SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING

Module 1
Dr. Jai M. Paul
Professor in Civil Engineering
M.A College of Engineering, Kothamangalam
Sustainable
Development

Dr. Jai M. Paul

Professor in Civil Engineering
Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam
ENGINEERING
The branch of science and technology concerned with
the Planning, design, construction, and use of engines,
machines, and structures. Engineers applying the
theory of physics, chemistry and mathematics to solve
problems.
DEVELOPMENT
Development is a process that creates growth, progress,
positive change.
SUSTAINABILITY
Able to be maintain at a certain rate or level

The definition of “sustainability” is the study

of how natural systems function, remain
diverse and produce everything it needs for
the ecology to remain in balance.

Sustainability takes into account how we

might live in harmony with the natural
world around us, protecting it from damage
and destruction.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Development that is conducted without depletion of
natural resources.
What is Sustainable Development?

“Meeting the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs.
 CHALLENGES FOR SUSTAINABILITY:
• Growth in the scale of human enterprise (population size, per-
capita consumption, and effects of technologies to produce
goods for consumption) and
• A mismatch between short-term needs and long-term societal
well-being.
• Runoff of pesticides, fertilizers, and animal wastes,
• Pollution of land, water, and air resources affects biological
productive land etc.
• Introduction of non-native species
• Overharvesting fishes - will wipe out certain species.
• Destruction of wetlands
• Erosion of soils
• Deforestation – will affect the excistence of certain species.
• Urban sprawl
 CHALLENGES FOR SUSTAINABILITY
• Climate Change - due to Green house gases ,carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, chloro fluro carbon,
Hydro fluro carbon etc...
• Ozone Depletion
• Exhaustion of Natural Resources – Non renewable resources
(fossil fuels,Fresh water, minerals (copper) etc..
• Sea level rise
• Desertification
• Erosion
• Loss of biodiversity
• Destruction natural habitats etc….
THE THREE PILLARS OF
SUSTAINABILITY
 SOCIAL- ENVIRONMENTAL AND
ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPTS
The three pillars of sustainability are a powerful
tool for defining the complete sustainability
problem.
This consists of economic, social, and
environmental pillars. If anyone pillar is weak then
the system as a whole is unsustainable. Two
popular ways to visualize the three pillars are
shown.
 THE THREE PILLARS OF
SUSTAINABILITY
Environmental Sustainability
Environmental sustainability means that we are
living within the means of our natural resources. To
live in true environmental sustainability, we need to
ensure that we are consuming our natural resources.
Economic Sustainability:
Economic sustainability requires that a business or
country uses its resources efficiently and responsibly
so that it can operate in a sustainable manner to
consistently produce an operational profit.

Social Sustainability:
Social sustainability is the ability of society, or any
 NEED OF SUSTAINABILE
DEVELOPMENT
Sustainability is important for many reasons
including:
1. Environmental Quality – In order to have healthy
communities, we need clean air, natural resources,
and a nontoxic environment.
2. Growth – Population is growing, so we require
more resources such as energy, water, and space.
Sustainability aims to use our resources efficiently to
benefit our campus and community.
3. Healthcare – Sustainability and healthcare are
intricately related since the quality of environment
affects public health.
For example, many health issues are directly related
to air, water and soil quality.
4. Rapid economic growth and industrialisation have
 NEED OF SUSTAINABILE
DEVELOPMENT
5. There is fear of complete exhaustion of these
natural resources.
6. In the process of economic growth, damage is being
caused to environment and ecology which
ultimately will create insecurity for human beings.
7. Mother nature’s resources are limited and are to be
used judiciously.
 Origin and evolution of
sustainability
The idea of sustainability dates back to the early
20th century in the era of industrial revolution when
two opposing factions had emerged within the
environmental movement: the conservationists and
the preservationists
 Origin and evolution of
sustainability
The International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN) was founded in October 1948 following an
international conference in France. Its promoter’s
sought to ensure that any use of natural resources is
equitable and ecologically sustainable.

Sustainable development was a key theme of the

United Nations Conference on the Human
Environment in Stockholm in 1972. The concept was
coined explicitly to suggest that it was possible to
achieve economic growth and industrialization
without environmental damage.
Since 1995, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) conducts yearly conferences known as
Conference Of Parties (COPs) to assess progress in dealing with
climate change
 NEXUS BETWEEN TECHNOLGY AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT

• Science and technology are considered amongst the most

effective means to enhance growth and socio-economic
development of nations
• Technology has offered the promise of a better world through
the elimination of disease and material improvements to
standards of living.
• Resource extraction and pollution of air, water and soil and
caused irreversible damage to the biosphere.
• Relatively littlie attention has been given to understanding the
sustainability challenges and efforts to solve them.
• Hence, it is essential that research on the relationships
between science, technology and society be integrated into
the border sustainability research agenda.
 NEXUS BETWEEN TECHNOLGY AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
The areas where technologies can play a major role in
sustainable development are:
1. To improve productivity and soil and water
conservation, and maintain reasonable costs of food
and fibre.
2. To increase soil fertility.
3. To improving water availability and efficiency of
use.
4. To reducing food losses.
5. To enable farmers to modernize their farming
practices and this becomes feasible to them.
6. Technologies to provide and improve energy services
for developing world populations.
7. More efficient biomass stoves to reduce fuel use and
reduce the hazardous smoke emissions.
 NEXUS BETWEEN TECHNOLGY AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
7. More efficient biomass stoves to reduce fuel use and
reduce the hazardous smoke emissions.
8. Simple motor-driven systems for pumping water or
grinding g ra i n t o re du c e t he bu rde n of t h e s e
physically demanding tasks on women.
9. Energy-efficient pumps, fertilizers, and mechanical
traction to improve agricultural productivity.
10. For many developing countries, provision of basic
water, sewer, and refuse disposal services are major
environmental priorities.
11. Developing countries need more sanitary services
systemsserving rural and urban areas.
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS)
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were
eight international development goals for the year 2015
that had been established following the Millennium
Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the
adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) succeeded
the MDGs in 2016.
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS)
All 191 United Nations member states, and at least
22 international organizations, committed to help
achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by
2015:
1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. To achieve universal primary education
3. To promote gender equality and empower women
4. To reduce child mortality
5. To improve maternal health
6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7. To ensure environmental sustainability
8. To develop a global partnership for development
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS)

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a

collection of 17 global goals designed to be a
"blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable
future for all". The SDGs, set in 2015 by the United
Nations General Assembly and intended to be
achieved by the year 2030, are part of
UN Resolution 70/1, the 2030 Agenda.
The 17 SDGs are:
1. Poverty - End poverty in all its forms everywhere
2. Food - End hunger, achieve food security and
improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture
3. Health -Ensure healthy lives and promote well-
being for all at all ages
4. Education - Ensure inclusive and equitable quality
education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all
5. Women - Achieve gender equality and empower
all women and girls
6. Water - Ensure availability and sustainable
management of water and sanitation for all
7. Energy - Ensure access to affordable, reliable,
sustainable and modern energy for all
The 17 SDGs are:
8. Economy - Promote sustained, inclusive and
sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all
9. Infrastructure - Build resilient infrastructure,
promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and foster innovation
10. Inequality - Reduce inequality within and
among countries
11. Habitation - Make cities and human settlements
inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
12. Consumption - Ensure sustainable consumption
and production patterns
13. Climate-Take urgent action to combat climate
change and its impacts, ensuring that both
mitigation and adaptation strategies are in place
The 17 SDGs are:
14. Marine-ecosystems - Conserve and sustainably
use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development
15. Ecosystems -Protect, restore and promote
sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat
de s e rt i f i c a t i on, a nd h a lt a n d r e v e r s e l a n d
degradation and halt biodiversity loss
16. Institutions - Promote peaceful and inclusive
societies for sustainable development, provide
access to justice for all and build effective,
accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
17. Sustainability - Strengthen the means of
implementation and revitalize the global
partnership for sustainable development.
 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM)
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is
a United Nations-run carbon offset scheme
allowing countries to fund greenhouse gas
emissions-reducing projects in other countries and
claim the saved emissions as part of their own
efforts to meet international emissions targets.
 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM)
It is one of the three Flexible Mechanisms defined
in the Kyoto Protocol. The CDM, defined in Article
12 of the Protocol, was intended to meet two
objectives:
1. To assist non-Annex I countries (predominantly developing
nations) achieve sustainable development and reduce
their carbon footprints; and

2. To assist Annex I countries (predominantly industrialized

nations) in achieving compliance with their emissions
reduction commitments.
SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING
Module 2
 Pollution

Any substance present in the environment in

harmful concentration, which adversely alters
the environment by damaging the growth rate
of a species and by interfering with the food
chains, is toxic and affects the health, comfort
and property etc. is considered as a pollutant.
Classification of Pollution

Depending upon the area or the part of

environment affected, pollution may be of the
following types:

1.Air pollution
2.Water pollution
3.Land pollution
4.Noise pollution
5.Pollutants
 Air pollution
Air pollution is the introduction of particulates, biological
molecules, or other harmful gases into Earth's atmosphere,
c a u s i n g :

• Disease,
• Death to humans,
• Damage to other living organisms such as food crops etc.

Air pollution may come from

• anthropogenic or
• natural sources.
 Air pollution
Air pollution is the introduction
of particulates, biological molecules, or other harmful
gases into Earth's atmosphere causing.
• Disease,
• Death to humans,
• Damage to other living organisms such as food crops
etc.

