THIRD DIVISION

[G.R. No. 189081. August 10, 2016.]

GLORIA S. DY , petitioner, vs. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, MANDY

COMMODITIES CO., INC., represented by its President, WILLIAM
MANDY, respondents.

DECISION

JARDELEZA, J : p

Our law states that every person criminally liable for a felony is also civilly liable.
This civil liability ex delicto may be recovered through a civil action which, under our
Rules of Court, is deemed instituted with the criminal action. While they are actions
mandatorily fused, 1 they are, in truth, separate actions whose existences are not
dependent on each other. Thus, civil liability ex delicto survives an acquittal in a
criminal case for failure to prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt. However, the Rules of
Court limits this mandatory fusion to a civil action for the recovery of civil liability ex
delicto. It, by no means, includes a civil liability arising from a different source of
obligation, as in the case of a contract. Where the civil liability is ex contractu, the court
hearing the criminal case has no authority to award damages.
The Case
This is a Petition for Review on Certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court.
Petitioner Gloria S. Dy (petitioner) seeks the reversal of the decision of the Court of
Appeals (CA) dated February 25, 2009 (Assailed Decision) 2 ordering her to pay Mandy
Commodities Company, Inc. (MCCI) in the amount of P21,706,281.00. 3
The Facts
Petitioner was the former General Manager of MCCI. In the course of her
employment, petitioner assisted MCCI in its business involving several properties. One
such business pertained to the construction of warehouses over a property (Numancia
Property) that MCCI leased from the Philippine National Bank (PNB). Sometime in May
1996, in pursuit of MCCI's business, petitioner proposed to William Mandy (Mandy),
President of MCCI, the purchase of a property owned by Pantranco. As the transaction
involved a large amount of money, Mandy agreed to obtain a loan from the International
China Bank of Commerce (ICBC). Petitioner represented that she could facilitate the
approval of the loan. True enough, ICBC granted a loan to MCCI in the amount of
P20,000,000.00, evidenced by a promissory note. As security, MCCI also executed a
chattel mortgage over the warehouses in the Numancia Property. Mandy entrusted
petitioner with the obligation to manage the payment of the loan. 4
In February 1999, MCCI received a notice of foreclosure over the mortgaged
property due to its default in paying the loan obligation. 5 In order to prevent the
foreclosure, Mandy instructed petitioner to facilitate the payment of the loan. MCCI,
through Mandy, issued 13 Allied Bank checks and 12 AsiaTrust Bank checks in varying
amounts and in different dates covering the period from May 18, 1999 to April 4, 2000. 6
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 The total amount of the checks, which were all payable to cash, was P21,706,281.00.
Mandy delivered the checks to petitioner. Mandy claims that he delivered the checks
with the instruction that petitioner use the checks to pay the loan. 7 Petitioner, on the
other hand, testified that she encashed the checks and returned the money to Mandy. 8
ICBC eventually foreclosed the mortgaged property as MCCI continued to default in its
obligation to pay. Mandy claims that it was only at this point in time that he discovered
that not a check was paid to ICBC. 9
Thus, on October 7, 2002, MCCI, represented by Mandy, filed a Complaint-
Affidavit for Estafa 10 before the Office of the City Prosecutor of Manila. On March 3,
2004, an Information 11 was filed against petitioner before the Regional Trial Court
(RTC) Manila.
After a full-blown trial, the RTC Manila rendered a decision 12 dated November
11, 2005 (RTC Decision) acquitting petitioner. The RTC Manila found that while
petitioner admitted that she received the checks, the prosecution failed to establish that
she was under any obligation to deliver them to ICBC in payment of MCCI's loan. The
trial court made this finding on the strength of Mandy's admission that he gave the
checks to petitioner with the agreement that she would encash them. Petitioner would
then pay ICBC using her own checks. The trial court further made a finding that Mandy
and petitioner entered into a contract of loan. 13 Thus, it held that the prosecution failed
to establish an important element of the crime of estafa — misappropriation or
conversion. However, while the RTC Manila acquitted petitioner, it ordered her to pay
the amount of the checks. The dispositive portion of the RTC Decision states —
WHEREFORE, the prosecution having failed to establish the guilt of the
accused beyond reasonable doubt, judgment is hereby rendered ACQUITTING
the accused of the offense charged. With costs de officio.
The accused is however civilly liable to the complainant for the amount
of P21,706,281.00.
SO ORDERED. 14
Petitioner filed an appeal 15 of the civil aspect of the RTC Decision with the CA.
In the Assailed Decision, 16 the CA found the appeal without merit. It held that the
acquittal of petitioner does not necessarily absolve her of civil liability. The CA said that
it is settled that when an accused is acquitted on the basis of reasonable doubt, courts
may still find him or her civilly liable if the evidence so warrant. The CA explained that
the evidence on record adequately prove that petitioner received the checks as a loan
from MCCI. Thus, preventing the latter from recovering the amount of the checks would
constitute unjust enrichment. Hence, the Assailed Decision ruled —
WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing, the appeal is DENIED. The
Decision dated November 11, 2005 of the Regional Trial Court, Manila, Branch
33 in Criminal Case No. 04-224294 which found Gloria Dy civilly liable to
William Mandy is AFFIRMED.
SO ORDERED. 17
The CA also denied petitioner's motion for reconsideration in a resolution 18 dated
August 3, 2009.
Hence, this Petition for Review on Certiorari (Petition). Petitioner argues that
since she was acquitted for failure of the prosecution to prove all the elements of the
crime charged, there was therefore no crime committed. 19 As there was no crime, any
civil liability ex delicto cannot be awarded.
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 The Issues
The central issue is the propriety of making a finding of civil liability in a criminal
case for estafa when the accused is acquitted for failure of the prosecution to prove all
the elements of the crime charged.
The Ruling of the Court
We grant the petition.
Civil Liability Arising from Crime
Our laws recognize a bright line distinction between criminal and civil liabilities. A
