in the sample size calculator there are 2 For example: I want to survey if Filipinos are in
methods of finding the sample given a population. favor to VP leni to be our president. You are
assuming that once you ask the person, they
50/50 they are in favor to VP leni. So 50% is
the population proportion. If you think 95% of
filipinos are in favor to VP leni, then change mo
yung population proportion to 95%.

Example: you want to survey filipinos if they are in

favor to VP leni
Let’s assume that filipinos are not have full idea about
VP leni. We use 50%, the confidence level is stick at
95%. And whatever answer na makukuha, we need to
stick at ± 5%. Assuming the 20k yung population size.
Just press calculate. Then lalabas na yung number of
people that you have to survey which is yung sample
N= statistics size.
n= sample size
Sample size: 377. The real value is ± 5%. For example:
Determining the sample size out of 377, 350 says they are in favor. So that means
1. Know how many is the given population / Know that the true value is from 345 to 355.
the population size.
2. Confidence level If sa tingin mo mataas yung sample size or mas
 probability that you assumed that the answers madami ang issurvey mo, change mo lang yung
we will get will fall into. The range of data confidence level pababa. Bawasan mo. For example
where you assumed na yung isang nakolekta 90%. So you are only 90% confident that your
will be falling on that. respondents will provide you a good answer. So
 Usually but not strictly set at 95%. Hence, naging 269 na lang issurvey mo.
makikita mo ron na may other choices.
 The lower the confidence level, the smaller will What if nadadamihan ka pa rin sa 269, pero magstick
be your sample. The lower the confidence ka sa confidence level na 90%. Pwede mo change yung
level, the more unreliable your answers will be. margin of error pataas. So 10%. Bali magiging 68 na
 The nearer the confidence level to 100, means lang ssurveyan mo. kunyari 50 filipinos are in favor to
that you are sure that they will provide good vp leni, then the true number of people could range
answers. from 40 to 60 because of the ± 10%.
3. Margin of error
 ± error that you’ve considered in your sample. Let’s say some filipinos have an idea about vp leni. So
For ex: you want to know who is in favor of VP change mo yung population proportion to 75%. So pag
leni as president. Magsset ka ng margin of cinalculate mo 51 ang need mo masurveyan.
error. Which means for ex: according to your
survey, 120 out of 150 survey are in favor that - - - - - - -
 c. Interviews is a face-to-face method of collecting
Pangalawang calculator is pagcompute ng population data from the subject. A guideline of questions is
size. So 95% confidence level, 100 is what you are prepared by the interviewee prior to gathering
targeting to survey, the population proportion is 60%. data. (asking series of questions to the
What will be the population size. We are just interviewee).
reversing the process. Then calculate. That would be
9.60%. so whatever answers you have, then ± 9.60%. d. Census is a method that collects data from every
member of the population. Because of time and
If meron ka ng population size of 22m. 50% costs involved, few researchers use this method.
population proportion, and you only wanted to survey (surveying the whole population.)
100. Then what would be the margin of error. That
would be 9.80%. the true responses for example is e. Experiment is a controlled study made by the
20%, then that will be 10.20%-29.80%. researcher where careful evaluation of the causes
and effects were observed. This is mostly used in
Difference between two calculator: the health-related industry. (For ex, experimented
1. Assume for the margin of error (±) first the efficacy of covid 19 vaccine and they
(hinahanap mo si sample size) collected the data)
2. Compute for the margin of error (±) (use this
if nagset ka na ng kung ilan lang gusto mong f. Observational study is almost the same as the
isurvey so lalagay mo yon sa sample size) experiment except that researcher is not allowed
(nagdecide ka na kung ilang sample size) to control any variable under study. (observe
anong nangyayari sa isang tao kapag nakagat ng
Methods of Data Collection asong may rabies).
The first step in applying statistics is the collection of
data. There are different ways on how to collect data
Sampling Methods (how will you now select the
whether from the population or a sample. The
sample out of the total population)
method depends on the type of variable is under
study, the time allowance provided, and the required
Due to pragmatic reasons, researchers can study a
accuracy of the data needed.
portion of a population, a sample. This subset of the
population can be collected in different ways.
a. Registration is a method when someone asks the
subject to give and enumerate the necessary data
Sampling method is the process of selecting the
needed by the person concerned. This is usually
sample from the population. There are two general
done in a systematic manner like, providing the
types of a sampling method:
name, student number, address, etc. of students
to the Registrar’s office of the university. (so for
1. a process where equal opportunity is provided to
example, kukunin mo 102 respondents out of 10k.
all members of the population to be part of the
the data will be coming from another
sample – probability sampling; and
organization or another group where it already
2. where biasedness is injected in the manner of
compiled the data needed by the researcher.
choosing the sample out of the population –non-
Registrar’s office collect the data for you if ever
probability sampling
you need some information about the number of
students, age, levels that they belong to).
Types of Probability Sampling Method
1. Simple random sampling is the commonly used
b. Survey questionnaires. In this method a form is
probability sampling method. In this method,
made available and expected to be accomplished
every member of the population is given an
and completed by the subject. Level of
equal chance of being part of the sample.
satisfaction survey of customers of a certain
Choosing in an assigned number to each
restaurant is an example of this method.
member of the target population placed in a
(distribute a piece of paper or ask different of
bowl can be used as a process in doing simple
people series of questions).
random sampling. (random ways of selecting
data. For example: kagaya ng ginagawa ng prof
 when they are asking questions. Your names is students x 5 levels = 50). (the difference
already written in paper and they select. between stratified to cluster is that each strata
Another way is selecting thru your student or group will be selected. Same process sa
number). cluster but this time, each group will represent
2. Cluster sampling is a process where subdivisions the groupings. Let’s say ginroup ni sir yung class
of the population is done to make it easier for from district 1 to 5. And then if I only need 10,
the researcher to pick randomly among these then I will select 2 from EACH group via random
divisions. Example is to group first the target sampling.)
population into their place of birth and selecting
randomly from this group on who will be part of Types of Non-Probability Sampling Method
the sample. In this way, outcomes of the study 1. Convenience sampling is the easiest method of
can be related to the groupings made (where getting the sample from the population. Sample
respondents are born) (group your data into are collected based on the proximity of the target
different groups until it becomes smaller and from the researcher. If a person wished to have
until it satisfies the number of data that you 20 samples, he can easily select these samples by
wish to collect. For ex: out of bsa 2-1 stats class, choosing people who are nearby or easily
10 students ang need. 10 out of 52 students. So reachable. (how to select 100 students out of 10k
ang gagawin is iggroup by gender. If the female students sa plm? You select them based on your
is 30 and the male is 22. I’ll choose male. So I’ll own convenience until you reach the quota or
group them again depends sa district where they number of data needed.)
living. So kung di pa rin pasok sa number of
data. Then those who lives in district 4 will be 2. Judgmental or purposive sampling is a method
divided further. So let’s say 15 pa sila. Out of where discretion of the researcher is the primary
district 4, I will group them again into smaller consideration. A person chooses sample who he
strata or group until it reaches the number need. thinks is needed for the purpose of the study. If
The smallest group will represent the whole the research is about beauty pageants, it would
sample size). be necessary to select respondents who are well-
adept with this research. (select the respondents
3. Systematic sampling is a systematic way using whom you think will be able to provide you correct
equal intervals of picking the sample out of the answers).
population is employed in the research. If
someone wishes to get 10 households out of 3. Snowball sampling uses a point person that could
100 houses in a village, the researcher can assign help researcher to select the targeted sample.
number from each household and choose every This is primarily used if the sample is difficult to
10th households (100 households / 10 find for the researcher. Example is when the
households = 10) in the village to complete the research deals with sensitive issues that sample
required sample. (you will simply apply a persons are difficult to find. The researcher can
process that will be used althroughout the then ask someone for help and lead him to the
selection of your sample. For ex: you need 10 correct sample. (snowball meaning your asking
students. So kung 55 kayo sa class and need mo the help of someone popular in an organization to
ng 10. So 55/10= 5.5 or 6. So every 6 th student do the survey for you and that someone will be
will be part of the survey. Until I completed the asking the survey for him and so on and so forth
number of respondents. That is systematic until we reach the prescribed number of data).
because we use a system in selecting a
respondent.) 4. In Quota sampling, the selection of the members
of the sample is based on a pre-set of standards
4. Stratified random sampling is a method in which and those people who has these standards will
the researcher divides the population into automatically be selected until the number
different strata and drawing the different reaches the required number of samples. (the
sample from each group until number of main purpose is just to select or fulfill the number
samples is achieved. Example is to divide the of the data you require to have. For ex: give flyers,
students into 5 family income levels and pick 10 then kung ilan bumalik sa iyo yung kunin mo. So if
from each level, if the required sample is 50 (10 50, first 50 dapat).
 = (3) + 6 (5) + 8 (7) = 12 + 30 + 56 = 98
(summation of the product of x and y from the second
to the 4th observation)

