Central

Academ
÷
y π
2 1 0 0
0 1 0
x
2 ×
0 0 1

2
5 =25
∜ 2
√ 3
2
−b ± √b −4 ac
2a

cos 2 x
sin θ
tan θ= f ( x )= −x ,∧x <0
{
cos θ x ,∧x ≥ 0

Mathematics
Class Ten

Notes by Sir Adnan

CHAPTER 1
QUADRATIC EQUATION
Important Questions
1. Write in standard form (x + 7)(x – 3) = -7.
2. Solve by factorization x2 – x – 2 = 0
3. Solve: 4 – 32x = 17x2
4. Solve: √ 3 x+7=2 x+3
5. Solve the equation 5x2 = 30x by factorization.
6. Solve: √ 3 x+18=x
1 1
7. Write in standard form + =3
x+ 4 x−4
1 2 9
(
8. Solve: 2 x− =
2 ) 4
x x +1
9. Write the given equation in the standard form of pure Quadratic Equation + =6
x+1 x
10. Solve 5x2 = 15x by factorization.
11. Solve by factorization x2 – 11x = 152
12. Solve: x2 + 2x – 2 = 0
13. Solve by factorization: x2 – x – 20 = 0
14. Solve the factorization. 3y2 = y(y – 5)
15. Solve by Quadratic Formula. 6x2 – 3 – 7x = 0
Long Questions
1. Solve: 2 x+5=√ 7 x+16
2. Solve the equation by completing square method 7x2 + 2x – 1 = 0
3. Solve the given equation by completing square method x2 – 2x – 195 = 0
4. Solve the equation: 3x-2 + 5 = 8x-1
5. Solve the given equation by using quadratic formula 3x2 + 8x + 2 = 0
6. Find the solution set of equation. 51+x + 51-x = 26
2 15 7
7. Solve the equation by completing square method. −x + − x
2 2
2
8. Solve the equation by completing square 11x – 34x + 3 = 0
9. Solve the equation √ x+ 3=3 x−1

Important Definitions
1. Define Quadratic equation.
Answer: An equation of degree two is called quadratic equation. a x 2 +bx+ c=0
2. Define exponential equation.
Answer: In exponential equation variable occurs in exponent.
3. Write methods for solving a quadratic equation.
Answer: (a) Factorization (b) Complete square (c) Quadratic formula
4. Define radical Equation.
Answer: An equation involving expression under the radical sign is called a radical equation.
5. Define reciprocal equation.
Answer: An equation is said to be a reciprocal equation if it remains unchanged. When x is replaced
by 1/x.

1
Notes by Sir Adnan
CHAPTER 2
THEORY OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Important Questions
1. Find the discriminant of x2 – 3x + 3 = 0
2. Write the quadratic equation having roots 2, -6.
3. Without solving, find the sum and product of roots of quadratic equation. x2 – 5x + 3 = 0
4. Evaluate: (1−ω+ω 2)6
5. Find discriminant of quadratic equation 6x2 – 8x + 3 = 0
37 38
6. Find the value of ω + ω −5
7. Prove that ω−27=1
8. Use synthetic division to find the quotient and reminder when (x 2+ 7 x−1)÷( x +1)
9. The sum of square of three positive consecutive number is 77. Find the numbers.
10. Evaluate: (1−3 ω−3 ω 2)5
11. Evaluate: (1−ω−ω2 )7
12. If α , β are the roots of the equation 4x2 – 5x + 6 = 0 then find the value of α 2 β 2.
13. Find the value of ω 37+ ω38 +1
14. Evaluate: ω−13+ ω−17.
15. Write the quadratic equation having the roots -1, -7.
16. Find the discriminant. 4x2 – 7x – 2 + 0
17. Evaluate: (9+ 4 ω +4 ω2 )3
18. Without solving find the sum and product of the quadratic equation px2 – qx + r = 0.
19. Prove that the product of three cube roots of unity is one.
20. Write the quadratic equation having roots -2, 3.
21. Prove that the sum of all cube root of unity is zero.
−1+ √ −3
22. Fine the value of ω 2,, if ω= .
2
23. Discuss nature of roots of the equation 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0
24. Show that x 3+ y 3=( x+ y )(x +ωy )( x+ ω2 y)
25. Find discriminant x2 – 5x + 5 = 0
26. If α , β are the roots of equation l x 2 +mx+ n=0 then find value of α 3 β 2 +α 2 β 3.
27. If α , β are roots of equation x2 + px + q = 0 then form an equation by roots α 2 , β 2