crime is a liability against the state. It is prosecuted by and for the state. Acts
considered criminal are penalized by law as a means to protect the society from
dangerous transgressions. As criminal liability involves a penalty affecting a person's
liberty, acts are only treated criminal when the law clearly says so. On the other hand,
civil liabilities take a less public and more private nature. Civil liabilities are claimed
through civil actions as a means to enforce or protect a right or prevent or redress a
wrong. 20 They do not carry with them the imposition of imprisonment as a penalty.
Instead, civil liabilities are compensated in the form of damages.
Nevertheless, our jurisdiction recognizes that a crime has a private civil
component. Thus, while an act considered criminal is a breach of law against the State,
our legal system allows for the recovery of civil damages where there is a private
person injured by a criminal act. It is in recognition of this dual nature of a criminal act
that our Revised Penal Code provides that every person criminally liable is also civilly
liable. 21 This is the concept of civil liability ex delicto.
This is echoed by the New Civil Code when it recognizes acts or omissions
punished by law as a separate source of obligation. 22 This is reinforced by Article 30 of
the same code which refers to the filing of a separate civil action to demand civil liability
arising from a criminal offense. 23
The Revised Penal Code fleshes out this civil liability in Article 104 24 which
states that it includes restitution, reparation of damage caused and indemnification for
consequential damages.
Rules of procedure for criminal
and civil actions involving the
same act or omission
The law and the rules of procedure provide for a precise mechanism in instituting
a civil action pertaining to an act or omission which is also subject of a criminal case.
Our Rules of Court prescribes a kind of fusion such that, subject to certain defined
qualifications, when a criminal action is instituted, the civil action for the recovery of the
civil liability arising from the offense is deemed instituted as well. 25
However, there is an important difference between civil and criminal proceedings
that require a fine distinction as to how these twin actions shall proceed. These two
proceedings involve two different standards of proof. A criminal action requires proof of
guilt beyond reasonable doubt while a civil action requires a lesser quantum of proof,
that of preponderance of evidence. This distinction also agrees with the essential
principle in our legal system that while a criminal liability carries with it a corresponding
civil liability, they are nevertheless separate and distinct. In other words, these two
liabilities may co-exist but their existence is not dependent on each other. 26
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 The Civil Code states that when an accused in a criminal prosecution is acquitted
on the ground that his guilt has not been proven beyond reasonable doubt, a civil action
for damages for the same act or omission may be filed. In the latter case, only
preponderance of evidence is required. 27 This is supported by the Rules of Court which
provides that the extinction of the criminal action does not result in the extinction of the
corresponding civil action. 28 The latter may only be extinguished when there is a
"finding in a final judgment in the criminal action that the act or omission from which the
civil liability may arise did not exist." 29 Consistent with this, the Rules of Court requires
that in judgments of acquittal, the court must state whether "the evidence of the
prosecution absolutely failed to prove the guilt of the accused or merely failed to prove
his guilt beyond reasonable doubt. In either case, the judgment shall determine if the
act or omission from which the civil liability might arise did not exist." 30
Thus, whether an exoneration from the criminal action should affect the
corresponding civil action depends on the varying kinds of acquittal. In Manantan v.
Court of Appeals, 31 we explained —
Our law recognizes two kinds of acquittal, with different effects on the
civil liability of the accused. First is an acquittal on the ground that the accused
is not the author of the act or omission complained of. This instance closes the
door to civil liability, for a person who has been found to be not the perpetrator
of any act or omission cannot and can never be held liable for such act or
omission. There being no delict, civil liability ex delicto is out of the question,
and the civil action, if any, which may be instituted must be based on grounds
other than the delict complained of. This is the situation contemplated in Rule
111 of the Rules of Court. The second instance is an acquittal based on
reasonable doubt on the guilt of the accused. In this case, even if the guilt of
the accused has not been satisfactorily established, he is not exempt from civil
liability which may be proved by preponderance of evidence only. This is the
situation contemplated in Article 29 of the Civil Code, where the civil action for
damages is "for the same act or omission." Although the two actions have
different purposes, the matters discussed in the civil case are similar to those
discussed in the criminal case. However, the judgment in the criminal
proceeding cannot be read in evidence in the civil action to establish any fact
there determined, even though both actions involve the same act or omission.
The reason for this rule is that the parties are not the same and secondarily,
different rules of evidence are applicable. Hence, notwithstanding herein
petitioner's acquittal, the Court of Appeals in determining whether Article 29
applied, was not precluded from looking into the question of petitioner's
negligence or reckless imprudence. 32
In Dayap v. Sendiong, 33 we further said —
The acquittal of the accused does not automatically preclude a judgment
against him on the civil aspect of the case. The extinction of the penal action
does not carry with it the extinction of the civil liability where: (a) the acquittal is
based on reasonable doubt as only preponderance of evidence is required; (b)
the court declares that the liability of the accused is only civil; and (c) the civil
liability of the accused does not arise from or is not based upon the crime of
which the accused is acquitted. However, the civil action based on delict may
be deemed extinguished if there is a finding on the final judgment in the criminal
action that the act or omission from which the civil liability may arise did not
exist or where the accused did not commit the acts or omission imputed to him.
34