Air pollution may come from

• Anthropogenic or
• Natural sources.
 Air pollution
Air pollution is the introduction
of particulates, biological molecules, or other harmful
gases into Earth's atmosphere causing.
• Disease,
• Death to humans,
• Damage to other living organisms such as food crops
etc.

Air pollution may come from

• Anthropogenic or
• Natural sources.
Classification of Air Polutants
The classification of pollutants is done from different
points of view:
Depending upon their existence in nature pollutants
are of two types.

Quantitative Pollutants:
These are those substances normally occurring in the
environment, who acquire the status of a pollutant
when their concentration gets increased due to the
unmindful activities of man. For example, carbon
dioxide, if present in the atmosphere in concentration
greater than normal due to automobiles and industries,
causes measurable effects on humans, animals,
plants or property, then it is classified as a
quantitative pollutant.
Qualitative Pollutant:

These are those substances which do not normally

occur in nature but are added by man, for example,
insecticides.
(ii)Depending upon the form in which they persist after
being released into the environment, the pollutants
are categorized into two types.
(a)Primary Pollutants:
These are those which are emitted directly from the
source and persist in the form in which they were
added to the environment . Typical examples of
pollutants included under this category are ash, smoke,
fumes, dust, nitric oxide, sulphur dioxide,
hydrocarbons, radioactive compounds etc.
(a)Secondary Pollutants:
These are those which are formed from the primary
p o l l u t a n t s by c h e m i c a l i n te ra c t i o n w i t h s o m e
constituent present in the atmosphere. Examples are:
Sulphur trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, aldehydes, ketones,
ozone etc.
(ii)From the ecosystem point of view, i.e., according to
their natural disposal, pollutants are of two types:
(a)Bio-degradable Pollutants:
These are the pollutants that are quickly degraded
by natural means. Heat or thermal pollution, and
domestic sewage are considered in this category
as these can be rapidly decomposed by natural
processes or by engineered systems such as
municipal treatment, plants etc.
(a)Non-degradable Pollutants:
These are the substances that either do not degrade
or degrade very slowly in the natural environment.
These include mercury salts, long chain phenolic
chemicals, DDT and Aluminium cans etc.
(ii)Classification of pollutants on the basis their
physical state:

(a) Gaseous pollutants

CO, CO2, SO2, SO3, H2S, oxides of nitrogen etc.
(b) Liquid pollutants
Domestic sewage, industrial effluents, acid rains, run-
off from the lands, oil pollutants from cargos etc.
( c)Solid pollutants
Smoke, dust, smog, fog, aerosols, particulates, pollen
grains.
MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS

(a)Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is one of the major gases which
contribute towards air pollution. It is mainly
produced during the combustion of fuel in
factories, power stations, household etc.
(a)Sulphur dioxide
It is produced by the burning of coal in power houses
and automobiles (car, trucks etc.). It causes
chlorosis and necrosis of plants, irritation in eyes
and injury to the respiratory tract (asthma,
bronchitis) in humans responsible for
discoloration and deterioration of buildings.
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide is produced as a result of incomplete
combustion of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and wood
charcoal. Automobiles using diesel and petroleum are the
major sources of carbon monoxide which gets added to
the atmosphere.
Fluorides
Upon heating„ rocks, soils and minerals that contain
fluorides, give out hydrogen fluoride gas.
Oxides of nitrogen
A few oxides of nitrogen, such as nitric oxide (NO), nitrous
oxide (N2O) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are produced by
natural processes as well as from thermal power stations,
factories, automobiles and aircrafts due to burning of coal and
petroleum
Smog
Smog is a mixture of smoke, dust particles and small
drops of fog.
Aerosol spray propellants
Suspended fine particles in the air are known as aerosols.
Aerosols contain chlorofluoro carbons (CFCs) and
fluorocarbons used in refrigerants and aerosol cans. They
cause depletion of the ozone layer.
Domestic air pollutants
Smoke from cigarettes, bidi, cigar and other such objects
using burning tobacco, burning of coal, firewood, cow
dung cakes, kerosene oil and liquefied gases are major
domestic pollutants.
 Effects of Air pollution

In general effects of the polluted atmosphere can be

classified under
1. Effect onthe following
certain four heads:
materials

2. Effect on plants

3. Effect on animals

4. Effect on human health

5. Effect on physical features on the atmosphere

Effect on certain materials

In general effects of the polluted atmosphere can be

classified under the following four heads:

Air pollutants affect certain materials by the

following five ways:
1. Abrasion
2. Deposition and removal
3. Direct chemical attack
4. Indirect chemical attack
5. Corrosion
Effect on certain materials

It causes deterioration of building material.

It causes corrosion and incrustation of metals

It causes discolouration of paints, cement colour etc.

It causes reduction of strength of materials

ii. Effect of air pollutants on plants
Air pollution has long been known to have adverse effect on
plants. Air pollutants affecting plants are:
Sulphur dioxide
2. Hydrogen fluoride
3. Hydrogen chloride
4. Chlorine
5. Ozone
6. Oxides of nitrogen
7. Ammonia
8. Mercury
9. Ethylene
10.Hydrogen sulphide
11.Hydrogen cyanide
12.PAN (Peroxyacetyl nitrate)
13.Herbicides
14.Smog
ii. Effect of air pollutants on plants
• The most obvious damage caused by air pollutants to
plants and vegetation occur is the leaf structure.
• The stomata (tiny opening or void) of leaf gets clogged
thereby reducing intake of CO 2 and thus affecting
photosynthesis.
• The adverse effect is range from reduction in growth rate
to death of the plant. T
• he concentration of nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and
ozone may damage plants, vegetables, fruit trees, and
forest areas.
ii. Effect of air pollutants on plants
Some of the typical effect on vegetation is as follows.
i. Plants may be dried up, the yield of crop may decrease, the
quality of crops may decline or may be affected by diseases.
ii. The growth of vegetables may stop, the quality may be
inferior or may be affected by diseases. 19 Proof 1
iii. The quality of fruits may become inferior or the quantity
may also decrease.
iv. The forest area may get destroy gradually. The growth of
tree may become stunted or they may dry up completely.
 iii. Effect on animals
The effect of pollutants on farm animals takes place in two
steps
(i) accumulation of air pollutants in the vegetation, plants and
forage, and (ii) subsequent poisoning of the animals when they
eat the contaminated vegetation. Important contaminants that
affect the livestock are (a) fluorine, (b) arsenic and (c) lead.
These pollutants originate either from the industries situated
n e a r by, o r f ro m d u st i n g a n d s p ray i n g . O u t o f t h e s e
contaminants, fluorine contamination is most prominent since
cattle and sheep are found to be more susceptible to it.
Symptoms of advanced fluorosis include lac of appetite,
general ill health due to malnutrition, lowered fertility, reduced
milk production and growth retardation. Arsenic in dusts or
sprays on plants can cause to poisoning of cattle leading to
salivation, thirst, vomiting, uneasiness, feeble and irregular
pulse and respiration.
 iii. Effect on animals
The effect of pollutants on farm animals takes place in two
steps
(i) accumulation of air pollutants in the vegetation, plants and
forage, and (ii) subsequent poisoning of the animals when they
eat the contaminated vegetation. Important contaminants that
affect the livestock are (a) fluorine, (b) arsenic and (c) lead.
These pollutants originate either from the industries situated
n e a r by, o r f ro m d u st i n g a n d s p ray i n g . O u t o f t h e s e
contaminants, fluorine contamination is most prominent since
cattle and sheep are found to be more susceptible to it.
Symptoms of advanced fluorosis include lac of appetite,
general ill health due to malnutrition, lowered fertility, reduced
milk production and growth retardation. Arsenic in dusts or
sprays on plants can cause to poisoning of cattle leading to
salivation, thirst, vomiting, uneasiness, feeble and irregular
pulse and respiration.
iv. Effect on human health
1. Ear, nose and throat irritation.
2. Irritation of respiratory tract
3. Odour nuisance due to hydrogen sulphide, ammonia
mercaptans, even at low concentrations.
4. Chronic pulmonary diseases (such as bronchitis, asthma)
etc. 20 are aggravated by high concentrations of SO2 , NO2
, particulate matter and photochemical smog.
5. Pollens etc. initiate asthmatic attacks.
6. Carcinogenic agents cause cancer.
7. Respiratory disease is caused by dust particles. Silicosis is
caused by silica dust of cement factories and asbestosis is
caused by asbestos plants.
8. Lead poisoning is caused due to entry of lead through the
lungs.
iv. Effect on human health
9. Bone fluorosis and mottling of teeth is caused by hydrogen
fluoride.
10. Carbon monoxide may cause death by asphyxiation. It also
increases stress on persons suffering from cardiovascular
and pulmonary diseases.
11. Air pollution in general is cause increase in mortality rate
and morbidity rate.
12. Rdio-active fallout may cause cancer, shortening of life span
v. Effect of air pollutants on physical features on the
atmosphere
The physical effects of pollutants on the atmosphere can be
classified under three heads:
1. Effects on visibility.
2. Effects on urban atmosphere and weather conditions.
3. Effects on atmosphere constituents.
4. Effects on visibility: The visibility is reduced due to the
concentration and physical properties of particulate
pollutants present in the atmosphere.
 Water pollution
Water pollution may be defined as “any change in
the physical, chemical and biological properties
of water as well as contamination with any
foreign substance, which would constitute a
health hazard or otherwise decrease the utility of
water”.

It may also be defined as addition of excess of

undesirable substance to water that make it
harmful to man, animal, and aquatic life or
otherwise causes significant departures from the
normal activities of various living communities in
or around water.
 The indications of water pollution are:

)Bad taste of drinking water.

b)Offensive odours from lakes, rivers and ocean

beaches.

c) Unchecked growth of aquatic weeds in waterbodies.

d)Decrease in number of fish in fresh water, river water

and seawater.

e) Oil and grease floating on water surfaces.

The above conditions disturb the normal use of water for:
Drinking purposes.

Recreation

Fish, other aquatic life and wildlife

Agriculture.

Industry.
Causes water pollution
Sewage

Agricultural Pollution

Oil Pollution

Radioactive Substances

River dumping

Marine Dumping
 SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

Point source water pollution refers to

contaminants that enter a waterway from a single,
identifiable source, such as a pipe or ditch.
Examples of sources in this category include
discharges from a sewage treatment plant, a
fa c to r y, o r a c i t y s to r m d ra i n . T h i s t y p e o f
d i s c hsources
Point arges c an b e c on trolled e a s i ly. Wa te r
pollution caused by these sources can be
minimised if the effluent from these sources is
controlled, treated up to acceptable levels and
disposed off.
Nonpoint source pollution refers to diffuse
contamination that does not originate from a
single discrete source. This type of pollution
is ofte n the c umul ati ve e f fe c t of s ma l l
amounts of contaminants gathered from a
l a rge a re a . A c o m m o n e x a m p l e i s t h e
leaching out
Non-point of nitrogen compounds from
sources
fertilized agricultural lands.
TYPES OF WATER POLLUTANTS

(1) Organic pollutants,

(2) Pathogens,
(3) Nutrients and agriculture runoff,
(4) Suspended solids and sediments (organic
and inorganic),
(5) Inorganic pollutants (salts and metals),
(6) Thermal Pollution, and
(7) Radioactive pollutants.
 Levels of Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater treatment is closely related to
the standards and/or expectations set for the effluent quality.
Wastewater treatment processes are designed to achieve
improvements in the quality of the wastewater. The various
treatment processes will reduce:

• Primary (mechanical)
• Secondary (biological)
• Tertiary (or advanced).
SOLID WASTE
 SOLID WASTE

Solid waste means any garbage, refuse,

sludge from a wastewater treatment plant,
w at e r s u p p l y t re at m e n t p l a n t , o r a i r
p o l l u t i o n c o n t ro l fa c i l i t y a n d o t h e r
discarded materials including solid, liquid,
semi-solid, or contained gaseous material,
resulting from industrial, commercial,
mining and agricultural operations, and
from community activities.
 SOLID WASTE
Examples of solid wastes include the following materials
when discarded:

• Waste tires
• Scrap metal
• Furniture and toys
• Garbage
• Appliances and vehicles
• Oil and anti-freeze
• Empty aerosol cans, paint cans and compressed gas
cylinders
• Construction and demolition debris, asbestos
 Source
Sources of Solid WasteTypes of solid wastes
Typical waste generators
Residential Single and multifamily dwellings Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles,
leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes,
special wastes (e.g., bulky items, consumer electronics,
white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household
hazardous wastes.).

Industrial Light and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, Ho u s e ke epi n g wa s t e s, p a ckag i n g, fo o d wa s t e s,

construction sites, power and chemical plants. construction and demolition materials, hazardous
wastes, ashes, special wastes.

Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass,
buildings, etc. metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes.

Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons, government Same as commercial.

centers.

Construction and N e w c o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e s , r o a d r e p a i r, Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.

demolition renovation sites, demolition of buildings

Municipal services Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, Street sweepings; landscape and tree trimmings;
o t h e r r e c r e a t i o n a l a r e a s , w a t e r a n d ge n e ra l wa s t e s f ro m p a rks, b e a ch e s, a n d o t h e r
wastewater treatment plants. recreational areas; sludge.

P r o c e s s Heavy and light manufacturing, refineries, Industrial process wastes, scrap materials, tailings.
( m a nu fa c t u r i n g, ch e m i c a l p l a n t s, p o we r p l a n t s, m i n e ra l
etc.) extraction and processing.

Agriculture Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, farms. Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, hazardous
wastes (e.g., pesticides).
 Impacts of Solid Waste

1. Hazardous gas emissions

2. Water Quality/Contamination

3. Energy Consumption

4. Natural Habitat Degradation

5. Disposal Costs
 Zero Waste
Zero Waste is a goal that is ethical, economical,
efficient and visionary, to guide people in changing
their lifestyles and practices to emulate sustainable
natural cycles, where all discarded materials are
designed to become resources for others to use.

And it means designing and managing products and

processes to systematically avoid and eliminate the
volume and toxicity of waste and materials, conserve
and recover all resources, and not burn or bury them.

Implementing Zero Waste will eliminate all discharges

to land, water or air that are a threat to planetary,
human, animal or plant health.
 3R
The popular and well-known concept of
"3R" refers to reduce, reuse and recycle,
particularly in the context of production and
consumption.
 Reduce

"Reduce" means using fewer resources in

the first place. This is the most effective of
the three R's and the place to begin.
 Reuse
To reuse is to use an item again after it has been used.
This includes conventional reuse where the item is used
again for the same function, and creative reuse where it
is used for a different function. In contrast, recycling is
the breaking down of the used item into raw materials
which are used to make new items.
• A jam jar can store leftovers.
• Food scraps can become compost.
• An old shirt can become a pajama top.
• An opened envelope can become a shopping list.
• A magazine can be shared. DVDs can be traded.
• A dishwasher can be repaired.
• A computer can be upgraded.
• A car can be resold.
• A cell phone can be donated.
• Returnable bottles can be, well... Returned.
 Recycle

Recycling is a process to
change waste materials into new
products to prevent waste of potentially
useful materials, reduce the
consumption of fresh raw materials,
re d u c e e n e rg y u s age, re d u c e a i r
pollution (from incineration) and water
pollution and lower greenhouse
gas emissions.
1.
Global Environmental Issues
E nv i ro n m e n t a l d egra d at i o n : E nv i ro n m e n t a l
degradation is the deterioration of
the environment through depletion of resources such
a s a i r, w a t e r a n d s o i l ; t h e d e s t r u c t i o n
of ecosystems and the extinction of wildlife.

2. Greenhouse effect: The combustion of large quantities

of fossil fuels like coal and oil in thermal power plants,
industries, and automobiles emits excessive quantities
o f c a r b o n d i ox i d e a n d n i t ro ge n ox i d e s i n t o t h e
atmosphere. The greenhouse ef fect is the heating
effect caused by gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2),
methane (CH 4 ) and oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) in the
atmosphere.
Global Environmental Issues
 Global Environmental Issues
3. Global Warming: Global Warming is the increase of
Earth's average surface temperature due to effect of
greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide emissions
from burning fossil fuels or from deforestation, which
trap heat that would otherwise escape from Earth. This
is a type of greenhouse effect.
4. Ozone depletion: Ozone layer depletion, is simply the
wearing out (reduction) of the amount of ozone in the
stratosphere.
1.
Consequences
Rise in sea level
of Global warming

2. Climate change
 Consequences of Global warming
Change in climate can also cause several other problems, such
as:
• Drying of surface water bodies
• Fall in ground water table
• Serious water shortage
• Desertification of vast areas, which were fertile and
productive lands
• Crop pattern change and reduced agricultural yields
• Increased growth of pathogenic microorganisms and spread
of diseases
• Problem of unsanitary condition
• Change in vegetation pattern give rise to uncontrollable
weeds and insects
• Melting of polar ice and oceanic expansion which results in
flooding of coastal areas.
• Increase in number and severity of tropical storms and
cyclones.
• Saltwater intrudes in groundwater zones
 Control of Global warming
• Reduction in CO2 emissions by developing
alternative sources of energy.
• Energy conservation through introduction of
mass transportation in cities.
• Development of energy efficient devices.
• Cutting transmission losses in electric lines
and economic use of energy.
• Upgradation of industrial process to minimize
the release of greenhouse gases as possible.
Carbon credit and carbon trading
A permit that allows the holder to emit one ton of carbon
dioxide. Credits are awarded to countries or groups that
have reduced their green house gases below their
emission quota. Carbon credits can be traded in the
international market at their current market price.

For example, if an environmentalist group plants enough

trees to reduce emissions by one ton, the group will be
awarded a credit. If a steel producer has an emissions
quota of 10 tons, but is expecting to produce 11 tons, it
could purchas e t h i s c a r b o n c re d i t f ro m t h e
environmental group. The carbon credit system looks to
reduce emissions by having countries honor their
emission quotas and offer incentives for being below
them.
 Carbon Footprint
The total amount of greenhouse gases produced directly and
indirectly to support human activities, usually expressed in
equivalent tons of carbon dioxide (CO2).

When you drive a car, the engine burns fuel which creates a
certain amount of CO2, depending on its fuel consumption
and the driving distance. (CO2 is the chemical symbol for
carbon dioxide). When you heat your house with oil, gas or
coal, then you also generate CO2. Even if you heat your
house with electricity, the generation of the electrical power
may also have emitted a certain amount of CO2. When you
buy food and goods, the production of the food and goods
also emitted some quantities of CO2.

Your carbon footprint is the sum of all emissions of CO2

(carbon dioxide), which were induced by your activities in a
given time frame. Usually a carbon footprint is calculated for
the time period of a year.
 Uses of Carbon footprints

1. For publicly reporting greenhouse gas emissions.

2. For setting a target for reducing emissions (in order
to set a reductions target it is necessary to know
what current emissions are).
3. To identify which activities contribute the most to a
footprint (in order to identify the important areas for
reduction efforts).
4. In order to measure changes in emissions over time,
and to monitor the ef fectiveness of reduction
activities.
5. To offset emissions (in order to offset emissions it is
necessary to know how many reductions credits to
purchase).
Legal Provisions for Environmental Protection
The need for protection and conservation of environment
and sustainable use of natural resources is reflected in
the constitutional framework of India and also in the
international commitments of India. The Constitution
under Part IVA (Art 51A-Fundamental Duties) casts a
duty on every citizen of India to protect and improve the
natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and
wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.
Further, the Constitution of India under Part IV (Art 48A-
Directive Principles of State Policies) stipulates that the
State shall endeavour to protect and improve the
environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of
the country.
 Legal Provisions for Environmental Protection

After the Stockholm Conference, the National

Council for Environmental Policy and Planning
was set up in 1972 within the Department of
S c i e n c e a n d Te c h n o l o g y t o e s t a b l i s h a
regulatory body to look after the environment-
related issues. This Council later evolved into a
full-fledged Ministry of Environment and Forests
(MoEF).
 Legal Provisions for Environmental Protection

• Some of the important legislations for environment

protection are as follows:
 The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010
 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1981
 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1974
 The Environment Protection Act, 1986
 The Hazardous Waste Management Regulations, etc.
The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010
The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 (No. 19 of 2010)
(NGT Act) has been enacted with the objectives to
provide for establishment of a National Green Tribunal
(NGT) for the effective and expeditious disposal of
c a s e s r e l a t i n g t o e n v i ro n m e n t p ro t e c t i o n a n d
conservation of forests and other natural resources
including enforcement of any legal right relating to
environment and giving relief and compensation for
damages to persons and property and for matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto.
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (the "Air
Act") is an act to provide for the prevention, control and
abatement of air pollution and for the establishment of Boards
at the Central and State levels with a view to carrying out the
aforesaid purposes.
To counter the problems associated with air pollution, ambient
air quality standards were established under the Air Act. The
Air Act seeks to combat air pollution by prohibiting the use of
polluting fuels and substances, as well as by regulating
appliances that give rise to air pollution. The Air Act empowers
the State Government, after consultation with the SPCBs, to
declare any area or areas within the Sate as air pollution
control area or areas. Under the Act, establishing or operating
any industrial plant in the pollution control area requires
consent from SPCBs. SPCBs are also expected to test the air in
air pollution control areas, inspect pollution control equipment,
and manufacturing processes.
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1974
The Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, 1974
(the "Water Act") has been enacted to provide for the
prevention and control of water pollution and to maintain
or restore wholesomeness of water in the country. It
further provides for the establishment of Boards for the
prevention and control of water pollution with a view to
carry out the aforesaid purposes. The Water Act
prohibits the discharge of pollutants into water bodies
beyond a given standard, and lays down penalties for
non-compliance. At the Centre, the Water Act has set up
the CPCB which lays down standards for the prevention
and control of water pollution. At the State level, SPCBs
function under the direction of the CPCB and the State
Government.
The Environment Protection Act, 1986
The Environment Protection Act, 1986 (the "Environment
Act") provides for the protection and improvement of
environment. The Environment Protection Act establishes
the framework for studying, planning and implementing
long-term requirements of environmental safety and laying
down a system of speedy and adequate response to
situations threatening the environment. It is an umbrella
legislation designed to provide a framework for the
coordination of central and state authorities established
under the Water Act, 1974 and the Air Act. The term
"environment" is understood in a very wide term under s
2(a) of the Environment Act. It includes water, air and land
as well as the interrelationship which exists between water,
air and land, and human beings, other living creatures,
plants, micro-organisms and property.
The Environment Protection Act, 1986 cont……
Under the Environment Act, the Central Government is
empowered to take measures necessary to protect and
improve the quality of environment by setting standards
for emissions and discharges of pollution in the
atmosphere by any person carrying on an industry or
a c t i v i t y ; re g u l at i n g t h e l o c at i o n o f i n d u s t r i e s ;
management of hazardous wastes, and protection of
public health and welfare. From time to time, the Central
Government issues notifications under the Environment
Act for the protection of ecologically-sensitive areas or
issues guidelines for matters under the Environment Act.
Hazardous Wastes Management Regulations
Hazardous waste means any waste which, by reason of
any of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable,
explosive or corrosive characteristics, causes danger or
is likely to cause danger to health or environment,
whether alone or when in contact with other wastes or
substances.
There are several legislations that directly or indirectly
deal with hazardous waste management. The relevant
legislations are the Factories Act, 1948, the Public
Liability Insurance Act, 1991, the National Environment
Tribunal Act, 1995 and rules and notifications under the
Environmental Act.
In addition, there are many other laws relating to
environment, namely –
• The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
• The Forest Conservation Act, 1980
• Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
• The Biological Diversity Act, 2002
• Coastal Regulation Zone Notification
SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING
Module 3
 ENVIRONMENTAL NANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS (EMS)
Environmental Management System (EMS) is a tool
that enables an organisation to control impact of its
activities, products or services on the natural
environment.
Implementation of an EMS is a voluntary approach for
improving environmental performance.

Over the years, many public and private sector

organizations have implemented EMS, and their
numbers are growing on daily basis
 BASIC EMS FRAMEWORK
The basic EMS frame work follows a Plan-Do-Check-
Act (PDCA) cycle. If this cycle is adhered to constantly,
it leads to continuous improvement of the system. The
figure shown below is the EMS cycle which is an
abstract description of different components.
 BASIC EMS FRAMEWORK
The four phases in the Plan-Do-Check-Act Cycle involve:

Plan : Identifying and analyzing the problem.

Do : Developing and testing a potential solution.

Check : Measuring how effective the test solution was,
and analyzing whether it could be improved in
any way.
Act : Implementing the improved solution fully.
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS & ISO 14000
In September 1996, the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) published the first edition of ISO 14001,
the internationally accredited Environmental Management
Systems Standards.

This is an international voluntary standard describing specific

requirements for an Environmental Management System
(EMS)
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS & ISO 14000
ISO 14001 is a specification standard to which an orgenisation
may receive certification or registration and is considered as
the foundation document of the entire ISO 14000 series

This is an international voluntary standard describing specific

requirements for an Environmental Management System
(EMS)

A second edition of ISO 14001 was published in the year 2004,

updating the earlier standards
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS & ISO 14000
ISO 14001 is the dominant environmental management system
(EMS) standard in the world and is the most widely used and
accepted EMS standard.

This standard is voluntary, certifiable and is accepted by

stakeholders across the world as the preferred model for
environmental management.
 PRINCIPLES OF ISO14001
Prevention of environmental pollution
Compliance with environmental regulations
Continuous improvement of environmental performance

The subjects covered under the various ISO

Range of ISO Subject

ISO 14000-14009 Environmental Management System

ISO 14010-14019 Environmental Auditing

ISO 14020-14029 Environmental Labeling

ISO 14030-14039 Environmental Performance Evaluation

ISO 14040-14049 Life Cycle Assessment

ISO 14050-14059 Terms and Definitions

ISO 14060 Environmental Aspects in Product Standards

 ISO 14001

ISO 14001 is applicable to any organisation aiming at

• Implementing, maintaining and improving an environmental
management system.

• Ensuring its conformance with its stated environmental policy.

• Demonstrating such conformance to others

 LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS or LIFE CYCLE
ASSESSMENT (LCA)
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a multi-step procedure for
calculating the lifetime environmental impact of a product or
service.
The complete process of LCA includes goal and scope
definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and
interpretation.
 Why do life-cycle assessment?
Ø Minimize the magnitude of pollution

Ø Conserve non-renewable resources

Ø Conserve ecological systems

Ø Develop and utilize cleaner technologies

Ø Maximize recycling of materials and waste

Ø Apply the most appropriate pollution prevention and/or

abatement techniques
 4 Steps in LCA
Generally, a LCA consists of four main activities:
1. Goal definition (ISO 14040): The basis and scope of the
evaluation are defined.
2) Life-cycle inventory- Determine the emissions that occur and the
raw materials and energy that are used during the life-cycle of a
product.

2) Life-cycle impact assessment- Assess what the impacts of these

emissions and raw material depletions are.

3) Life cycle improvement analysis--Interpret the results of the

impact assessment in order to suggest improvements. When LCA
is conducted to compare products this step may consist of
recommending the most environmentally desirable product.
 Summary of LCA
Ø LCAs are a tool for assessing and minimizing the impact of human
activities.
Ø Life-cycle stages of a product include raw material acquisition,
manufacturing , use, and disposal.
Ø LCA techniques have been adopted in industry and the public
sector to serve a variety of purposes.
Ø Choices made during the planning phase of an LCA have a
profound impact on the results obtained. The choice of
functional unit, particularly when LCAs are conducted to compare
products, is especially influential.
 CIRCULAR ECONOMY
The circular economy is a model of production and consumption,
which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing
and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible.
In this way, the life cycle of products is extended.
In practice, it implies reducing waste to a minimum. When a
product reaches the end of its life, its materials are kept within the
economy wherever possible. These can be productively used again
and again, thereby creating further value. This is a departure from
the traditional, linear economic model, which is based on a take-
make-consume-throw away pattern. This model relies on large
quantities of cheap, easily accessible materials and energy. Also,
part of this model is planned obsolescence, when a product has
been designed to have a limited lifespan to encourage consumers to
buy it again.
 CIRCULAR ECONOMY
Benefits of Circular Economy
Following are the key benefits of Circular Economy:
1. Creation of new green industries and jobs
2. Reduced dependence on importation of raw materials
3. Avoidance of environmental damage caused by resource extraction
4. Less pollution entering the earth's life support systems
5. Save business, customers, and suppliers money
6. Capture more value from your materials and resources
7. Develop new markets and gain new customers
8. Build loyalty with customer base
9. Satisfy changing customer needs and expectations
10. Increase the security and price stability of your supply chain
11. Attract, retain, and engage your employees
12. Build your brand and reputation as an innovative organisation
13. Exceed government regulations and stay ahead of new requirements
14. Provide more return and lower risk to your investors
 BIOMIMICKING
Biomimicry is a way of viewing and valuing nature, based not on
what we can extract from the natural world, but on what we
can learn from it.