Long Questions
1. Find the condition that the roots of the equation (mx + c)2 – 4ax = 0 are equal.
2. Find m, if the roots of the equation x2 – 7x + 3m – 5 = 0 satisfy the relation3 α + 2 β=4 .
3. Prove that: x 3− y 3=( x− y )(x−ωy )( x−ω2 y)
4. The difference of two integers is 4 and the difference of their squares is 72. Find the numbers.
5. Use synthetic division. Find the quotient and the reminder when
( x 3 + x 2−3 x+2)÷ ( x−2)
6. If α , β are the roots of equation l x 2 +mx+ n=0 then find value of α 3 β 2 +α 2 β 3.
7. Show that the equation x2 + (mc + c)2 = a2 has equal roots if c2 = a2(1 + m2)
8. Prove that: x 3+ y 3+ z3 −3 xyz =( x + y + z )( x+ ωy +ω 2 z)( x +ω 2 y + ωz)
9. Prove that ( 1+ω ) ( 1+ ω2 ) ( 1+ω 4 ) ( 1+ ω8 ) … … . 2 n factors = 1
10. Show that roots of the equation ( b−c ) x2 + ( c−a ) x+ ( a−b )=0
Important Definitions.
1. Prove the each complex cube root of unity is reciprocal of the other.
2
Notes by Sir Adnan
Answer: We know that
3 2
ω =1 ω . ω =1
2 1 1
ω= or ω= 2
ω ω
Hence the complex cube root of unity is reciprocal of the other.
2. Define synthetic Division.
Answer: Synthetic division is the process of finding the Quotient and remainder when a polynomial
is divided by a linear polynomial.
3. Define discriminant.
−b ± √ b2−4 ac
Answer: we know that quadratic formula is x= . The nature of roots depends upon
2a
“b 2−4 ac” it is called discriminant.
4. Define the solution of simultaneous equations.
Answer: The set of all ordered pairs (x, y) which satisfies the system of equations is called the
solution set of the system.
CHAPTER 3
VARIATIONS
Important Questions
1. Find m, if 6 : m :: 9 : 12
2. If x and y2 varies inversely, and x = 27 when y = 4, find the value of y when x = 3.
3. Find the value of “P” if ratios 2p + 5 : 3p + 4 and 3 : 4 are equal.
4. Find the third proportion of 28 and 4.
5. Find the forth proportion to 15a5b6, 10a2b5, 21a3b3
p 2−q 2 p−q
6. Find the third proportional of 3 3 and 2 .
p +q p = pq+q 2
7. Find p if 12, p and 3 are in continued proportion.
2 2 x− y
8. Find the mean proportional between x − y ,
x+ y
9. Find x in the proportional of 6 : x :: 3 : 5
10. If 3(4x – 5y) = 2x – 7y then find x : y.
11. Find a mean proportional to 16 and 49.
12. Find mean proportional of 20x3y5, 5x7y
13. Find the fourth proportional of 8, 7 and 6.
14. If v ∝ R 3 and v = 5 , R = 5 find the value of K.
15. Evaluate x: if 3x – 2 : 4 :: 2x + 3 : 7
16. Find the third proportional: a 2−b2 , a – b
17. Find the mean proportional of 20 and 45.
18. Find 4th proportional to 4x4, 2x3, 18x5.
19. If u and v varies inversely and u = 8, v = 3. Find v when u = 12.
4 a+5 b 4 c +5 d
20. If a : b = c : d then prove that =
4 a−5 b 4 c−5 d
21. Find the fourth proportional to 5, 8, 15.
1
22. If A ∝ 2 when r = 3, A = 2 then find r if A = 72.
r
23. If y varies inversely as x and y = 7 when x = 2, find y when x = 126.
24. Find fourth proportional to p3 + q3, p2 – q2, p2 – pq + q2
Long Questions.
3
Notes by Sir Adnan
 1. Using theorem of componendo-dividendo, find value of
m+ 5 n m+5 p 10 np
+ if m=
m−5 n m−5 p n+ p
a c e a 3+ c 3+ e3 ace
2. If = = (a, b, c, d, e, f ≠0) then show that 3 3 3 =
b d f b +d + f bdf
3. Using componendo dividend theorem solve the equation.
( x +5)3−( x −3)3 13
3 3
=
(x +5) +( x−3) 14
4. Using componendo dividend theorem solve the equation.
2 2
( x−2) −(x−4 ) 12
2 2
=
(x−2) +( x −4) 13
5. Using componendo dividend theorem solve the equation.
√ x 2 +8 p2−√ x 2+ p 2 = 1
√ x 2 +8 p2 + √ x 2− p 2 3
a a 2+ c2
b √
6. If a : b = c : d (a, b, c, d ≠0) then show that = 2 2
b +d
a
2
c
2
7. If a : b = c : d (a, b, c, d ≠0) then show that a 2+ b2 : 2
=c +d :
2
a+ b c +d
2 2 2
a c e a a + c +e
8. If = = (a, b, c, d, e, f ≠0) then show that = 2 2 2
b d f b √ b +d +f
x+ 2 y x+ 2 z 4 yz
9. Using theorem of componendo-dividendo, find value of + if x=
x−2 y x−2 z y+z
2
a c e ac+ ce+ ea ace 3
10. If = = (a, b, c, d, e, f ≠0) then show that
b d f [ ]
=
bd +df + fb bdf
Important Definitions
1. Define inverse variation.
Answer: If two quantities are related in such way that when one quantity increases/decreases, the
other decreases/increases is called inverse variation.
2. State the theorem of componendo-dividendo.
Answer: If a : b = c : d then
a+b : a – b = c + d : c – d
a–b:a+b=c–d:c+d
3. Define Direct Variation.
Answer: If two quantities are related in such way that increase (decrease) in one quantity causes
increase (decrease) in the other quantity is called direct variation.
4. Define Ratio.
Answer: Relation between the two quantities of same kind is called ratio. It is denoted by a:b.
5. Define proportion and give example.
Answer: The equality between two ratios is called proportion. If two ratios a : b and c : d are equal
then a : b = c : d
6. Define joint variation.
Answer: A combination of direct and inverse variations of one or more than one variable form joint
variation.