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 Hence, a civil action filed for the purpose of enforcing civil liability ex delicto,
even if mandatorily instituted with the corresponding criminal action, survives an
acquittal when it is based on the presence of reasonable doubt. In these instances,
while the evidence presented does not establish the fact of the crime with moral
certainty, the civil action still prevails for as long as the greater weight of evidence tilts
in favor of a finding of liability. This means that while the mind of the court cannot rest
easy in penalizing the accused for the commission of a crime, it nevertheless finds that
he or she committed or omitted to perform acts which serve as a separate source of
obligation. There is no sufficient proof that the act or omission is criminal beyond
reasonable doubt, but there is a preponderance of evidence to show that the act or
omission caused injury which demands compensation.
Civil Liability Ex Delicto in Estafa Cases
Our laws penalize criminal fraud which causes damage capable of pecuniary
estimation through estafa under Article 315 of the Revised Penal Code. In general, the
elements of estafa are:
(1) That the accused defrauded another (a) by abuse of confidence,
or (b) by means of deceit; and
(2) That damage or prejudice capable of pecuniary estimation is
caused to the offended party or third person.
The essence of the crime is the unlawful abuse of confidence or deceit in order to
cause damage. As this Court previously held, "the element of fraud or bad faith is
indispensable." 35 Our law abhors the act of defrauding another person by abusing his
trust or deceiving him, such that, it criminalizes this kind of fraud.
Article 315 of the Revised Penal Code identifies the circumstances which
constitute estafa. Article 315, paragraph 1 (b) states that estafa is committed by abuse
of confidence —
Art. 315. Swindling (estafa). — . . . (b) By misappropriating or
converting, to the prejudice of another, money, goods, or any other personal
property received by the offender in trust or on commission, or for
administration, or under any other obligation involving the duty to make delivery
of or to return the same, even though such obligation be totally or partially
guaranteed by a bond; or by denying having received such money, goods, or
other property.
In this kind of estafa, the fraud which the law considers as criminal is the act of
misappropriation or conversion. When the element of misappropriation or conversion is
missing, there can be no estafa. In such case, applying the foregoing discussions on
civil liability ex delicto, there can be no civil liability as there is no act or omission from
which any civil liability may be sourced. However, when an accused is acquitted
because a reasonable doubt exists as to the existence of misappropriation or
conversion, then civil liability may still be awarded. This means that, while there is
evidence to prove fraud, such evidence does not suffice to convince the court to the
point of moral certainty that the act of fraud amounts to estafa. As the act was
nevertheless proven, albeit without sufficient proof justifying the imposition of any
criminal penalty, civil liability exists.
In this case, the RTC Manila acquitted petitioner because the prosecution failed
to establish by sufficient evidence the element of misappropriation or conversion. There
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 was no adequate evidence to prove that Mandy gave the checks to petitioner with the
instruction that she will use them to pay the ICBC loan. Citing Mandy's own testimony in
open court, the RTC Manila held that when Mandy delivered the checks to petitioner,
their agreement was that it was a "sort of loan." 36 In the dispositive portion of the RTC
Decision, the RTC Manila ruled that the prosecution "failed to establish the guilt of the
accused beyond reasonable doubt." 37 It then proceeded to order petitioner to pay the
amount of the loan.
The ruling of the RTC Manila was affirmed by the CA. It said that "[t]he acquittal
of Gloria Dy is anchored on the ground that her guilt was not proved beyond reasonable
doubt — not because she is not the author of the act or omission complained of. . . .
The trial court found no trickery nor deceit in obtaining money from the private
complainant; instead, it concluded that the money obtained was undoubtedly a loan." 38
Our jurisprudence on this matter diverges.
Earlier cases ordered the dismissal of the civil action for recovery of civil liability
ex delicto whenever there is a finding that there was no estafa but rather an obligation
to pay under a contract. In People v. Pantig, 39 this Court affirmed the ruling of the lower
court acquitting Pantig, but revoked the portion sentencing him to pay the offended
party the amount of money alleged to have been obtained through false and fraudulent
representations, thus —
The trial court found as a fact that the sum of P1,200, ordered to be paid
in the judgment of acquittal, was received by the defendant-appellant as loan.
This finding is inconsistent with the existence of the criminal act charged in the
information. The liability of the defendant for the return of the amount so
received arises from a civil contract, not from a criminal act, and may not
be enforced in the criminal case.
The portion of the judgment appealed from, which orders the defendant-
appellant to pay the sum of P1,200 to the offended party, is hereby revoked,
without prejudice to the filing of a civil action for the recovery of the said