STAT 1.4 (another example: Summation of x-y from 200-205

observation. The answer is 6. Because you don’t need
Summation Notation to determine kung ano yung pang 200, 201 and so on.
One of the useful mathematical rules in statistics are Since x-y naman it is equivalent to 1 regardless the
the summation operations. All throughout the value. Kasi x-y, x is the given, y is the odd. Whatever
computations in statistics, students will encounter the you are trying to subtract there, the answer is 1.
symbol summation or sigma notation, S. The sigma Kailangan lang alamin kung ilan yung differences na
notation is the upper case of the letter S in the Greek kinukuha. So from 200 to 205. That is 6 differences.
alphabet, this signifies adding or summing up the The difference is always equivalent to 1. )
numerical representation of a variable/s after the
symbol. Lastly, a constant number can be part of a sigma
notation, in the expression: , where c = 2, the
expression is telling us that the sum of x’s need to be
multiplied by the constant number, in this case, 2.

Therefore, = 2(2 + 4 + 6) = 24
(constant multiplied by the summation of x from the
first to the third observation)
(Summation of the values of x from the first
observation up to the nth observation). Other example:
(For ex: summation of the ages of students from the
first student up to the 20th student). (summation of the constant multiplied by x plus y
from 2nd to 3rd observation)
where:
x represents the variable 4 BASIC SUMMATION RULE
i represents the index or the element being summed 1. Adding them all up
up. 2. With exponents
1 is the first value of the variable considered 3. Combination of the operations (pwede ring I add
n is the last value of the variable considered yung exponent dito)

The expression, is read as “the sum of the values

of x from the first observation up to the nth
observation. Thus, if the values of x’s are as positive
even numbers starting from 2, then the notation
is equivalent to 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 = 20

4. adding constant
(summation of x raise to 2 from the first to the 4 th
observation)

Meanwhile, the expression , means that the

values of x’s are being multiplied by the values of y’s
then summed up. If the values of y’s are odd positive
numbers starting from 1 and the values of x’s remain
the same, then the expression is equal to: