What are Characters?

In [ ]: --> A character is the smallest unit of a string and is represented by an alphabet, digit, or special
symbol

--> Python treats characters as strings of length one.

Example of Characters:

name = 'Ansh' #It is a String of 4 Character

password = 'Pr@ 123' #It is a String of 7 Characters
student_name = 'Pratyush' #It is a String of 8 Characters

String Datatype
In [ ]: --> String is a sequence/Collection of Characters.

--> In Python, Anything within Single Quotes,Double Quotes or Triple Quotes is nothing but a String.

--> In case of Python Text is also represented in the form Strings only.

--> String is ordered in Nature.(Each and Every Characters are having there fixed positions.)

--> Indexing and Slicing is applicable with respect to Strings.

Examples of Strings
In [3]: name = 'Ansh' #4 Characters
print(type(name))
print(name)

<class 'str'>
Ansh

In [5]: rollno = "10" #2 Character

print(type(rollno))
print(rollno)

<class 'str'>
10

In [4]: college_name = '''Almabetter''' #10 Character

print(type(college_name))
print(college_name)

<class 'str'>
Almabetter

How to access Characters/Substring of a Strings?

In [ ]: --> Substring means Part of the String.

--> If we want to access Characters/Substring from a String then there are two ways:

1. Indexing ---> Accessing a Single Character

2. Slicing ---> A part of the String or Substring(Access Single Char or Group of Character)

Indexing in Python
In [ ]: --> if we want to access a Single Character from a String then we will use Indexing.

--> String is ordered in Nature(Every Element is having it's own Index)

--> Types of Indexing:

1. Positive Indexing(Starting from 0) --> Forward Direction(Left to Right)

2. Negative Indexing(Starting from -1) --> Backend Direction(Right to Left)

Syntax:

string_name[index_value] #Square bracket is known as Accessing Operator

Important Note:

--> If index value is positive that means positive indexing(Forward Direction).

--> if the index value is negative that means Negative Indexing(Backword Direction)

--> if the index value is not present we will get index Error.

Example of Indexing
In [9]: string1 = 'Python'
print(string1[3]) #h
print(string1[-3]) #h
print(string1[0]) #P
print(string1[-5]) #y
print(string1[200]) #error

h
h
P
y
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndexError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-9-1a9548486c2d> in <cell line: 6>()
4 print(string1[0]) #P
5 print(string1[-5]) #y
----> 6 print(string1[200]) #error

IndexError: string index out of range

Builtin Methods of Strings

index() Method
In [ ]: --> This method is used to return the index of First occurance of the Given Substring.

--> If the Given Substring is not present then we will get an Value Error.

Syntax:

string_name.index(substring)

In [14]: string1 = 'Python is Easy and Python is Open Source'

print(string1.index('Python')) #0
print(string1.index('o')) #4
print(string1.index(' ')) #6
print(string1.index('P')) #0
print(string1.index('Java')) #Error

0
4
6
0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-14-a56df83a10fb> in <cell line: 6>()
4 print(string1.index(' ')) #6
5 print(string1.index('P')) #0
----> 6 print(string1.index('Java')) #Error

ValueError: substring not found

Find() Method
In [ ]: --> This method is used to return the index of First occurance of the Given Substring.

--> If the Given Substring is not present then we will get an answer -1.

Syntax:

string_name.find(substring)

In [15]: string1 = 'Python is Easy and Python is Open Source'

print(string1.find('Python')) #0
print(string1.find('o')) #4
print(string1.find(' ')) #6
print(string1.find('P')) #0
print(string1.find('Java')) #-1

0
4
6
0
-1

Count() Method
In [ ]: --> This method is used to find the number of occurances of the Given Substring.

Syntax:

string_name.count(substring)

In [17]: string1 = 'Python is Easy and Python is Open Source'

print(string1.count('Python'))#2
print(string1.count('Java'))#0

2
0

Write a Python Program that counts the Given Word Present in the Paragraph.
In [7]: paragraph = input('Enter Paragraph :')

word = input('Enter Word which You want to Count :')

ans = paragraph.count(word)

print("*"*100)
print('Paragraph is :',paragraph)
print("*"*100)
print('Word is :',word)
print("*"*100)
print('Given Word is present',ans,'number of times in the Given Paragraph')

****************************************************************************************************
Paragraph is : Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation. Python is dynamically t
yped and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured, object-oriented and functional programming.
****************************************************************************************************
Word is : Python
****************************************************************************************************
Given Word is present 2 number of times in the Given Paragraph

Replace() Method
In [ ]: --> This Method is used to replace the older substring with the newer substring.