amount. 40
This was also the import of the ruling in People v. Singson. 41 In that case, this
Court found that "the evidence [was] not sufficient to establish the existence of fraud or
deceit on the part of the accused. . . . And when there is no proven deceit or fraud, there
is no crime of estafa." 42 While we also said that the established facts may prove
Singson's civil liability (obligation to pay under a contract of sale), we nevertheless
made no finding of civil liability because "our mind cannot rest easy on the certainty of
guilt" 43 considering the above finding. The dispositive portion stated that Singson is
acquitted "without prejudice to any civil liability which may be established in a civil case
against her." 44
However, our jurisprudence on the matter appears to have changed in later
years.
In Eusebio-Calderon v. People , 45 this Court affirmed the finding of the CA that
Calderon "did not employ trickery or deceit in obtaining money from the private
complainants, instead, it concluded that the money obtained was undoubtedly loans for
which [Calderon] paid interest." 46 Thus, this Court upheld Calderon's acquittal of estafa,
but found her civilly liable for the principal amount borrowed from the private
complainants. 47
The ruling was similar in People v. Cuyugan. 48 In that case, we acquitted
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 Cuyugan of estafa for failure of the prosecution to prove fraud. We held that the
transaction between Cuyugan and private complainants was a loan to be used by
Cuyugan in her business. Thus, this Court ruled that Cuyugan has the obligation, which
is civil in character, to pay the amount borrowed. 49
We hold that the better rule in ascertaining civil liability in estafa cases is that
pronounced in Pantig and Singson. The rulings in these cases are more in accord with
the relevant provisions of the Civil Code, and the Rules of Court. They are also logically
consistent with this Court's pronouncement in Manantan.
Under Pantig and Singson, whenever the elements of estafa are not established,
and that the delivery of any personal property was made pursuant to a contract, any
civil liability arising from the estafa cannot be awarded in the criminal case. This is
because the civil liability arising from the contract is not civil liability ex delicto, which
arises from the same act or omission constituting the crime. Civil liability ex delicto is
the liability sought to be recovered in a civil action deemed instituted with the criminal
case.
The situation envisioned in the foregoing cases, as in this case, is civil liability ex
contractu where the civil liability arises from an entirely different source of obligation.
Therefore, it is not the type of civil action deemed instituted in the criminal case, and
consequently must be filed separately. This is necessarily so because whenever the
court makes a finding that the elements of estafa do not exist, it effectively says that
there is no crime. There is no act or omission that constitutes criminal fraud. Civil
liability ex delicto cannot be awarded as it cannot be sourced from something that does
not exist.
When the court finds that the source of obligation is in fact, a contract, as in a
contract of loan, it takes a position completely inconsistent with the presence of estafa.
In estafa, a person parts with his money because of abuse of confidence or deceit. In a
contract, a person willingly binds himself or herself to give something or to render some
service. 50 In estafa, the accused's failure to account for the property received amounts
to criminal fraud. In a contract, a party's failure to comply with his obligation is only a
contractual breach. Thus, any finding that the source of obligation is a contract negates
estafa. The finding, in turn, means that there is no civil liability ex delicto. Thus, the
rulings in the foregoing cases are consistent with the concept of fused civil and criminal
actions, and the different sources of obligations under our laws.
We apply this doctrine to the facts of this case. Petitioner was acquitted by the
RTC Manila because of the absence of the element of misappropriation or conversion.
The RTC Manila, as affirmed by the CA, found that Mandy delivered the checks to
petitioner pursuant to a loan agreement. Clearly, there is no crime of estafa. There is no
proof of the presence of any act or omission constituting criminal fraud. Thus, civil
liability ex delicto cannot be awarded because there is no act or omission punished by
law which can serve as the source of obligation. Any civil liability arising from the loan
takes the nature of a civil liability ex contractu. It does not pertain to the civil action
deemed instituted with the criminal case.
I n Manantan, this Court explained the effects of this result on the civil liability
deemed instituted with the criminal case. At the risk of repetition, Manantan held that
when there is no delict, "civil liability ex delicto is out of the question, and the civil
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 action, if any, which may be instituted must be based on grounds other than the delict
complained of." 51 In Dy's case, the civil liability arises out of contract — a different
source of obligation apart from an act or omission punished by law — and must be
claimed in a separate civil action.
Violation of Due Process
We further note that the evidence on record never fully established the terms of
this loan contract. As the trial before the RTC Manila was focused on proving estafa,
the loan contract was, as a consequence, only tangentially considered. This provides
another compelling reason why the civil liability arising from the loan should be
instituted in a separate civil case. A civil action for collection of sum of money filed
before the proper court will provide for a better venue where the terms of the loan and
other relevant details may be received. While this may postpone a warranted recovery
of the civil liability, this Court deems it more important to uphold the principles
underlying the inherent differences in the various sources of obligations under our law,
and the rule that fused actions only refer to criminal and civil actions involving the same
act or omission. These legal tenets play a central role in this legal system. A confusion
of these principles will ultimately jeopardize the interests of the parties involved. Actions
focused on proving estafa is not the proper vehicle to thresh out civil liability arising
from a contract. 52 The Due Process Clause of the Constitution dictates that a civil
liability arising from a contract must be litigated in a separate civil action.
Section 1 of the Bill of Rights states that no person shall be deprived of property
without due process of law. This provision protects a person's right to both substantive
and procedural due process. Substantive due process looks into the validity of a law
and protects against arbitrariness. 53 Procedural due process, on the other hand,
guarantees procedural fairness. 54 It requires an ascertainment of "what process is due,
when it is due, and the degree of what is due." 55 This aspect of due process is at the
heart of this case.
In general terms, procedural due process means the right to notice and hearing.
56 More specifically, our Rules of Court provides for a set of procedures through which a
person may be notified of the claims against him or her as well as methods through
which he or she may be given the adequate opportunity to be heard.
The Rules of Court requires that any person invoking the power of the judiciary to
protect or enforce a right or prevent or redress a wrong 57 must file an initiatory pleading
which embodies a cause of action, 58 which is defined as the act or omission by which a
party violates a right of another. 59 The contents of an initiatory pleading alleging a
cause of action will vary depending on the source of the obligation involved. In the case
of an obligation arising from a contract, as in this case, the cause of action in an
initiatory pleading will involve the duties of the parties to the contract, and what
particular obligation was breached. On the other hand, when the obligation arises from
an act or omission constituting a crime, the cause of action must necessarily be
different. In such a case, the initiatory pleading will assert as a cause of action the act or
omission of respondent, and the specific criminal statute he or she violated. Where the
initiatory pleading fails to state a cause of action, the respondent may file a motion to
dismiss even before trial. 60 These rules embody the fundamental right to notice under
the Due Process Clause of the Constitution.
In a situation where a court (in a fused action for the enforcement of criminal and
civil liability) may validly order an accused-respondent to pay an obligation arising from
a contract, a person's right to be notified of the complaint, and the right to have the
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 complaint dismissed if there is no cause of action, are completely defeated. In this
event, the accused-respondent is completely unaware of the nature of the liability
claimed against him or her at the onset of the case. The accused-respondent will not
have read any complaint stating the cause of action of an obligation arising from a
contract. All throughout the trial, the accused-respondent is made to believe that should
there be any civil liability awarded against him or her, this liability is rooted from the act
or omission constituting the crime. The accused-respondent is also deprived of the
remedy of having the complaint dismissed through a motion to dismiss before trial. In a
fused action, the accused-respondent could not have availed of this remedy because
he or she was not even given an opportunity to ascertain what cause of action to look
for in the initiatory pleading. In such a case, the accused-respondent is blindsided. He
or she could not even have prepared the appropriate defenses and evidence to protect
his or her interest. This is not the concept of fair play embodied in the Due Process
Clause. It is a clear violation of a person's right to due process.
The Rules of Court also allows a party to a civil action certain remedies that
enable him or her to effectively present his or her case. A party may file a cross-claim, a
counterclaim or a third-party complaint. 61 The Rules of Court prohibits these remedies
in a fused civil and criminal case. 62 The Rules of Court requires that any cross-claim,
counterclaim or third-party complaint must be instituted in a separate civil action. 63 In a
legal regime where a court may order an accused in a fused action to pay civil liability
arising from a contract, the accused-respondent is completely deprived of the remedy to
file a cross-claim, a counterclaim or a third-party complaint. This — coupled with an
accused-respondent's inability to adequately prepare his or her defense because of lack
of adequate notice of the claims against him or her — prevents the accused-respondent
from having any right to a meaningful hearing. The right to be heard under the Due
