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Gen Bio 2nd Quarter

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22 views4 pages

Gen Bio 2nd Quarter

Uploaded by

kaizemiddi00
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FROM ONE TO TWO

An In-Depth Look at the Stages of Mitosis


INTRODUCTION
 Have you ever wondered how living organisms grow, repair themselves, or reproduce? The answer
lies in the process of cell division.
 Simply put, cell division is the process by which a cell divides into two or more daughter cells. All
living things, from the tiniest bacteria to the tallest redwood tree, depend on this fundamental
mechanism for growth and development.
 So, let's dive in and explore the fascinating world of cell division!
CELL DIVISION
 Cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells, each with
the potential to grow, develop, and carry out specific functions.
 It is a fundamental process in biology that is essential for the growth, repair, and reproduction of
living organisms.
 Cell division can occur through two main mechanisms: mitosis, which produces two identical
daughter cells, and meiosis, which produces four genetically diverse daughter cells.
MITOSIS
Mitosis is the process by which a single cell divides into
two identical daughter cells. This type of division is
essential for growth and repair in multicellular organisms,
as well as for asexual reproduction in some single-celled
organisms.
MEIOSIS
Meiosis is the process by which a single cell divides into
four daughter cells, each with half the number of
chromosomes of the parent cell. Meiosis is critical for sexual
reproduction, as it allows for the production of gametes.
CELL CYCLE
 The sequence of events from the time a cell first arises as a result of cell division until the time when
that cell itself divides.
 Also known as the life cycle of
the cell.
 This consist of periods of;
Growth and development
DNA Replication
Preparation for division
Cell Division
 Cell after division begins a new
cell
Cell cycle – Interphase
 Interphase - is the preparatory stage when a cell gets ready to divide and start the cell cycle. It is the
largest part of the cell cycle involving three sub-phases: G1, S, and G2.
 Period of growth and DNA replication between cell divisions.
 Three phases:
G1 phase - cell increases in size
S phase - Replication of DNA
- Two sister strands of DNA
called chromatids are produce.
G2 phase - organelles double
- New cytoplasm forms
- All other structures needed
- for mitosis formed.
In M phase where cells are actually
divide to make more cells. But cells have
most of the time is in the interpase.
Along the cell cycle may mga check
points yan to make sure na before mag
divide ay ready and isang cell.
So as you can see here there are
checkpoints hindi lng dto may check
points even in cell cycle ay may check
points now first check point is you can
see it here in G1 this check point check if
the cell is growing enough? Is it DNA
damage?
Apoptosis
Have you ever wondered why our nails
grow, if we have wound eventually it will heal, or mas Malakai tayo ngayon compared noong 5 years old pa
lng tayo, or our hair grows so fast, \
What do have these things have in common? One major thing they have in common is mitosis

MITOSIS
 Is a type of cell division done by most of your body cells.
 Produces body cells.
 Mitosis makes identical cells.
And it is really important for your cells to divide. If they didnd divide wha will happen kaya?
You wouldn’t grow.
Now remember this that mitosis is not a process that makes sperm or egg cells because that is something to
do with meiosis
Uncontrolled cell growth that will become cancer.
Mitosis is critical process because this is the time that cell will divide.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MITOSIS
Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell.
The major purpose of mitosis is
for growth and to replace worn-out cells.

Mitosis occurs only in somatic cells, which


are all the cells in the body except for the
reproductive cells.

There is no reduction in the number of chromosomes during mitosis.

IMPORTANCE
 GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT
Mitosis is essential for the growth and development of multicellular organisms. It allows cells to
divide and multiply, leading to the formation of tissues, organs, and organ systems.
 REPAIR & MAINTENANCE
When tissues are damaged, such as in the case of a cut or injury, mitosis allows for the replacement
of the damaged cells with new, healthy cells.
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
In some organisms, mitosis allows for the production of genetically identical daughter cells, ensuring
that the offspring are identical to the parent cell.
VOCABS TO REMEMBER
CELL
A cell is the basic unit of life and the smallest functional and structural unit of living organisms.

SPLIT CHROMOSOME
A chromosome that has undergone a structural change, resulting in the separation of the
chromosome
CHROMOSOME
A chromosome is a structure found in the nucleus of cells that carries genetic information in
the form of DNA.
CENTROSOME
A centrosome is a small organelle found in eukaryotic cells, which functions as a
microtubule-organizing center.
SPINDLE FIBERS
The spindle fibers are microtubules that separates the chromosomes into two daughter cells.

CENTRIOLES
Centrioles are cylindrical organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are involved in the
organization of cell division.
STAGES OF MITOSIS
PROPHASE
 During prophase, the chromatin in the nucleus condenses into visible
chromosomes, which become visible under a microscope.
 The centrosomes, which are responsible for organizing the spindle fibers,
move to opposite poles of the cell.
 The nuclear envelope breaks down, allowing the spindle fibers to attach to
the chromosomes.
METAPHASE
 During metaphase, the chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell,
called the metaphase plate.
 The spindle fibers, which are attached to the centromeres of each
chromosome, ensure that the chromosomes are properly aligned and can be
separated correctly
ANAPHASE
 During this stage, the sister chromatids of each replicated chromosome separate
and are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers.
 This results in the formation of two identical sets of chromosomes at opposite poles of
the cell.
TELOPHASE
 During telophase, the chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell, and the
nuclear envelope begins to reform around each set of chromosomes.
 The chromosomes begin to uncoil and return to their normal, diffuse form. The
spindle fibers disassemble, and the cell begins to prepare for cytokinesis
CYTOKINESIS
 Cytokinesis is the process by which the cell divides into two daughter cells.
 In animal cells, a contractile ring of actin and myosin filaments forms around the
cell, contracting and pinching the cell membrane until the cell is divided into two
separate cells.
 In plant cells, a structure called the cell plate forms along the equator of the cell, eventually
dividing the cell into two separate daughter cells.

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