4
Notes by Sir Adnan
CHAPTER 4
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Important Questions
7 x−9
1. Resolve into partial fractions,
( x +1)( x−3)
3 x −1
2. 2 resolve into partial fraction.
x −1
x−2
3. How can we make partial fraction of
( x +2)( x+3)
x
4. Resolve into partial fraction 2
( x−3)
1
5. Resolve 2 into partial fractions.
x −1
x3 −x2 + x +1
6. Convert into proper fraction 2
x +5
2
3 x −2 x−1
7. Convert into proper fraction:
x 2−x +1
8. Whether ( x +3)2=x 2+ 6 x +9 is an identity?
x−11
9. Resolve into partial fraction.
( x−4)( x +3)
2
x +1
10. Resolve into proper fraction.
x +1
x2 +2 x+ 1
11. Convert into proper fraction.
( x−2)( x +3)
Important long Questions
3 x +3
1. Resolve into partial fraction
( x−1)(x +2)
3 x +7
2. Resolve into partial fractions 2
( x +1 ) ( x+3)
1
3. Resolve into partial fraction 2
( x −1)( x+ 1)
6 x3 +5 x 2−7
4. Resolve into partial fraction,
3 x 2−2 x−1
2
x +1
5. Resolve into partial fractions. 3
x +1
x 4 +3 x2 + x +1
6. Resolve into partial fraction.
( x +1 ) ( x 2 +1)2
2
x −3 x +1
7. Resolve the into partial fraction.
( x−1 )2 (x−2)
2
x +7 x+11
8. Resolve into partial fractions.
( x+2 )2 (x +3)
x 2−3 x+1
9. Resolve into partial fraction 2
( x−1) ( x−2)