Bios—life or living things

Mimicking—imitation

It is the imitation of the models , systems and elements of

nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems.
Nature has solved engineering problems such as self-
healing abilities, environmental exposure tolerance and
resistance, hydrophobicity, self-assembly and harnessing solar
energy.
 BIOMIMICKING

Eastgate Centre, ZimBabswe

Ø Inspired by self-cooling mounds of African termites
Ø Termites build gigantic mounds inside of which they farm a
fungus ,their primary food source, must kept at exactly 87
degrees F, while the temp. outside range from 35 to 104
degree F.
Ø It is achieved by constantly opening and closing a series of
heating and cooling vents throughout the mound.
 BIOMIMICKING

Eastgate Centre, ZimBabswe

Ø Inspired by self-cooling mounds of African termites

Ø Termites build gigantic mounds inside of which they farm a
fungus ,their primary food source, must kept at exactly 87
degrees F, while the temp. outside range from 35 to 104
degree F.
Ø It is achieved by constantly opening and closing a series of
heating and cooling vents throughout the mound.
BIOMIMICKING
When a liquid drop on its leaves, it rolls and cleans o ff th e
contaminants that are on its surface. Inspired by this fact, many
artificial super hydophobic surfaces have been designed.

A German paint company has developed a biomimicry inspired

exterior coating with water repellent surface based on that of the
lotus leaf.
When a liquid drop on its leaves, it rolls and cleans o ff th e
contaminants that are on its surface. Inspired by this fact, many
artificial super hydophobic surfaces have been designed.

A German paint company has developed a biomimicry inspired

exterior coating with water repellent surface based on that of the
lotus leaf.
 Hypodermic needle

The mosquito’s annoying ability to painlessly and unnoticeably

suck blood and get away with it has inspired Japanese scientists
to create a hypodermic needle that is equally painless. The key
to less pain is the serrated proboscis of the mosquito, which
reduces the surface area of skin that the proboscis comes into
contact with. Less contact translates to less pain. We’ve been
able to produce similarly-designed harpoon-like needles that
have been implemented in small biomedical devices such as
blood-glucose monitors for diabetic patients.
EIA-Environmental Impact Assessment

It is the process of identification, evaluation and mitigation of

potential impact of proposed projects, plans and programs
prior to decision making.

Objectives of EIA
To predict environmental impacts of projects
To find ways and means to reduce adverse impacts
To Refine/shape the proposed project to suit the local environment
To present the predictions and options before the decision makers
 Evolution of EIA

Prior to 1994, developmental projects were based on

• Technical feasibility
• Cost-benefit analysis

Under Environmental Protection act (EIA) 1986, An EIA

notification was promulgated on 27 th January 1994, making
environmental clearance mandatory for expansion or
modernization of any project or for setting up new projects.
 PROCEDURES OF EIA IN INDIA

The processes involved in EIA are listed below

1. Screening
2. Scoping and consideration of alternatives
3. Impact prediction, assessment
4. Mitigation measures
5. Preparation of EIA report
6. Public hearing
7. Reviewing the EIA report & decision making
8. Monitoring the clearance conditions
 PROCEDURES OF EIA IN INDIA

The processes involved in EIA are listed below

The environment impact assessment consists of eight steps
with each step equally important in determining the overall
performance of the project. The eight steps of the EIA process
are presented in brief below:

Screening: First stage of EIA, which determines whether the

proposed project, requires an EIA and if it does, then the level
of assessment required.
 PROCEDURES OF EIA IN INDIA
Scoping: This stage identifies the key issues and impacts that
should be further investigated. This stage also defines the
boundary and time limit of the study.

Impact analysis: This stage of EIA identifies and predicts the

likely environmental and social impact of the proposed project
and evaluates the significance.

Mitigation: This step in EIA recommends the actions to

reduce and avoid the potential adverse environmental
consequences of development activities.

Reporting: This stage presents the result of EIA in a form of a

report to the decision-making body and other interested
parties.
 PROCEDURES OF EIA IN INDIA
Review of EIA: It examines the adequacy and effectiveness
of the EIA report and provides the information necessary for
decision-making.

Decision-making: It decides whether the project is rejected,

approved or needs further change.

Post monitoring: This stage comes into play once the project
is commissioned. It checks to ensure that the impacts of the
project do not exceed the legal standards and implementation
of the mitigation measures are in the manner as described in
the EIA report.
 PROCEDURES OF EIA IN INDIA
Generalised process flow sheet of the EIA process
SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIALISATION
Sustainable industrialisation (SI) is a process of
development that strives to promote
economic growth through increased capacity
to produce goods and provide services whilst
improving all peoples’ livelihoods without
compromising the needs of future
generations.
 Sustainable industrialization

Sustainable industrialisation is a long-term process of

transformation towards a desired vision of an industrialised
economy.

It contributes to wealth creation, social development and

environmental sustainability.
NECESSITY OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

• Applying technological progress

• Driving and diffusing innovation

• Developing new skills and attitudes

• Stimulating modern services

 CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES
• Resource-based industries ( processed food, wood, leather,
refined petroleum & rubber products);

• Low technology industries (textiles, garments, footwear,

furniture, glassware, toys);

• Medium technology industries (automotive industry,

chemicals, metal products, machinery)

• High technology industries (electronics, pharmaceuticals,

biotechnology, precision instruments, aerospace ).
 Air Water

Marine &
Soil Ground
Water

Biodiversity Climate
Change

provide affordable products with minimal

environmental degradation
CRITICAL ISSUES FOR INDUSTRIALIZATION
POPULATION OF EARTH
i) 2011 POPULATION ~ 6.93 billion
Ii) Population may reach in 2050, ~ 10 billion
iii) Today, The richest 20% of population (1.2 billion)
Consume 75% of energy and resources
CRITICAL ISSUES FOR INDUSTRIALIZATION

Crises of Energy
6.2.1 Consumable Energy (fossil)
i) Oil Consumption 3x faster than discovery
ii) Brings all people up to top 20% lifestyle?
iii) Exhaust coal, oil, shale, natural gas by 2050
6.2.2 Consumable Energy (nuclear)
i) Fission power plants exist, fusion plants not yet.
ii) Brings 10 billion people up to top 20% lifestyle?
Need 8,000 additional uranium plants
Exhaust all uranium fuel in 10 years
iii) If we use breeder reactors
Uranium then adds plutonium and thorium to fuel cycle
Uranium will last 700 years (2x life of coal)
CRITICAL ISSUES FOR INDUSTRIALIZATION

Crises of Resources
i) Need Mineral Resources
ii) Need productive land on earth
iii) Additional land needed for disposal
iv) Need money
 GLOBAL TRENDS AND ISSUES: INDUSTRIALIZATION
• Very high level of wealth creation and improvement in quality of
life during the last 50 years but not everywhere and not for
everybody.
• Globalization of financial, trade, investment and knowledge
flows
• Rapid and accelerating technological progress with many
applications for product and process technologies: ICT;
biotechnology; new materials; fuel cells; nano technologies
etc…
• Emergence of a global network society and new consumption
patterns
• Global governance with new international treaties, regulations
and s t a n d a r d s ( t r a d e , q u a l i t y, l a b o r, e n v i r o n m e n t ,
intellectual property rights, etc..) and new actors (global
corporations, civil society, media)
• H o w e v e r, a l a r m i n g a n d u n s u s t a i n a b l e t r e n d s : p o v e r t y,
environment, social development, economic marginalization,
Technical Progress & sustainability
Promise of the Science-Technology Enterprise

Promise = Development = Progress

• Eliminate Toil
• Eradicate Disease
• Prosperity
• Increase Lifespan
• Move Faster
• High Security
• Instant Communication
• Increased Consumption
• MORE is MORE….
 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
Industrial ecology (IE) is the study of material
and energy flows through industrial systems.
The global industrial economy can be modeled
as a network of industrial processes that
extract resources from the Earth and transform
those resources into commodities which can be
bought and sold to meet the needs of
humanity.
 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
It is the study of industrial systems aimed at
identifying and implementing strategies that
reduce their environmental impact. Industries,
such as manufacturing and energy plants,
extract raw materials and natural resources
from the earth and transform them into
products and services that meet the demands
of the population.
INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
 INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS
Industrial symbiosis is the sharing of services,
u t i l i t y, a n d b y - p r o d u c t r e s o u r c e s
among industries in order to add value, reduce
costs and improve the environment.

Industrial symbiosis is a subset of industrial

ecology, with a particular focus on material and
energy exchange.
 INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS
•One company's waste is another company's
raw material.
•A sustainable and interactive way to exploit all
resources best possible in a network of
different companies.
INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS
SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING
MODULE 4
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

•Non Conventional Energy Sources

Resources which are yet in the process development
over past few years: Solar, Wind, Tidal, Biogas,
Biomass, Geothermal ....