Syntax:

string_name.replace(older_substring , newer_substring)

In [20]: string1 = 'Python is Easy and Python is Open Source'

print(string1.replace('Python','Java'))

Java is Easy and Java is Open Source

Write a Python Program that replace the given substring with the updated substring.
In [9]: paragraph = input('Enter Paragraph :')

older_substring = input('Enter the word which you want to replace :')

newer_substring = input('From which word you want to replace:')

ans = paragraph.replace(older_substring , newer_substring)

print("*"*100)
print('Paragraph is :',paragraph)
print("*"*100)
print('Intial Substring Which needs to replace is :',older_substring)
print("*"*100)
print('Updated Substring Which is going to replace initial substring :',newer_substring)
print("*"*100)
print('Updated Paragraph is :',ans)

****************************************************************************************************
Paragraph is : Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation. Python is dynamically t
yped and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured, object-oriented and functional programming.
****************************************************************************************************
Intial Substring Which needs to replace is : Python
****************************************************************************************************
Updated Substring Which is going to replace initial substring : Java
****************************************************************************************************
Updated Paragraph is : Java is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation. Java is dynamical
ly typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured, object-oriented and functional programming.

strip() Method
In [ ]: --> This method is used to remove extra whitespaces(left side as well as right side) from the string.

Syntax:

string_namne.strip()

In [25]: string1 = ' Python is Easy '

print(string1)
print(string1.strip())

Python is Easy
Python is Easy

Case Level Methods

upper() Method
In [ ]: --> This upper method will convert all character of the given string in upper case.

Syntax:

string_name.upper()

In [26]: string1 = 'Python is High Level Programming Language'

print(string1.upper())

PYTHON IS HIGH LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

lower() Method
In [ ]: --> This lower method will convert all character of the given string in lower case.

Syntax:

string_name.lower()

In [27]: string1 = 'Python is High Level Programming Language'

print(string1.lower())

python is high level programming language

Title() Method
In [ ]: --> This method is used to convert First Character of each word of the String in Upper Case and rest all in lower case.

Syntax:

string_name.title()

In [28]: string1 = 'Python is high level Programming Language'

print(string1.title())

Python Is High Level Programming Language

Given a Name of a Person Convert First Name and Last Name of the Person in Upper Case.
In [29]: name = 'pratyush Srivastava'
ans = name.title()
print(ans)

Pratyush Srivastava

Capitalize() Method
In [ ]: --> This Method is used to Convert first character of the string in upper case and rest all in lower case.

Syntax:

string_name.capitalize()

In [30]: string1 = 'python is High level Programming Language'

print(string1.capitalize())

Python is high level programming language

Swapase() Method
In [ ]: --> This method will convert upper character to lower character and lower character to upper character of the string.SyntaxError

Syntax:

string_name.swapcase()

In [31]: string1 = 'python is High level Programming Language'

print(string1.swapcase())

PYTHON IS hIGH LEVEL pROGRAMMING lANGUAGE

isupper() Method
In [ ]: --> This method will return result in the form of boolean Datatype(True or False)

--> This method will return True if all characters of the given String is in upper case else this method will return
False.

Syntax:

string_name.isupper()

In [32]: string1 = "Almabetter Education"

print(string1.isupper())

False

In [33]: string1 = "ALMABETTER EDUCATION"

print(string1.isupper())

True

islower() Method
In [ ]: --> This method will return result in the form of boolean Datatype(True or False)

--> This method will return True if all characters of the given String is in lower case else this method will return
False.

Syntax:

string_name.islower()

In [34]: string1 = "Almabetter Education"

print(string1.islower())

False

In [35]: string1 = "almabetter education"

print(string1.islower())

True

isalpha() Method
In [ ]: --> This method will return result in the form of boolean Datatype(True or False)

--> This method will return True if all characters of the given String are Alphabet else this method will return
False.

Syntax:

string_name.isalpha()

In [36]: string1 = "Almabetter Education"

print(string1.isalpha())

False

In [37]: string1 = "AlmabetterEducation"

print(string1.isalpha())

True

isdigit() Method
In [ ]: --> This method will return result in the form of boolean Datatype(True or False)

--> This method will return True if all characters of the given String are digits else this method will return
False.

Syntax:

string_name.isdigit()

In [38]: string1 = "12344"

print(string1.isdigit())

True

In [39]: string1 = "123 44"

print(string1.isdigit())

False

How to Write String Content in Multiple Lines

In [ ]: --> If we want to write string content in multiple lines that we will only use Triple Quotation only.

--> We can't use Single and Double Quotation for writing string content into multiple lines.

In [40]: s = "Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language.

Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation.
Python is dynamically typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured, object-oriented and functional programming."

File "<ipython-input-40-704e3229136a>", line 1

s = "Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language.
^
SyntaxError: unterminated string literal (detected at line 1)

In [41]: s = '''Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language.

Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation.
Python is dynamically typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured, object-oriented and functional programming.'''

print(s)

Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language.

Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation.
Python is dynamically typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured, object-oriented and functional programming.

String Formatting in Python

In [ ]: --> If we want to inject a variable value into the string then we will use String Formatting Concept.

--> It is the process of inserting a custom string or variable in predefined text.

Syntax:

1. f'text...{variable_name}....text'

2. 'text....{}..{}...'.format(variable_name1,variable_name2)

In [44]: Name = 'Pratyush'

Platform = 'Almabetter'
print(f'Hi How are {Name} , Welcome to {Platform}')

Hi How are Pratyush , Welcome to Almabetter

In [45]: Name = 'Pratyush'

Platform = 'Almabetter'
print('Hi How are {} , Welcome to {}'.format(Name,Platform))

Hi How are Pratyush , Welcome to Almabetter

In [ ]: