--------y

,. ,
120x140
Average life time so 400 42 -12
Sample size 30 144 3.42
Process (in km) (in kn,)
150xl40
22400 1000 52.50
A 50 1000 60
400 7.3 56.25 1.07
21800
8 50 that, the firm Is correq 130x140
of significance 45.50 4.5
Is there evldance at a 5% level so 400 20 .25 0.44
In Its bellef7 120x60
18 -8
Solution:
10 400 64 3.55
Null Hypothesis _ There is no significant difference in the average life fl
150x60
22.5 -2.5 6.25 0.27
produced by processes A & B.
20 400
H0 : u, = u2 H1 = u,.-u2 130x60
Given, x1 = 22400kms, x2 = 21800 km, cr1 1,000 cr2
1,000 + "• 30 400 - 19.S 10.5 110.25 5.65
24.85
& "2 = 50
22,400-21,800 V = (r-1) (c-1) = (3-1) (3-1) 4
600 600
2
(1000) + (1000)2 -> .J20,ooo + 20,000 V = 4, x2 0.05 = 9.488
Zea = 200 = 3
50 50
x 2 cal x 2 tab
>
Zea = 3 c!: ztab.12 1.645 @ 5% level of significance. 24.85 9.488
H0 is rejected. ~H o is rejected"

Problem -23 · Problem-24 ,~-

For the foUowing contingency table : a) Constuct a table of observed and expected A survey of 500 students yielded the data given below: Using Chi-square
frequencies. b) Calculate the Chi square statistic. _ c) State the Null and analysis and assuming a 5% significance level, find whether mentoring has
altemative hypothe.s is. d) Using 0.05 level of significance, derive the analysis. an impact on the performance index.
TIie data given below is regarding in favour of, against and indifferent to a No Total
Performance Mentoring
National Policy on FDL mentoring
Index done
Ocalpation Favour of Against Indifferent Total so 250
Very high 200
Social Wor1c:ers 80 30 10 120 200
150 .SO
Lawyers 70 60 20 150 Average
25 so
University Students so so 30 130 Very low
25
Total 125 500
200 140 60 400 375
Row Total = RT, Column Total = CT, Grand Total = GT
Solution: Solution:
- rf ance index
HO : No significant difference in pe orm .
0 E
(RTxCT)
G.T (0-E) (O-E) 2
(0- E) 2
HA There is significant
·,mpact in performance index
E - 2 ~-mc-U=P-U~-U• 2 ~ = 5.99

120x200 Step 2: 5% level of significance Xtab •

80 20 400 6 .66
~=~O
2 (0 - E)2
70
150x200
75 -5 0 .33
Step 3: Xcal -'--e
400 25
130x200
50 65 :15 225 3.46
400
 Step 4 : n 3.30 3 30
s.E x • 7" • ✓400 • io • 0.165
(O- E)
2 xl (0 - E)2
Ex i:-e.:-te,:f (O-E) cal ~
Ot>se ~ e d
Difference 171 .39 - 171.17
2 5J x rs = 1S7.5 156 . 2 5 0. 833
z = S.E. x 0 .165
0.22
" o:i6s ,. 1.33
12 .S
2 00 500
2(10 X 375 0 5 .ince th e calculated difference ls less than 2.58 SE ( 1% level) , it is not
150 = 150 0 0
500 t at 1 % level of significance H
significan . . · ence the data does not provide us any
·dence aga inst ou r hypothesis which may be accepted at 1% level and we may
~ = 3 7. S - 1 2 .S 156 . 25 4.1 66 eV I . •
25 500 conclude that th e clai'.11 th at th e given sampl_e has been drawn from a population
2 5iJ X 125 of men wi th mean height =l?l.17 cm and standard deviation of 3.30 ems is valid.
so = 62 .S 1 2 .S 156 .25 2 .5
5 00 Since Z is less than 1.96, we accept the hypothesis at 5% level of
200 X 125 also .
so = so 0 0 0 significance
500
(b) Let us take the null hypothesis is Ho that there is no significant
50 X 125
25 = 12.S 12 . 5 1 56 . 25 12 . 5 difference is the marks scored between boys and girls.
500
19.999 ·. Ho µx = µY
Alternative Hy pothesis - H1 : µx c# µy
Step 5:Condusion x~119.999 > xtab 5.99 Ho is rejected .
~+ cr/ where o1 = 10, o2 = 12, ni = SO, "2 = 100
Problem-25 ~- ·.-r:r,:.,. · n1 "2

a) A sample of 400 men managers is foun'd to have a mean height of Substitu ting these values
171.39 ems. Can it be reasonably regarded as a sample from a large
population of men managers of mean height 171.17 ems and standard
~+ ~ = ~ + 144 = J 2 + 1.44 = .,'3-44
:. S.E Cx1 - Y1) = 50 100 so 100
deviation of 3.30 ems? Justify your answer statistically.
Difference _ ~ = 2.696
b) Intelligence test given to a group of boys and another of ~iris provided S.E Cx1 - Y1) = 1.85 4 Z =~ - 1.854
the following summarised information: _96 at 5% level of
. 2 696 is greater than 1
Since the calculated value ie · d that t he marxs scored by girls
S.D. · Numbers n
Mean Score significance, we reject the hypoth esis. We co clu e
Is more than the boys . fid nee also, we reject
Girls 75 10 so· at l % level of con e
2 58 SE rks scored between
Since Z is · greater than . difference in the ma
Boys 70 12 100 is no significant
- the hypothesis that there

Is the difference in the mean scores of boys and girls statistically signifiand7 boys and girls.

Show clearly the steps leading to your conclusion. l!fflitii§ 11 1J. 50 000 pairs of shoe .
s dally. from a sample of 500
Estimate the i:tumber of
(a) Let us t ak e t he hypothesis that there is no sign ificant difference
A factory is producing ~e sub-standard quahty~ in the dally production
between the sample mea n and the hypothetical population mean .
pairs 2% were found to --ed to be spoil
' ably exP-'
pairs that can be reason I of conflctence.
and assign limits at
95 ~ aeve
 Neeraj's Fi th Semester a""
.c•,-•...-.Ana/Ytics
B-56 ., Di1ti1

Solution: High Total

r,1okia
0.2 X 0.98 = 0 .0063 100 255
p = 0.02, Q = 0.98 5.Ep = f l 500 r,tototola 40
80
ericcson so 60
155
confidence limit for percentage of defective pairs of shoes is given 220 330
95% Total 150 190
400 740
by :
soJutfon:
p t 1.96 SE
Let us take the hypothesis that preference for cell phones is independent
0.02 t 1.96 (0 .0063) 2
of income. Applying x -text:
0.02 t 0.0123 = 0.0077 to 0 .03 23 of 1evel
150 X 255 =
The number of pairs t hat can be reasonably expected to be spoiled in daily 51 69 150 X 155 = .4 2
740 ' E21 31
740
production is given by 50,000 x0.0077 = 385 and ~0,000x0.0323 = 16 15
150 X 330 = _ 190 X 255 =
Problem 27 I · - 740
66 89
E12 65 _47
740
Intelligence test given to two groups of boys and girls gave the following
190 X 155 = _ 190 X 330 = 84 _73
Information: 39 80
740 E32 740
Mean score Standard deviation Nufllber
400 X 255 _ _ 400 X 155
137 84 - 83.78
Girls 75 10 50 740 E23 = 740
Boys 70 12 100
400 X 330 =
Is the difference In the mean scores•of boys and girls statistic:a ly significant? 178 _38
E33 = 740
Test at 10/o LEvel of significance. The table of expected frequencies shall be as follows :
Solution: 255
51.69 65.47 137.84
Let X and Y denote intelligence test among Girls and Boys 83.78 155
31.42 39.80
178.38 300 .
66 .89 84.73
n, = 50,~ = 75,s, = 10,s; = 100 >L =100 ' Y- = 70 ' Sy =1 2' Sy2 = 144
''2
190 400 740
150
Null Hypothesis H O: µ, = µY there Is no significa nt difference between mean
and score of girls and boys · (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E
0 E
Alt ernati ve Hypothesis H, : 11, * µ_,.(Two Tailed) 65 51.69 177.16 3.43
0.41
12.82
Under H0 35 31.42
285.27 4.26
so 66.89 9.19
z- X -y 75 - 70 5 5· _5_ =2. 6959 90 65.47
601:72