•Conventional Energy Sources

The sources of energy which have been in use at
present for a long time: Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas
and Water power ...

The above said non conventional energy sources

•Note:
were conventional energy sources before the invention of
steam engine in 18th Century
Conventional v/s Non-Conventional Sources of
Energy
Conventional Sources of Non-Conventional Sources of
Energy Energy
Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas And Solar, Wind, Tidal, Biogas, And
Water Power. Biomass, Geothermal.
Exhaustable except water. NOT exhaustable
Environment pollution like smoke,
Pollution free
ash, chemicals...
Power transmission is expensive Local power generation and use.
Waste Disposal Problems Environment friendly waste
Planet Heat imbalance Balanced Heat

NON Renewable Renewable Energy

Energy Source Source
RENEWABLE (NON CONVENTIONAL)ENERGY

Energy Sources to be focused:

• Solar
• Fuel Cells
• Wind
• Tidal
 SOLAR ENERGY
“Solar” is the Latin word for sun. and solar power is the
energy from the sun.

Solar energy technology comprises of two different

categories viz., thermal conversion and photo-conversion.

Photovoltaic: Sunlight directly converts into electrical

energy.

Thermal Energy: Sunlight focuses to thermal receptors

and converts water to steam by turbines then rotary
power produces electricity.
 PHOTOVOLTAIC
Photovoltaic: Photovoltaics is the direct conversion of light
into electricity at the atomic level. Some materials exhibit a
property known as the photoelectric effect that causes them
to absorb photons of light and release electrons. When these
free electrons are captured, an electric current results that
can be used as electricity.
 PHOTOVOLTAIC
Silicon is a material known as a ‘semiconductor’ as it conducts
electricity and it is the main material for photovoltaic cells.
Impurities such as boron or phosphorus are added to this base
material. These impurities create the environment for electrons to
be freed when sunlight hits the photovoltaic panel. The freeing of
electrons leads to the production of electricity.

The diagram above shows a basic photovoltaic cell. The blue

represents the main material, silicon. The black round and irregular
shapes represent the impurities of boron or phosphorous. As the
sun/light strikes the cell the impurities free up electrons which
‘bounce’ around at incredible speeds. This creates an electrical
charge.
 PHOTOVOLTAIC

Photovoltaic: The diagram above illustrates the operation of a basic

photovoltaic cell, also called a solar cell. Solar cells are made of the same
kinds of semiconductor materials, such as silicon, used in the
microelectronics industry. For solar cells, a thin semiconductor wafer is
specially treated to form an electric field, positive on one side and negative on
the other. When light energy strikes the solar cell, electrons are knocked
loose from the atoms in the semiconductor material. If electrical conductors
are attached to the positive and negative sides, forming an electrical circuit,
the electrons can be captured in the form of an electric current -- that is,
electricity. This electricity can then be used to power a load, such as a light or
a tool.
 SOLAR ENERGY
There are number of solar techniques which provides a
broad number of applications, of which some of them are
listed below.
Solar water heating
Solar air conditioning
Solar drying
Solar green-house
Solar desalination
Solar refrigeration
Solar cooking
Solar furnace
Solar electricity (Photovoltaic)
Solar electricity (Thermal)
 SOLAR ENERGY
Advantages of Solar Energy
Solar energy is free

Solar energy does not cause pollution

It can be used in remote areas where it is too

expensive to extend electricity power grid.

Calculators ad other low power consuming devices

can be powered by solar energy effectively.

World’s oil reserves will last for 40 to 50 years. On

the other hand, solar energy is infinite (forever)
 FUEL CELLS
A fuel cell is a device that generates electricity by chemical
reaction.

For any type of fuel cell, there are mainly three segments

Anode
Cathode
Electrolyte and catalyst

Every fuel cell has two electrodes, one positive (Anode) and
the other negative (Cathode).

Every fuel cell also has an electrolyte, which carries

electrically charged particles from electrode to the other, and

Catalyst, which speeds the reactions at electrodes

FUEL CELLS
Every fuel cell has two electrodes,
one positive (Anode) and the other
negative (Cathode).

Every fuel cell also has an

electrolyte, which carries electrically
charged particles from electrode to
the other, and

Catalyst, which speeds the reactions

at electrodes
FUEL CELLS

Hydrogen atoms enter a fuel cell at

the anode where a chemical
reaction strips them of their
electrons. The hydrogen atoms are
now "ionized," and carry a positive
electrical charge. The negatively
charged electrons provide the
current through wires to do work. If
alternating current (AC) is needed,
the DC output of the fuel cell must
be routed through a conversion
device called an inverter.
FUEL CELLS

Oxygen enters the fuel cell at the

cathode and, in some cell types
(like the one illustrated above), it
there combines with electrons
returning from the electrical circuit
and hydrogen ions that have
traveled through the electrolyte
from the anode. In other cell types
the oxygen picks up electrons and
then travels through the electrolyte
to the anode, where it combines
with hydrogen ions.
FUEL CELLS
The electrolyte plays a key role. It
must permit only the appropriate
ions to pass between the anode and
cathode. If free electrons or other
substances could travel through the
electrolyte, they would disrupt the
chemical reaction.

Whether they combine at anode or

cathode, together hydrogen and
oxygen form water, which drains
from the cell. As long as a fuel cell is
supplied with hydrogen and oxygen,
it will generate electricity.
 FUEL CELLS
Every fuel cell has two electrodes, one
positive (Anode) and the other negative
(Cathode).

Every fuel cell also has an electrolyte, which

carries electrically charged particles from
electrode to the other, and

Catalyst, which speeds the reactions at

electrodes
 FUEL CELLS OVER HEAT ENGINES

• High Efficiency.
• Virtually silent.
• No Pollutant emissions
• Power plants located near the consumer
• Provides electric power and heat as by-product.
• Heat is transferred to Heat Exchanger provides
hotwater supply or for desalination of sea water.
• Electric transmission lines are not required and
hence reduces transmission loss.
 WIND ENERGY

WIND: Atmospheric Air in motion

The origin of the Wind Energy is from the sun. When
sun’s ray falls on our planet, it’s surface gets heated up
and as a consequence unevenly winds are formed.

We can use the energy in the wind by building a tall

tower, with large propeller on the top. The wind blows
the propeller round, which turns a generator to produce
electricity.
COMPONENTS OF WIND MILLS
 WIND ENERGY

Refers to production of electricity from wind using

wind turbines.

When wind flows through the blades of a turbine, they

rotate and spin powering a rotor inside the generator,
produce electricity.

Multiple turbines are working independently.

The electricity from each turbine flows through cables

and combines with energy from other turbines , power
conditioned and then distributed.
 ADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY

Wind energy is a renewable resource, so it will never

run out
Has little direct effect on the environment as there has
NO green house gas (GHG) problems
Modern turbines available upto 1MW and wind farms
of 100 to 150 MW installed.
Individual turbines are repairable and no need of farm
shutdown.
The farm land can be used for agriculture or farming
activities – means ecofriendly and promotes tourism.
 DISADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY

• It cover large areas usually on ridges and hill tops.

• They are noisy.
• N eed h u ge am ou nt o f ca b l i n g a n d co m p l ex
Electrical Engineering technology.
• Generation of waste materials from damaged wind
mills.
• Regular monitoring and recurring repair of
electronics.
 HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER
Hydroelectricity is the term referring
t o e l e c t ri c i t y g e n e ra t e d b y h y d r o p o w e r ; t h e
production of electrical power through the use of the
gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the
most widely used form of renewable energy,
accounting for 16 percent of global electricity
generation.
HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER
 SMALL HYDRO POWER (SHP)
Small hydropower can provide clean, renewable
and relatively inexpensive energy.
Unlike large hydropower schemes, small hydropower
does not necessitate a reservoir.
They can be constructed in any location where there is
e n o u g h wa te r f l o w a n d h e a d t o m a ke e n e r g y
generation viable.
Since, no reservoir is created on the upstream, there is
minimal impact on nearby communities with respect to
displacement.
 ADVANTAGES OF SHP
SHP is a clean energy source, producing no water or air
pollution
As a non-consumptive water use, small hydropower is
a renewable energy source.
There is minimal impact on the environment.
Long useful life and low running cost
 DISADVANTAGES OF SHP
To be economical, energy consumers need to be
located near the hydropower scheme.

Seasonal variation in stream flow causes variation and

disturbance in energy supply.

The stream flow limits the power generation’

 BIOMASS
Biomass fuels come from things that once lived:
wood products, dried vegetation, crop residues,
aquatic plants and even garbage.

Plants used up a lot of the sun's energy to make

their own food ( photosysnthesis ).

They stored the foods in the plants in the form of

chemical energy. As the plants died, the energy is
trapped in the residue.

This trapped energy is usually released by burning

and can be converted into biomass energy.
 BIOMASS
1.Energy from the sun is transferred
and stored in plants. When the plants
are cut or die, wood chips, straw and
other plant matter is delivered to the
bunker.

2. This is burned to heat water in a

boiler to release heat energy (steam).
3. The energy/power from the steam is directed to turbines with
pipes.
4. The steam turns a number of blades in the turbine and
generators, which are made of coils and magnets.