5
Notes by Sir Adnan
 3 x−11
10. Resolve into partial fraction.
( x+3 ) ( x 2+1)
x−5
11. Resolve into partial fractions. 2
x +2 x−3
Important Definitions.
1. Define proper fraction and also give an example of proper fraction.
Answer: If the degree of numerator is less than the degree of denominator is called fraction. E.g.
2
2
x +1
2. Define rational fraction.
N ( x)
Answer: An expression of the form , with D(x) ≠ 0 and N(x) and D(x) are polynomials in x
D( x)
with real coefficient, is called rational number.
3. What is meant by identity?
Answer: An identity is an equation which is satisfied all the value of x is called identify equation.
For example: 2(x + 1) = 2x + 2
4. Define the fraction.
Answer: A quotient of two numbers or algebraic expression is called fraction.
5. Define partial fraction and give one example.
Answer: When we express a single rational fraction as a sum of two or more single rational fractions
these two or more single rational fractions are called partial fraction.

CHAPTER 5
SETS AND FUNCTIONS
Important Questions.
1. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8} and C = {1, 4, 8} then prove that
A ∩ ( B∪ C )=( A ∩ B ) ∪( A ∩ C)
2. If A = {0, 2, 4}, B = {-1, 3} then find A × B , B × A .
3. Find A – B if A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {1, 3, 5}
4. If A = {0, 2, 4} then find A × A .
5. If X =∅ ,T =O then find X ∩T .
+¿ ¿

6. If A = {1, 2, 3} , B = {2, 5} then find A × B and B× A .

7. If P = {-2, -1} , then make two more binary relation for P × P.
8. If x = {1, 4, 7, 9} and y = {2, 4, 5, 9} then find x – y and y – x
9. If X = {1, 4, 7, 9} and Y = {2, 4, 5, 9} then find X ∩Y and Y ∩ X
10. If A = {2, 4, 6, 8} and U = {1, 2, 3, … , 10} then find A '
11. If (2a + 5, 3) = (7, b – 4) then find the value of a and b.
12. If (3 – 2a, b – 1) = (a – 7, 2b + 5) then find a and b.
13. Find one binary relation in L × M of L = {a, b, c} and M = {3, 4}
14. If A = {a, b} , B = {c, d} then find A × B∧B × A
15. If y = {-2, 1, 2}, then make two binary relations for Y ×Y and also find Dom R
16. If A = {a, b} , B = {-1, 3} then find A × B∧B × A
17. Find a and b if (a – 4, b – 2) = (2, 1)
18. Find the sets x and y if X ×Y = {(a, a),(b, a), (c, a), (d, a)}
19. Find domain and range of R = {(1, 2),(2, 3), (1, 3), (3, 4)}
20. Find the No. of elements X × X∧Y × X . X = {a, b, c}, Y = {d, e}
21. Write all the subset of set {a, b}.

