Scribd
Upload
37 views8 pages

Sap Last Unit

For students

Uploaded by

Deepak Adakmol
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
37 views8 pages

Sap Last Unit

For students

Uploaded by

Deepak Adakmol
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8
SEERA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICS ©" (Autonomous) gear and Protection (teetrg poses Sta Engg, Ge Saw block diagram} —_——_ w-15, $-16) row block diagram of microprocessor epp=———_———————— a | This type of relaying system i vercurrent relay, (5-15, W-: s exter oth ines. This isthe simplest form of prone, YEU i industrial motors/equipment and also in distribution i 4 Main components are : tection shown in Fig, 4.25, 1. Current to voltage (to V) cony, erter, 3. CTs. 2. Rectifier. 5, A/D converter, 4. Multiplexer. 7 6. Microprocessor kit. #8 ense the fault currents of a number of circuits. If the alue, the microprocessor sends a tripping signal to the ing signal from the transform is converted into voltage by microprocessor and it sends it to tripping for C.B.). . 01 7 rOtesSOn eee nl to the load current is converted to D.C, by a precision rectifier. Thus, the micropr accepts D.C. voltage proportional to load current. TOV, s, aD, at ey“ ay mutt. | sy] Puexer|® | ADC [ES of Por Coe AM 3705 | e085 Microprocessor sy sic e ; mG 5, 3 PCa] [Por Char Tov. {fecaiier}—* i FC, werist lee ‘Channel select PCa) [pots ima FP Fig, 4.25 : Microprocessor based overcurrent relay (Block diagram) + Output of rectifier is fed to the multiplexer. Microprocessor sends a command to switch-on the'desired channel of the multiplexer to obtain the rectified voltage proportional to current in the particular circuit. The output of multiplexer is fed to A/D converter to obtain the signal in digital form. The microcomputer sends a signal to the ADC for starting the conversion. Microcomputer reads the end of conversion signal to examine whether the conversion is over or not. As soon as the conversion is over the microcomputer reads the current signal n digital form and then compares it with the pickup value, * Inthe case of definite time overeurrent relay, the microcomputer sends the tripping signal tothe circuit breaker after a predetermined time delay if the fault current exceeds the pickup value. In case of instantaneous overcurrent relay there is no intentional time delay. Similar cireit with some alterations are used as uP based distance relay, static relays and! so on, 2 ann) 4.8.2 Microprocessor Based Static Rela (W-13) SS SS ‘lay. E ® Explain working of microprocessor based relay wan @ coon with tec diagram working of microprocessor based over curent ely, (S-13, 12) microprocessor based over current relay and wite down its operatio ‘ & Draw the block diagram of _ (w-12) The main components af@ * 2. Analog processing circuit, 1. Converter. 4, A/D converter. 3. Relay interface. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner itchy Alternator & T1 protection of Alternator & Tra jeat and Protection (Electrical Engg. Gr.) (Sem.V)___4.22 —Py_sotec ime lag relay. 5. Current and voltage supervision. Ce ee output. 7. Digital processing, 8. Tripping 9. Indication and signaling. oo These components are represented in the following circuit diagr oo. ‘Alar power ‘AC. inputs pl HTL Hel Ee 2) ~ Relay ‘Converter. Analog interface _| fa processing a @) +1 curent and ["Lisorverte plese swerve Stime a |} Distal |, ee is processing — 4 ey = z L__, tripping Lstindication and output signaling Wy WH Fig. 4.26 : Microprocessor based static relay Functions : 1. AC/D.C. converter : Separation between auniliary station battery and static relay. 2. Analog processing circuit : 3-phase AC. inputs include secondary current of CT. and secondary voltage of P.T. 3. Relay interface with external block No. 7 of digital processing, ital signals : To receive external digital inputs and to feed to 4. AD. converter : Conversion of analog digital signals into digital square wave signals, 5. Current and voltage supervision : For controlling digital processes in block No.7. Time lag relay: Through biock No. 7 to determine operating time of backup relays. 7. Digital processing : As per the required logic to process the digital signals received from A/D converter (block 4) and digital input interface (block No. 3) 8. Tripping output : To give trip command to circuit breakers, 9. Indication and signali (@) To indicate operation of relay. (b) To provide signals to remote terminals. Eee + Alternator is the most important and costly equipment in power system: The Goo ° : . The cost alternator units accompanied by prime mover, excitation system, voltage enue eae Secause pe ‘The protection system provided should be therefore becomes elaborates complex, - aaa * Through fault: tis a fault which lies outside the protective zone of the vance former bi jh the transformer. ut fed throug! + Merz-Price Protection : The differential protection is based on ¢ ‘urrent circulation princi r known as Merz-Price protection. CTs will be used with on principle. It is also t wire and relay coils, @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Protection of Motors, Bus-Bar & Transmission Lines Switchgear and Protection (Electrical Engg. Gr.) (Sem. V) _$.10_ Protection of WOTet. "= (8-16, 12; W-15, 43) 5.2.4 Single-Phase Preventer| (I) = (W-15) Q__ Describe single-phase preventer. (W-13, 10, 09, 08) Q What is single-phasing ? ‘ ing on 3-phase inductio QQ What is eae by single phasing ? Also explain the effects of single phasing (W-13) motor. iii) Contactors, (iv) Normal} Main parts of the circuit : ()) Control coil, (i) Negative sequence Pane c ally closed NC contact, (v) Normally open NO contact, (vi) C.T.S. (vii) Uti ve Bs In Fig. 59 the parts are shown connected to the protective circuits and @Negative sequence motor. titer The preventive circuit is connected in secondaries of C1. and RY.B. lines act as primaries of the CT. The negative sequence filter is shown connected. The output of this filter is fed to a level detector. This sends the tripping command to the starter and NC contact gets opened and contactors get Opened, stopping the motor as it is disconnected from the supply RY.B. This type of preventer is generally used for small/medium capacity motors. .) 