5. The charged magnetic fields produce electricity, which is sent

to homes by cables.
 BIOMASS
Biomass falls into three categories

Biomass in traditional form (Wood and Agricultural

residue is burnt to produce energy)

Biomass in non-traditional form (Biomass converted

to ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol to be used as
liquid fuels in engine.)
Biomass for domestic use: Organic waste is
decomposed anaerobically to produce a mixrure of
gases (Biogas) namely methane, Carbondioxide,
Hydrogen Sulphide etc. Biogas is a good biofuel
used for cooking and lighting)
METHODS TO CONVERTING BIOMASS TO
ENERGY
Burning:- Direct burning of biomass is the simple
method of energy production. Wood and other
forms of biomass burned for thousand years, to
warm, to cook food, and forge weapons and
other tools.
Alcohol Fermentation:- In alcohol fermentation, the
starch in organic matter is converted to sugar.
This sugar is then fermented by yeast. The
resulting ethnol is distilled and then blended
with another fuel. The end product “Gasohol”
has been used successfully in various countries
as an alternative to regular gasoline.
METHODS TO CONVERTING BIOMASS TO
ENERGY
Anaerobic Digestion:- Anaerobic digestion
converts biomass, especially waste products,
into methane and carbon dioxide. The biomass
is mixed with water and stored in an airtight
tank.
Pyrolysis:- Pyrolysis involes the heating of
biomass in the absence of oxygen. Biomass
such as wood or agriculture waste is heated to
around 1000o F and allowed to decompose into
gas and charcoal. The major advantage of
pyrolysis is that carbon dioxide is not
produced.
 BIOGAS
Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different gases
produced by the breakdown of organic matter such as
garbage and sewage by anaerobic bacteria.

Biogas is a fuel gas, consisting of 65% methane and

about 30-35% CO2 and 2% other gases.

It is a renewable resource of energy resulting from

biomass.
 ENERGY DERIVED FROM OCEANS
Marine energy refers to the energy carried by ocean
w a v e s , t i d e s , s a l i n i t y, a n d o c e a n t e m p e r a t u r e
differences.

The movement of water in the world’s oceans creates a

vast store of kinetic energy, or energy in motion. This
energy can be harnessed to generate electricity to
power homes, transport and industries.
 WAVE POWER
Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface
waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work
– for example, electricity generation, water desalination,
or the pumping of water (into reservoirs). A machine
able to exploit wave power is generally known as a wave
energy converter (WEC).
 TIDAL POWER
Tidal power is taken from the Earth's oceanic tides; tidal
forces are periodic variations in gravitational attraction
exerted by celestial bodies. These forces create
corresponding motions or currents in the world's
oceans. Due to the strong attraction to the oceans, a
bulge in the water level is created, causing a temporary
increase in sea level. When the sea level is raised, water
from the middle of the ocean is forced to move toward
the shorelines, creating a tide.
TIDAL POWER
 TIDAL POWER
Advantages
• The energy generated is free – no fuel needed, no
waste produced

• Not expensive to operate and maintain

Disadvantages
• The energy generated is free – no fuel needed, no
waste produced

• Not expensive to operate and maintain

 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
The term Geothermal originates from two Geek words
'GEO' and 'THERM'. The Greek word ‘geo’ means the
earth and ‘thermal’ means heat.
 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Geothermal energy is energy derived from the heat of the
earth. The earth’s centre is a distance of approximately 4000
miles and is so hot that it is molten. Temperatures are
understood to be at least 5000 degrees centigrade. Heat
from the centre of the earth conducts outwards and heats up
the outer layers of rock called the mantle. When this type of
rock melts and becomes molten it is called magma. Magma
can reach just below the earths surface.

Rain water sometimes seeps down through geological fault

lines and cracks becoming super heated by the hot rocks
below. Some of this super heated water rises back to the
surface of the earth where it emerges as hot springs or even
geysers. Sometimes the hot water becomes trapped below
the surface as a geothermal reservoir
 GEOTHERMAL ELECTRICITY
One way of producing electricity from geothermal energy is
by drilling wells into the geothermal reservoirs. The hot water
that rises emerges at the surface as steam. The steam is used
to drive turbines producing electricity. If the water is not hot
enough to produce steam, it can still be used to heat homes
and businesses, saving gas/electricity.

A GEOTHERMAL ELECTRICITY PLANT IN ICELAND

 ADVANTAGES OF GEOTHERMAL POWER

1. Geothermal energy is relatively environmentally friendly.

Pollution in the form of fumes are not produced although usually
drilling of the earths surface takes place. The surrounding
environment is not harmed with the exception of the land
required for the power plant and transport links.

2.Unlike wind power, geothermal power can be relied on as it

provides constant power.

3.The use of conventional polluting fuels such as oil and coal can
be reduced if geothermal and other alternative energy forms are
used (reducing pollution).

4. Geothermal power can take different forms. For instance, it can

be used to produce electricity or the hot water can be used
directly to heat homes and businesses.
 DISADVANTAGES OF GEOTHERMAL POWER

1. Not available in many locations

2. Not much power per vent

SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING
MODULE V
GREEN ENGINEERING
 Sustainable Practice
Sustainable practices are the processes services employ to
maintain the qualities that are valued in the physical
environment. Living sustainably is about living within the
means of natural systems (environment) and ensuring
that our lifestyle doesn’t harm other people (society and
culture). In this respect, sustainable practices relate not
only to the natural world but also to other important
issues, such as poverty, consumption, community and
health.
Sustainable practices empower children to gain
knowledge, understanding and appreciation of the
environment as it relates to our society. It is through
positive childhood experiences that the foundations are
laid for the development of environmentally responsible
adults.
 Sustainable Habitat
A sustainable habitat is an ecosystem that produces
food and shelter for people and other organisms,
without resource depletion and in such a way that no
external waste is produced. Thus the habitat can
continue into future tie without external infusions of
resource. Such a sustainable habitat may evolve
naturally or be produced under the influence of man.