6
Notes by Sir Adnan
 22. If A = N, B = W then find A – B and B – A.
23. If X = {a, b, c} then find X × X .
Important Long Questions.
1. If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, … , 10} , A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} , B = {1, 4, 7, 10}, C = {1, 5, 8, 10} then
verify that ( A ∩ B ) ∩ C=A ∩( B ∩ C)
2. If L= { x| x ∈ N x ≤5 } , M = { y| y ∈ P ∧ y<10 } then make the following relation from L to M
when R4 ={( x , y ) y −x=2}
3. If A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, B = {2, 3, 5, 7}, and U = {1, 2, 3, … ,10} then verify the De-Morgan
Law ( A ∪ B )' = A ' ∩ B '
4. If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, … ,10}, A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and B = {2, 3, 5, 8} then prove by venn
diagram: ( A ∪ B )' = A ' ∩ B '
5. If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, … , 10} , A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} , B = {1, 4, 7, 10} then prove the
B – A = B ∩ A'
6. Find a and b if: (3 – 2a, b – 1) = (a – 7, 2b + 5)
7. If U = N, then verify De-morgans laws using A=∅ and B = P
Important Definitions.
1. Define Binary Relation.
Answer: If A and B are two non-empty sets and R ⊆ A × B then set R is called binary relation from
A to B.
2. Define a subset and give an example.
Answer: If A and B are two sets if each element of set A is present in set B then A is called sub set
of B. it is denoted by A ⊆ B .
3. If set A has 5 elements, then find the number of binary relations in A.
Answer: No. of elements in A = 5
No. of elements in A × A = 5 ×5 = 25
No. of binary relation = 225
4. Define Cartesian product.
Answer: If A and B are two non-empty sets then Cartesian product A × B consisting of all ordered
pairs (x, y) such that x ∈ A∧ y ∈ B
5. What is an into function?
Answer: A function f : A → B is called an into function if Range of f ⊂ B
6. Write De-Morgan’s laws.
Answer: For any two sets A and B then
c c c
( A ∪ B) = A ∩ B
( A ∩ B)c =A c ∪ Bc
7. Define a function.
Answer: Suppose A and b are two non-empty sets then relation f : A → B is called a function. If
(i) Dom f = Set A
(ii) There is no repetition in the 1st element of ant two order pairs.
8. Define an onto function and also give its one.
Answer: A function f : A → B is called onto function if Range f = B
For example: A = {1, 2, 3, 4} , B = {1, 2, 3} , f = {(0, 1), (1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)}
9. Define Union of two sets.
Answer: Union of two sets A and B denoted by A ∪ B is containing elements which either belong to
A or to B or to Both.
10. Define complement of a set.
Answer: Complement of set A w.r.t universal set U denoted by Ac =U − A contains all those
elements of U which do not belong to A.
11. Define set and write the set of natural numbers.
7
Notes by Sir Adnan
Answer: A set is the well-defined collection of distinct objects with some
common properties.
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……}
12. Define one-one function.
Answer: A function f : A → B is called one-one function, if all distinct element of A have distinct
image in B.
13. Define range of relation.
Answer: In relation R the set of 2nd elements is called range of relation.

8
Notes by Sir Adnan
CHAPTER 6
BASIC STATISTICS
Important Questions
1. Find arithmetic mean by direct method for the following data: 12, 14, 17, 20, 24, 29, 35, 45
2. Find the arithmetic mean and geometric mean from the data 2, 10, 5, 9, 6, 7, 1
3. On 5 term tests in a mathematics, a student has made marks of 82, 93, 86, 92, and 79 then
find the median for the marks.
4. Find the range for the given weights of the students: 59, 49, 110, 109, 84, 89, 77, 74, 97, and
103.
5. Find the Geometric Mean of the observations 2, 4, 8 using logarithmic Formula.
6. The sugar contents for a random sample of packs of a certain brand are found to be 2.3, 2.7,
2.5, 2.9, 3.1, 1.9 milligram. Find the median.
7. Find arithmetic mean by direct method for the set of data: 200, 225, 350, 375, 270, 320, 290.
8. Find range 12, 6, 7, 3, 15, 10, 18, 6.
9. Salaries of five teachers are find A.M.
11500, 12400, 15000, 14500, 14800
10. Find mode. 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 5, 7, 5, 8, 8, 8, 6, 5, 6, 5, 7
11. Find range. 110, 109, 84, 89, 77, 104, 74, 97, 49, 59, 103, 62
Long Questions
1. Find the standard deviation: 11500, 12400, 15000, 14500, 14800.
2. Calculate variance for the data: 10, 8, 9, 7, 5, 12, 8, 6, 8, 2
3. Find standard deviation “S”: 12, 6, 7, 3, 15, 10, 18, 5
4. Find the standard deviation “S” 9, 3, 8, 8, 9, 8, 18
5. Compute arithmetic mean from the following data.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
f 60 70 30 90 80 42
6. Find the standard deviation: 12, 6, 7, 3, 15, 10, 18, 5
7. Determine variance.
Student No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Marks 60 70 30 90 80 42

Important Definitions
1. Define class marks.
Answer: A point which divides each class in two equal parts is called class mark or mid point.
2. Define Geometric Mea.
Answer: The geometric mean of n positive values X1, X2, …, Xn is defined as the nth positive root of
their product.
3. Define the standard deviation and write the formula of standard deviation.
Answer: A standard deviation is positive square root of variance. In symbols we write as standard
( X −X )2
form: (S.D) = ∑
√ n
4. Write two properties of arithmetic mean.
Answer: (a) Mean is affected by change in origin. (b) Mean is affected by change in scale.
5. Define class limit and class boundaries.
Answer: The minimum and maximum values defined for a class or group are called limits. The class
boundary is found by subtracting 0.5 unit from lower class and adding 0.5 units to upper class.
6. Define Commulative Frequency.

9
Notes by Sir Adnan
Answer: The total frequency up to an upper class limit or boundary is called
the commulative frequency.
7. Define Mode.
Answer: Mode is the most frequent occurring observation in the data.
8. Define Arithmetic mean.
Answer: Arithmetic mean is a measure that determine a value of the variable under study by
dividing the sum of all values of the variable by their number, we denoted Arithmetic mean by X .
X=
∑X
n
9. How many terms are frequently used in a continuous frequently distribution, write the
names.
Answer: Three terms are used:
i. Numbers ii. Frequency iii. Tally mark
10. Define harmonic mean and write the formula of ungrouped data.
Answer: Harmonic mean is A.M. of reciprocal of the terms
n
A . M .=
X1, …, Xn 1
∑x
11. Define mode and range.
Answer: Mode: It is the observation that occurs maximum number of times in given data.
Range: The extent of variation between two extreme observations of a data set is measured by range.
12. Define median.
Answer: It is the measure which determines the middle most observation in a data. It divides the
data set into two equal parts.
13. Define frequency distribution.
Answer: A frequency distribution is a tabular arrangement for classifying data into different groups
and number of observations falling in each group corresponds to the respective group.
14. Define class limit.
Answer: The minimum and maximum values defined for a class or group are called class limits.
15. Define Dispersion.
Answer: Statistically, Dispersion means the spread of Scatterness of observation in a data set.

CHAPTER 7
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY
Important Questions
1. Express 300° into radians.
2. Convert (45.36)° to D ° , M ' ∧S ' ' .
3. Convert 6.1 radian into degree.
1
4. Find “r” when θ= radians, l=4 cm .
4
5. Express the following angles into radians: (i) 135° (ii) -150°
6. Prove that ( 1−sinθ ) (1+ sinθ )=cos2 θ
7. Write the 315.18° into D ° , M ' ∧S ' ' .
8. Find l when θ=180° , r = 4.9cm.
9. Find r when θ=45 ° and r = 56 cm.
3π
10. Convert the following into degree: .
4

10
Notes by Sir Adnan
 −7 π
11. Convert into degree measure.
8
5π
12. Convert into degree measure.
6
13. Find θ when l=2 cm , r=3.5 cm
14. Prove that: ( tanθ +cotθ ) tan θ=sec 2 θ
13 π
15. Convert into degree measure.
16
16. Find l when θ=60 °30 ' , r = 15 mm.
17. Prove that cotθ secθ=cosec θ
18. Convert into radian 225°
19. Convert into radian 60°
π
20. Convert radian to degree.
5
21. Prove that ( 1−sin2 θ )( 1+ tan 2 θ )=1
22. Convert 12 ° 23 ' 35 ' ' to degree.
1 1
23. Prove that +
1−cosθ 1+cosθ
cot 2 ∝
24. Show that =Cosec ∝+1
Cosec ∝−1
cos2 θ
25. Verify that + sin θ=cosec θ
sin θ