3-ph induction motor Fig. 5.9 : Single Phasing Preventer (B) PROTECTION OF BUS-BARS AND TRANSMISSION LINES INTRODUCTION i [.@._ State importance of bus-bar. (S-12) + usbars are important parts in power system and industrial switchgear, Busbars form imporant lnk Petween incoming and outgoing circuits. The fault level at busbars is very high, since it is connected tora larger part of a power system. The fault on busbar may cause disconnection of supply to major portion ~of power system. ‘* The busbar area for the protection purpose includes the busbar, When fault occurs within the busbar area, the faulty section mi Possible time (50 msec.) circuit breakers and isolating switches. ust be immediately isolated in shortest * _Lack of proper protection scheme may cause a major shut down which is not desired, [5.3 ABNORMALITIES AND FAULTS. oe As said earlier, the fault level at busbars is very high, The busbar prote: two types of fault n is designed to operate for (@) Earth fault or line to ground fault. (b) Phase to phase fault, The reasons for occurrence of fault are as follows : 1. Failure of support insulators. 2 Flash over due to damaged insulator, 3. Flash over across insulators due to overvoltage \\4. Mechanical damage, earthquake. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner ping a he methods tus oatan fault bus protec overcurrent relays, 2. Busbar protection by differential protection. he earth fault or line to ground fault is com 4, Frame leakage protection. \ fe th ae es! ono ed cena sterpaaon? =, | re mi Which are most commonly used schemes fr bus-bar protection ? (w-10) yhich are most cor pu 7 mimonly used schemes for bus-protection ? Explain any one scheme in detail_(W-34) (5.41 Bus-bar Protection by Overcurrent Relays (8-12) s-Bar 6 Transmission LINES. 1_ Protection of Motors, Bus 10 shows sch \ Fis 'eme for bus-bar protection using overcurrent relays y | ce ST Foti ert = fa} oe 1 7 i ce Incoring ia cr ms rau 2 = ce J 7 i) 7 os ame aI Foripcrcut ub or Fig. 5.10 : Bus-bar Protection by Overcurrent Relays + The CTs are connected in two lines and CT secondary is connected to trip coil of overcurrent relays Ry and R,. + Under normal working conditions, all CB contacts are closed. When fault occurs on any line say line 2, the CT secondary current increases to a sufficient value that sufficiently energises the relay coil and Ry operates, The CB of that line operates. 5.4.2 Bus-bar Protection by erential Protection] £) (s-12) » Describe differential protection of bus bar with neat diagram. (15, W-15) @ Describe with a neat connection diagram the operation of differential protection scheme provided for bus bars. (W-15) * Fig, 5.11 shows the differential protection scheme for busbars. * The incoming line is connected Bus bar to busbar which is supplying load to lines 1 and 2. Two CTs are connected in line 1 and 2. The secondaries of these CTs Incoming are connected in parallel. The incoming CT secondary is also in parallel with them. All. CTs are identical ie. rating ratio is same. A protective relay is connected across the CT secondaries as shown: Under normal working conditions, no current flows through the relay coil. Tis is because sum of incoming currents entering the bus is equal to sum of currents leaving the bus. But on occurrence of fault, differential current flows through relay coil. The relay operates the incoming circuit breaker and then the circuit breaker in line 1 and 2. Thus, faulty section is isolated. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Swi Bus-Bar & Transmission Lin n of Motors, itchgear and Protection (Electrical Engg. Gr) (Sem. V)__5.12__Protectlo 5.4.3 Fault Bus Protection|_{> (8-16; W-13) Q Q Explain fault bus protection of bus bar. (S-12) Q (S-10; W-13, 12) Explain with neat sketch fault bus protection to bus bar. scheme. was ._ Describe fault bus protection for bus bar in detail. Also draw the diagram for this 2) It is generally preferred for indoor Bus bere installations. An earthed bus is provided which is made to run along the conductor, This earthed bus is also known as fault bus. With this type of arrangement, the fault current is made to flow through the fault bus. This fault current and location of fault is detected by suitable arrangement. - The busbars are supported on or insulators, and insulators are | installed on the earthed bus or fault i bus. The fault bus is earthed Tot properly and a CT is inserted in the LT to trp circuit earthing connection. The trip coil is + 3 ponmscted across Ci seconds. Fig. 5.12 : Fault Bus Protection Scheme Under normal working conditions, no current flows through the trip coil when earth fault develops, the current flows through the earthed connection and CT secondary current is circulated which energises the trip coil and trip circuit contacts are closed. The circuit breaker receives the trip signal and faulty part is isolated. : 5.4.4 Frame Leakage Protection This protection scheme is preferred for indoor substations. Fig. 5.13 shows the arrangement. Metalic casing r cr Insulators Ps Fic Earth ‘connection Fig. 5.13 : Frame Leakage Protection Scheme The busbar and circuit breaker are installed inside the metalic casing, The metallic casing is earthed properly. When earth fault occurs, leakage current is produced, it passes to the earth connection, CT secondary current increases, causing trip col to close the contacts and trip signal is given to CB, The respective C8 then operates and isolates the faulty part. Incoming" Outgoing’ line lines @ scanned with OKEN Scanner me jon lines hi ve3 pe transmission fave large | - —

You might also like