Process Clause requires not just any kind of an opportunity to be heard. It mandates
that a party to a case must have the chance to be heard in a real and meaningful
sense. It does not require a perfunctory hearing, but a court proceeding where the party
may adequately avail of the procedural remedies granted to him or her. A court decision
resulting from this falls short of the mandate of the Due Process Clause.
Indeed, the language of the Constitution is clear. No person shall be deprived of
property without due process of law. Due Process, in its procedural sense, requires, in
essence, the right to notice and hearing. These rights are further fleshed out in the
Rules of Court. The Rules of Court enforces procedural due process because, to repeat
the words of this Court in Secretary of Justice v. Lantion, it provides for "what process
is due, when it is due, and the degree of what is due." 64 A court ordering an accused in
a fused action to pay his or her contractual liability deprives him or her of his or her
property without the right to notice and hearing as expressed in the procedures and
remedies under the Rules of Court. Thus, any court ruling directing an accused in a
fused action to pay civil liability arising from a contract is one that completely disregards
the Due Process Clause. This ruling must be reversed and the Constitution upheld.
Conclusion
The lower courts erred when they ordered petitioner to pay her civil obligation
arising from a contract of loan in the same criminal case where she was acquitted on
the ground that there was no crime. Any contractual obligation she may have must be
litigated in a separate civil action involving the contract of loan. We clarify that in cases
where the accused is acquitted on the ground that there is no crime, the civil action
deemed instituted with the criminal case cannot prosper precisely because there is no
delict from which any civil obligation may be sourced. The peculiarity of this case is the
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 finding that petitioner, in fact, has an obligation arising from a contract. This civil action
arising from the contract is not necessarily extinguished. It can be instituted in the
proper court through the proper civil action.
We note that while there is no written contract of loan in this case, there is an oral
contract of loan which must be brought within six years. 65 Under the facts of the case, it
appears that any breach in the obligation to pay the loan may have happened between
1996 and 1999, or more than six years since this case has been instituted. This
notwithstanding, we find that the civil action arising from the contract of loan has not yet
prescribed. Article 1150 of the Civil Code states —
Art. 1150. The time for prescription for all kinds of actions, when
there is no special provision which ordains otherwise, shall be counted from the
day they may be brought.
We held in numerous cases that it is the legal possibility of bringing the action
that determines the starting point for the computation of the period of prescription. 67 We
highlight the unique circumstances surrounding this case. As discussed in this decision,
there has been diverse jurisprudence as to the propriety of ordering an accused to pay
an obligation arising from a contract in the criminal case where the accused was
acquitted on the ground that there is no crime. Litigants, such as MCCI, cannot be
blamed for relying on prior rulings where the recovery on a contract of loan in a criminal
case for estafa was allowed. We have found the opportunity to clarify this matter
through this decision. As it is only now that we delineate the rules governing the fusion
of criminal and civil actions pertaining to estafa, it is only upon the promulgation of this
judgment that litigants have a clear understanding of the proper recourse in similar
cases. We therefore rule that insofar as MCCI is concerned, the filing of an action, if
any (that may be sourced from the contract of loan), becomes a legal possibility only
upon the finality of this decision which definitively ruled upon the principles on fused
actions.
We add, however, that upon finality of this decision, prospective litigants should
become more circumspect in ascertaining their course of action in similar cases.
Whenever a litigant erroneously pursues an estafa case, and the accused is
subsequently acquitted because the obligation arose out of a contract, the prescriptive
period will still be counted from the time the cause of action arose. In this eventuality, it
is probable that the action has already prescribed by the time the criminal case shall
have been completed. This possibility demands that prospective litigants do not
haphazardly pursue the filing of an estafa case in order to force an obligor to pay his or
her obligation with the threat of criminal conviction. It compels litigants to be honest and
fair in their judgment as to the proper action to be filed. This ruling should deter litigants
from turning to criminal courts as their collection agents, and should provide a
disincentive to the practice of filing of criminal cases based on unfounded grounds in
order to provide a litigant a bargaining chip in enforcing contracts.
WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing, the Petition is GRANTED. The Decision
of the CA dated February 25, 2009 is REVERSED. This is however, without prejudice to
any civil action which may be filed to claim civil liability arising from the contract.
SO ORDERED.
Velasco, Jr., Peralta, Perez and Reyes, JJ., concur.

Footnotes
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 1. Bautista, The Confusing Fusion of A Civil Claim in a Criminal Proceeding, Phil. L.J 640
(2004), pp. 361-401.

2. Penned by Arcangelita M. Romilla-Lontok and concurred in by Associate Justices Josefina

Guevara-Salonga and Romeo F. Barza, rollo, pp. 39-48.

3. Id. at 41, 48.

4. Records, pp. 407-409.

5. Id. at 409.

6. Id. at 452-476.
7. TSN, July 12, 2004, p. 44.
8. TSN, May 4, 2005, p. 32.
9. Records, pp. 409-410.

10. Id. at 13-23.

11. Id. at 1-3.

12. Id. at 406-417.

13. Id. at 415-416.

14. Id. at 417.

15. Rollo, pp. 68-259.

16. Supra note 2.

17. Rollo, p. 48, emphasis in the original.

18. Id. at 67.

19. Id. at 21-27.

20. RULES OF COURT, Rule 1, Sec. 3, par. (a).

21. REVISED PENAL CODE, Art. 100.

22. CIVIL CODE, Art. 1157. Obligations arise from:

1. Law;

2. Contracts;
3. Quasi-contracts;

4. Acts or omission punished by law; and

5. Quasi-delicts.
23. CIVIL CODE, Art. 30. When a separate civil action is brought to demand civil liability
arising from a criminal offense, and no criminal proceedings are instituted during the
pendency of the civil case, a preponderance of evidence shall likewise be sufficient to
prove the act complained of.
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 24. REVISED PENAL CODE, Art. 104. What is included in civil liability. — The civil liability
established in articles 100, 101, 102 and 103 of this Code includes:
1. Restitution;

2. Reparation of the damage caused;

3. Indemnification for consequential damages.

25. RULES OF COURT, Rule 111, Sec. 1, par. (a). See also footnote 1.

26. Supra note 1.

27. CIVIL CODE, Art. 29. When the accused in a criminal prosecution is acquitted on the
ground that his guilt has not been proved beyond reasonable doubt, a civil action for
damages for the same act or omission may be instituted. Such action requires only a
preponderance of evidence. Upon motion of the defendant, the court may require the
plaintiff to file a bond to answer for damages in case the complaint should be found to
be malicious.

If in a criminal case the judgment of acquittal is based upon reasonable doubt, the
court shall so declare. In the absence of any declaration to that effect, it may be
inferred from the text of the decision whether or not the acquittal is due to that
ground.

28. RULES OF COURT, Rule 111, Sec. 2.When separate civil action is suspended. — After
the criminal action has been commenced, the separate civil action arising therefrom
cannot be instituted until final judgment has been entered in the criminal action.