Important Long Questions

sec θ+1 sec θ+1
1. Verify the identity:
2.
√ sec θ−1
=
Prove that sin3 θ=sinθ−sin θ . cos2 θ
tan θ

1+ cos θ sin θ
3. Prove that
√ =
1−cos θ 1−cos θ
1+sin θ 1−sin θ
4. Verify the following − =4 tanθ secθ
1−sin θ 1+sin θ
1 1
5. Prove that + =2 cosec 2 θ
1−cos θ 1+ cos θ
6. Prove that ¿
7. Prove that tan θ+ cot θ=sec θ cosecθ
1+ cos θ sin θ
8. Verify the identity + =2 cosec θ
sin θ 1+cos θ
sin2 θ
9. Verify that +cos θ=secθ
cos θ
Important Definitions
1. What do you mean by angle in standard position?
Answer: An angle is in standard position if its vertex is located at origin one ray is on positive x-
axis.
2. What is sexagessimal system of measurement of angles?
Answer: To convert an angle into D.M.S is called sexagessimal system.
3. Define angle of elevation and represent it by figure.
Answer: When object is above the observer’s eye then angle made between them is called angle of
elevation.

11
Notes by Sir Adnan
 4. Define an Angle.
Answer: A union of two non collinear rays with some common end points is
called angle.
5. Haw many minutes are in two right angles?
Answer: 2 ×90 ×60=10800 minutes
6. Define quadrants and quadrantal angles.
Answer: When x-axis & y-axis cut each other at 90 ° it divides xy plane in four parts these are called
quadrants.
An angle is called quadrantal angle, if its terminal side lies on the x-axis or y-axis.
7. Define radian measure of an angle.
Answer: The angle subtended at the centre of the circle by an arc, whose length is equal to the radius
of the circle, is called one radian.
8. Define Degree.
Answer: If we divide the circumference of circle into 360 equal arcs. Then the angle subtended at
the centre of the circle by one arc is called one degree and is denoted by I° .
9. Define coterminal angles.
Answer: Two or more than two angles with same initial and terminal sides are called coterminal
angles.
CHAPTER 8
PROJECTION OF A SIDE OF A TRIANGLE
B
Important Definitions.
1. Define acute angle ad represent it by figure.
Answer: An angle that is less than 90° is called acute angle. 45⸰
O A
2. Define supplementary angle and form its figure.
Answer: The angles whose sum are 180° are called supplementary angles.

3. What is perpendicular?
Answer: A line which makes the right angle is called perpendicular.
4. Define the vertices and represent it by figure.
v
Answer: A point where two straight lines meet. E.g. A triangle has three vertices. e
rt
e
x

5. Define isosceles triangle.

12
Notes by Sir Adnan
Answer: A triangle having two equal sides is called isosceles triangle.
6. Define the right angle.
Answer: An angle which is equal to 90° is called right angle.
7. Define projection.
Answer: The projection of a given point on a line segment is the foot the perpendicular ⊥ drawn
from the point on that line segment.
8. Define obtuse angle.
Answer: An angle that is greater than 90° and less than 180° is known as obtuse angle.
9. Define zero dimension.
Answer: The projection of line segment CD on a line segment AB is the portion EF of latter
intercept between foots of the perpendicular drawn from C & D. However projection of a vertical
line segment CD on a line segment ABis a point on AB which is zero dimension.

CHAPTER NO. 9
CHORDS OF A CIRCLE
Important definitions
1. What is diameter of a circle?
Answer: The chord passing through centre of circle is called
O
diameter. Here AB is a diameter of circle. A B

2. Differentiate between a sector and a segment of a circle.

Answer: A sector of a circle is the area bounded by two radii and the arc
A
intercepted between them e.g. AOB is a sector.
O

A segment is an area bounded by an arc and a chord. B

O D
k

3. Define circle. C

Answer: A circle is locus of a moving point P in plane which is always equidistance from same
fixed point O.
4. Differentiate between a chord and the diameter of a circle.