A sustainable habitat that is created and designed

by human intelligence will mimic nature, if it is to be
successful. Everything within it is connected to a
complex array of organisms, physical resources and
functions. Organisms from many different biomes can
be brought together to fulfill various ecological
niches.
 Sustainable Habitat
For maintaining our natural habitat, we should:-
1. Promote energy efficiency
2. Promote the use of eco-friendly fuels. (e.g. LPG,
CNG, etc.)
3. Better manage municipal solid waste
4. Better manage the sewage disposal system
5. Promote public transport
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS
More than 90 per cent of our time is spent in buildings
i.e. either in the office or at home. Energy used in
buildings (residential and commercial) accounts for a
significant percentage of a country’s total energy
consumption. This percentage depends greatly on the
degree of electrification, the level of urbanization, the
amount of building area per capita, the prevailing
climate, as well as national and local policies to
promote efficiency.
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS
Energy efficiency simply means using less energy to
perform the same task – that is, eliminating energy
waste. Energy efficiency brings a variety of benefits:
reducing greenhouse gas emissions, reducing demand
for energy imports, and lowering our costs on a
household and economy-wide level.
Energy Saving Concepts
Some of the energy saving concepts are discussed
below:
1.Site Selection- Although site selection is usually
based on price, a poor decision can exclude several
sustainable features.
2. Orientation- Proper orientation allows for passive
solar gain and day lightning. In the northern
hemisphere, south facing windows have the
greatest exposure to the sun. West facing windows
need to be carefully designed, as the low angle of
the setting can cause overheating.
3.Walls, and Roof- It is essential to build with
proper insulation and technique. The envelop of a
building determines the amount of energy needed
to heat and cool it.
4. Window and ventilation technology: A variety of
blinds, shutters and windows are used for shading,
heat preservation and heat insulation. Thermal
insulated materials are used outside the window to
insulate the heat. Ventilation should be provided
fresh air, remove moisture, odors and pollutants.
Stale air is usually extracted from rooms such as
kitchens and bathrooms, and warmed fresh air
supplied to living rooms and bedrooms.
5. Energy Efficient Appliances- Use of energy
efficient and eco-friendly appliance reduces utility
cost. While purchasing new electrical appliances
always look for BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency)
star rating. More stars indicate more efficiency. The
small additional initial installation cost will be
compensated many times over by the savings and
the occupants comfort.
6.Heating, Air-Conditioning and Ventilation-
Reducing the heat load of the structure allows for
the installation of a smaller heating and cooling
system. The importance of high-quality ventilation
systems is often overlooked during the design
phase, but is a fundamental consideration in green
building.
7.Material used- Easily recycle and reused materials
w h i c h a re s e l e c t e d l o o k i n g i n t o t h e i r l o c a l
availability, benefits, cost and durability. Making
the approac h towar ds waste uti l i z ati on and
environment friendly.
8. Waste reduction- Green architecture also seeks to
reduce waste of energy, water and materials during
construction. One goal should be to reduce the
amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed
buildings also help reduce the amount of waste
generated by occupants as well, by providing on-site
solution such as compost bins to reduce matter
going to the landfills.
 GREEN ENGINEERING
Green engineering is the design,
commercialization, and use of processes and
products in a way that reduces pollution, promotes
sustainability, and minimizes risk to human health
and the environment without sacrificing economic
viability and efficiency.
Principles of Green Engineering
Green engineering follows nine guiding principles:
1.Holistically use systems analysis and integrate environmental impact assessment
tools.
2.Conserve and improve natural ecosystems while protecting human health and
well-being.
3.Use life-cycle thinking in all engineering activities.
4.Ensure that all material and energy inputs and outputs are as inherently safe and
benign as possible.
5.Minimize depletion of natural resources.
6.Strive to prevent waste.
7.Develop and apply engineering solutions, while being cognizant of local
geography, aspirations, and cultures.
8.Create engineering solutions beyond current or dominant technologies; improve,
innovate, and invent (technologies) to achieve sustainability.
9.Actively engage communities and stakeholders in development of engineering
solutions
 SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION
Sustainable urbanism is both the study of cities and the
practices to build them, that focuses on promoting their
long-term viability by reducing consumption, waste and
harmful impacts on people and place while enhancing the
overall well-being of both people and place.
Objectives of Sustainable urban projects
Fol l owi ng a re t he obj e c t i ve s of re spo n s i b l e a n d
sustainable urban development project:
1. The conservation of identity, strengthening of
neighbourhood and encouragement of its cultural
diversity and distinctiveness;
2. T h e e x p a n s i o n o f p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a n d i t s
interconnection with existing and new developments;
3. The wise use of resources, minimising additional land
take up, and the encouragement of moderate degrees of
urban density;
4.Safeguarding and interconnecting green spaces with
networks working towards quality standards and the
conservation of public spaces;
5.The assurance of social harmony and advancement of
social and functional interaction;
6.Safeguarding existing jobs and creating new and
innovative ones;
7. Advancing a culture of discourse;
8.Creating long-term partnerships between the
community, and the public and private sectors;
9.Participation in lifelong learning processes, seeing urban
life in its wider context.
Benefits of sustainable urban development
Environmental Benefits
1.Improved air quality: Walking, biking, and public
transit can cut transportation emissions, which account for
more than 30 percent of the PM 2.5 pollution.
2.Smaller carbon footprint: Better urban design can
reduce carbon pollution from the transportation sector,
which accounts for nearly a quarter of the planet’s energy-
related greenhouse gas emissions.
3.Decreased car dependence: Bike-sharing programs and
dedicated lanes provide alternatives to private vehicles.
Economic Benefits
1.Lower cost for residents: Households can save money
through more energy efficient travel due to mode shifting,
easier access to goods in mixed-use developments, and
lower parking costs.
2.Reduced congestion costs: Employing The 8 Principles
can deliver mobility with density and reduce the economic
waste associated with traffic.
3.Higher property values: Studies from around the globe
show that walkability and accessibility to transit increase
real estate values.
4. Improved productivity: Density boosts productivity
and innovation through network effects; by contrast,
congestion and pollution harm economic activity and
human health.
5. Higher government revenues: By choosing smart
development strategies, governments can cut capital,
labour, and maintenance costs.
• Social Benefits
1. Improved public health: Mixed-use, transit-oriented
development increases physical activity, whereas
failure to mix land-uses and increased car ownership
are associated with higher risks of obesity and colon
cancer. Sustainably designed communities also offer
Social Benefits
1.Improved public health: Mixed-use, transit-oriented
development increases physical activity, whereas failure to
mix land-uses and increased car ownership are associated with
higher risks of obesity and colon cancer. Sustainably designed
communities also offer safer streets and reduce traffic-related
injuries.
2.Greater human mobility: Greater mobility saves time
wasted in traffic jams and expands economic and lifestyle
choices for urban dwellers.
3.Increased equality of access: In a car-centric framework,
low-income residents are often left out of the planning
calculus. By building better public transit, sidewalks, and
biking paths, those who cannot afford to drive gain greater
access to the city.
 SUSTAINABLE CITES
Sustainable city is a city designed with consideration
for social, economic, environmental impact, and
resilient habitat for existing populations, without
compromising the ability of future generations to
experience the same. The UN Sustainable Development
Goal 11 defines sustainable cities as those that are
dedicated to achieving green sustainability, social
sustainability and economic sustainability.
Most cities today are struggling with environmental
degradation, traffic congestion, inadequate urban
infrastructure, in addition to a lack of basic services,
s u c h a s w a t e r s u p p l y, s a n i t a t i o n , a n d w a s t e
management. A sustainable city should promote
economic growth and meet the basic needs of its
inhabitants, while creating sustainable living conditions
for all. Ideally, a sustainable city is one that creates an
permanent way of life across the four domains
of ecology, economics, politics and culture.
Some of the major problems of Cities in India are
1. Urban Sprawl
2. Overcrowding
3. Housing
4. Unemployment
5. Slums and Squatter Settlements
6. Transport
7. Water
8. Sewerage Problems
9. Waste Disposal
10. Urban Crimes
11. Problem of Urban Pollution
Six Characteristics and Key Features of a Sustainable City
Smart cities are creating sustainable places with clean technology,
parks and pathways, and urban sustainability principles. See the
list of key eco city characteristics to learn how to achieve
sustainable cities and communities.
Cities can do a number of things to support sustainable practices:
1.Make it easy to get around without a car
2.Add Electric Vehicle charging stations
3.Provide access to public resources and green spaces
4.Improve water conservation and wastewater management
5.Support urban farming
6.Implement green architecture
 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT
Sustainable Transportation refers to any means
of transportation that is 'green' and has low
impact on the environment. Sustainable
transportation is also about balancing our current
and future needs.
 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT
Examples of sustainable transportation include:
Walking,
Cycling,
Transit,
Carpooling,
Car sharing, and
Green vehicles.
Sustainable transport can save money, improve health
and reduce environmental footprint.
1. Public alternative transportation ways
Public transport reduces traffic and pollution in the city.
They have many advantages: more ecological, more
economical. They bring more calmness because there is
much less risk of accidents. There are 6 different ways
of public alternative transportation:
i) The tramway
ii) The train
iii) Bio bus
iv) The bus
v) The electric bus
vi) The hybrid bus
2. Carpooling
Thinking about carpooling for daily trips related to
leisure or tourism is an economic and ecological reflex
allowing to reduce its carbon footprint. It is an
i nc re a si ngl y popul a r m ode of t ra n s p o rt d u e t o
environmental and budgetary concerns linked to fuel
prices. Car sharing also reduces stress and fatigue
related to driving while allowing users to enjoy the
comfort of a car. It is also an excellent way to meet new
people and to travel in good company.
3. Car sharing
The mobility solution represented by car-sharing offers
numerous non-negligible advantages, both for the
environment and for the individual. First, the economic
benefits: This system makes it possible in particular to
remove the weight of the costs linked to the personal
car: not only there is no cost to purchase, but there is
also no maintenance cost (repair, remission level, etc.).
Most importantly, car sharing is an effective eco-
friendly alternative transportation mode. The
environmental consequences are beneficial: less
greenhouse gas emissions and less carbon footprint.
4. Electric cars
The electric car is often presented as the solution to
pollution, and the high cost of fuel. Overall, the impact
of electric vehicles on the environment and public
health is much better than that of thermal models. It
would make it possible to get out of all-oil while
making our cities cleaner. On an electric vehicle, the
wearing parts to be changed regularly are limited, tires,
and that’s it. Since brake pads are normally used much
less!
5. The bicycle
Besides the fact that the bicycle is a great green
alternative transportation mode, it is a solution to
increase our physical activity and reduce the risk of
illness due to our excessively rich diet and our
sedentary lifestyle. Indeed, reducing travel by motorized
vehicles is largely feasible. Most of the trips we make
are less than 3 kilometres away and can easily be
replaced by the bicycle. Increasing the number of trips
by bike, therefore, reduces emissions of pollutants and
in particular greenhouse gases.
6. The bicycle taxi
This new mode of transport “Ecolo-Chic” is developing
in the largest cities in the world and provides a solution
adapted to our traffic and environmental problems. So,
imagine a taxi that offers you the advantages of
proximity service without the disadvantages of using
the car. Taxi bicycle are relatively slow, yes, but they
are faster than a taxi in a traffic jam with zero pollution.
The bicycle taxi has a substantial sympathy capital; it
conveys extremely positive values ​ such as sustainable
development.
7. River shuttles
You don’t always have to opt for clean means of
transportation that run on land. Indeed, if you live or
pass in a city close to the sea, you could very well opt
for a mode of travel that is both ecological and original.
An alternative transportation mode that combines
comfort with economy and energy, river shuttles are a
preferred option for preserving the environment. Kind
of water bus, they leave from the shore of a maritime or
river city to reach another destination of the same type.
8. Walking
Walking will always be the most economical and
ecological way to get from one point to another.
Besides, you will not have to spend money on fuel or
the like. You could, for example, walk to do your
shopping, go to the cinema, go to the office, if it is
nearby, go to a restaurant or an important meeting.
Walking is, therefore, an excellent way to preserve your
health, avoid gaining too much weight but also to
reduce polluting emissions from cars.
Benefits
1.Reduced traffic congestion
2.Reduced air pollution and related risks such as asthma
3.Reduced greenhouse gas emissions
4.Reduced dependence on non-renewable energy sources
5.Reduced transportation costs
6.Increased physical activity
7.Increased social interaction
8.Support for local businesses and a vibrant economy
9.Healthier lifestyles and a better quality of life
10.Green Driving.
• Drive smoothly. Stopping and starting uses more
fuel.
• Open your window rather than using your air
conditioner when travelling at under 70
kilometres per hour. A ir condit ioning can
increase fuel consumption by ten per cent. At
speeds above this, the drag caused by having
your window down will use more fuel than the air
conditioning.
•Screw on your fuel cap firmly to avoid
evaporation and leaks when turning corners.
10.Green Driving.
• Travel light. Don't use your car to store heavy
equipment for long periods of time, an extra 50
kilograms of weight increases fuel consumption
by two per cent.
• Remove roof racks and anything fixed to the
outside of your car when they are not in use to
minimise wind resistance.
Thank You