If the criminal action is filed after the said civil action has already been instituted, the
latter shall be suspended in whatever stage it may be found before judgment on the
merits. The suspension shall last until final judgment is rendered in the criminal
action. Nevertheless, before judgment on the merits is rendered in the civil action,
the same may, upon motion of the offended party, be consolidated with the criminal
action in the court trying the criminal action. In case of consolidation, the evidence
already adduced in the civil action shall be deemed automatically reproduced in the
criminal action without prejudice to the right of the prosecution to cross-examine the
witnesses presented by the offended party in the criminal case and of the parties to
present additional evidence. The consolidated criminal and civil actions shall be tried
and decided jointly.
During the pendency of the criminal action, the running of the period of prescription
of the civil action which cannot be instituted separately or whose proceeding has
been suspended shall be tolled.

The extinction of the penal action does not carry with it extinction of the civil action.
However, the civil action based on delict may be deemed extinguished if there is a
finding in a final judgment in the criminal action that the act or omission from which
the civil liability may arise did not exist.

29. Id.

30. RULES OF COURT, Rule 120, Sec. 2.

31. G.R. No. 107125, January 29, 2001, 350 SCRA 387.

32. Id. at 397-398.

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 33. G.R. No. 177960, January 29, 2009, 577 SCRA 134.

34. Id. at 148.

35. People v. Singson, G.R. No. 75920, November 12, 1992, 215 SCRA 534, 538.
36. Records, pp. 415-416.

37. Id. at 417.

38. Rollo, p. 45.

39. 97 Phil. 748 (1955).

40. Id. at 750, emphasis supplied.

41. G.R. No. 75920, November 12, 1992, 215 SCRA 534.

42. Id. at 538-539.

43. Id. at 539.

44. Id; See also United States v. Ador Dionisio, 35 Phil. 141, 143-144 (1916). In this case,
while this Court convicted the accused for estafa, it refused to order him to pay the civil
liabilities claimed by private complainant, explaining that —

But the amount of the hire cannot be recovered by way of civil damages in these
proceedings. The amount due under the rental contract may properly be recovered
in a separate civil action; but it cannot be held to be included in the civil damages
(perjuicios) arising out of the crime ofestafa of which the accused is convicted in this
criminal action. (Art. 119, Penal Code.)
xxx xxx xxx

. . . The indebtedness under the rental contract was and is a thing wholly apart
from and independent of the crime of estafa committed by the accused. No
direct causal relation can be traced between them, and in the absence of such a
relation, a judgment for the amount of the indebtedness, with subsidiary
imprisonment in case of insolvency and failure to pay the amount of the judgment,
cannot properly be included in a judgment in the criminal action for the civil damages
(perjuicios) arising from or consequent upon the commission of the crime of which
the accused is convicted. (Emphasis supplied.)

45. G.R. No. 158495, October 21, 2004, 441 SCRA 137.

46. Id. at 147.

47. Id. at 149, with modification on the amount of the civil liability.
48. G.R. Nos. 146641-43, November 18, 2002, 392 SCRA 140.

49. Id. at 151.

50. CIVIL CODE, Art. 1305.

51. Supra note 31 at 397.

52. See the dissenting opinion of Justice Johns inWise & Co. v. Larion, 45 Phil. 314 (1923).
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 53. Gamboa v. Teves, G.R. No. 176579, June 28, 2011, 652 SCRA 690.

54. Id.

55. Secretary of Justice v. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, October 17, 2000, 343 SCRA 377, 392.

56. Secretary of Justice v. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, January 18, 2000, 322 SCRA 160.

57. RULES OF COURT, Rule 1, Sec. 3, par. (a).

58. RULES OF COURT, Rule 1, Sec. 5; Rule 2, Sec. 1.

59. RULES OF COURT, Rule 2, Sec. 1.

60. RULES OF COURT, Rule 16, Sec. 1, par. (g).

61. RULES OF COURT, Rule 6, Secs. 8, 9 & 11.

62. RULES OF COURT, Rule 111, Sec. 1, par. (a).

63. Id.

64. Supra note 55.

65. CIVIL CODE, Art. 1145. The following actions must be commenced within six years:
1. Upon an oral contract;

xxx xxx xxx

66. Note from the Publisher: Copied verbatim from the official document. Footnote text and
footnote reference are missing.

67. Espanol v. Chairman, Philippine Veterans Administration, G.R. No. L-44616, June 29,
1985, 137 SCRA 314; Tolentino v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-41427, June 10, 1988,
162 SCRA 66; Khe Hong Cheng v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 144169, March 28, 2001,
355 SCRA 701.

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