13
Notes by Sir Adnan
Answer: The straight line joining any two point of the circumference is called
a chord. A chord passing through the center of the circle is called the
diameter.
5. Differentiate between the circumference and arc of a circle.
P O
Answer: The boundary traced by moving point P is called circumference
of the circle and part of the circumference of a circle is called an arc of A B
the circle. C
6. Differentiate between chord and diameter of a circle.
Answer: A line joining any two points of circle is called chord. A line which passes through center
of circle is called diameter.
7. What are you meant by radial segment?
Answer: A line segment that joins center to any point on circle is called radial segment.
8. Define circumference of a circle.
Answer: Boundary of a circle is called circumference of circle. Mathematically 2 πr is circumference
of circle with radius r.
9. Define the collinear and non-collinear points.
Answer: Two or more points lying on the same straight line are called collinear points otherwise
they are called non collinear.

CHAPTER NO. 10
TANGENT OF A CIRCLE
Important definitions.
1. What do you mean by tangent of a circle?
Answer: A tangent to a circle is the straight line which touches the circumference at one point only.
2. Define secant line.
Answer: A secant is a straight line which cuts the circumference of circle in two distinct points,
3. Define the point of contact of a circle.
Answer: Common point of circumference of circle and tangent is known as point of contact of
circle.
4. If r = 20cm & π = 3.1416 find half the perimeter of circle.
Answer: Perimeter of circle = 2 πr
πr
Half perimeter of circle = 2
2
= πr

14
Notes by Sir Adnan
 = 3.1416 x 20 = 62.832cm

CHAPTER NO. 12
ANGLE IN A SEGMENT OF A CIRCLE
Important Definitions
1. Define in-centre of a circle.
Answer: Centre of inscribed circle or incircle is called in-centre.
2. Define the circumangle.
Answer: The angle of subtended by an arc of the circle at the circumference of a circle is called a
circumangle.
3. Define the central Angle.
Answer: The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of the circle is called central angle.

CHAPTER NO. 13
PRACTICAL GEOMETRY-CIRCLES
Important Definitions
1. Define and draw the geometric figure of the inscribed circle.
Answer: A circle which is touch the all sides of triangles internally is called inscribed circle.
2. The length of each side of a regular octagon is 3 cm. find its perimeter.
Answer: Perimeter = 8 x 3 = 24cm
3. The length of the side of a regular pentagon is 5cm. What is its perimeter?
Answer: Perimeter = 5 x length of side
= 5 x 5 = 25cm
4. Define Polygon.
Answer: A closed figure having three or more sides is called polygon.
5. What is regular Polygon?
Answer: A polygon is regular polygon that is equiangular and equilateral.
6. What is a perimeter?
Answer: A boundary of any closed figure is called perimeter.
7. Differentiate between a circle and a circumference.
Answer: The boundary of circle is called circumference. The locus of moving point whose distance
from fixed point is same is called circle.
8. Define segment of a circle.
Answer: A part of the circle bounded by an arc and chord is called segment of circle.
15
Notes by Sir Adnan
 9. Define Circum Circle.
Answer: The circle passing through the vertices of triangle ABC is known as
circum circle.
10. Define Radius.
Answer: The distance from the centre of the circle to any point on the circle is called radius of the
circle.
Important Questions
1. In and around the circle of radius 4cm. draw a square.
2. In and around the circle of radius 3.5cm draw a regular hexagon.
3. Inscribe a circle in an equilateral triangle ABC with each side of length 5cm.
4. Draw two perpendicular tangents to a circle of radius 3cm.
5. Show that the points A(2, 4), B(6, 2) and C(4, 3) are collinear.

16
Notes by Sir Adnan