~
0.001
-J3c Oi
+
n2
100
-+-
50
144 = ./2 + 1.44 =
100
,/3A4 = 1.8547 40 39 .80
0.04
611,57
7.22
60 84 .73 10.39
1431 .87
Since Z is around 2.58(significant value of Z at 1% level of significance) 100 137.84 0.17
14.29
it is not si gnificant . Th e mean scores of girls and boys is alm ost same. 80 83 .78 9.71
1732.22
220 178.38
Problem - 28 44. 78
Using the chi square t est, analyse th e following date to detE!rm ine whether
the preference pattern of consumers for cell phones is dependent on income
levels.
 x2

V
I [(o-E//E = 44 . 78
(r - 1) (c-1) = (3-1) (3-1)

v = 4, x 20 . 05 = 9.49
4

The calculated value of x 2 is greater than the tab1le value of 9.49. Hence
the hypothesis Is .rejected . Hence preference for cell phone Is independent of level :
of Income.
Problem 29
r:,1ll9M+ iifAIM~•••••--
~
.:-,-
d patterns.
. 4,:iMi:l•&OOtcn
r.1..c','!®l·i·M:;,;_.
1
---- um:rsMI-$
oata vlsuallzat1on is the graph" 1
It Involves creating v·s
~-
ica representation f •
°
daca to uncover insights
an ' ua 1 elements lik h
rnrnunlcate complex Information In a . e c arts and graphs to
. The divisional manager of a retail chafn believes the average number O f , co more accessible way.
customers entering each of the five stores in his division weekly Is t:e
Q. 2 What is Visualizati on Foundations?
same. In a given week, the manager reports the following number of '
customes In their stores: 3000, 2960, 3100, 2780, 3 160 Visual1zatI0_n foundations include principles and best practices fer creating
effective visualizations. It covers _topics such as chart types, color choices, and the
Test the divisional manager's belief at 10% level of significance for V::
use of visual elements to convey information.
4, ~ .10 = 13.277
Q.3 What is Power BI?
Solution:
Power Bl is a business analytics tool by Microsoft that enables users to
Let E be expected average number of customers
visualize and share insights from their data. It allows users to connect to various
E = 3000 + 2960 + 3100 + 2780 + 3160 15000 data sources, transform data, and create Interactive reports and dashboards.
5 -5- = 3000
Q.4 Wha~ are the Advantag es of Power BI?
0 E 0-E (0-Ef Power BI offers advantages sue~ as ease of use, interactive dashboards,
3000 3000 0 0
2960 and integration with other · Microsoft to,ols.
3000 -40 1600
3100 3000 100 10000 Q.5 Give'.ftne Scalable Options of Power BI.
2780 3000 -220 48400 It Is scalable and can handle large datasets, making it suitable for both
3160 3000 160 25600
small and enterprise-level applications.

x2 ,. ,..[(0 -EE)2]
,._ x2 = [1600
_ _ + 10000 + 48400 25600] Q,6 Giveii:'.~h'e Power BI Architecture.
3000 3000 3000 + 3000
Power Bi's architecture Involves components like Power BI Desktop, Pow~r
x2 = 0.533 + 3 .333 + 16.133 + 8.533 x2 = 28 .532 Bl Service, and Power BI Gateway. It allows users to connect to diverse data
V .. 4 , xi .10 ., 13.277 sources, Including cloud and on-preml~es databases.

28.532 is greater than tabulated

th e dlvlslonal . manager is wrong .
value of
Xc~,o Hence the assumption of I\MW@itlW#i#tMMlihi•hili¥#ffii·Mb
Visualization techniques for spatial data Involve representing geographic
Information vi sually. This can include maps, heatmaps, and other visualizations that

help analyze data with a · spatial component.

tJ.-srjijjl•M
t'C:PJ11tr::ur1u11rn·1 ■ %tl't1·r
f
Geospatlal Information that has a geographic component.
data refers to
Powe . !lowing users to create maps and analyze
r BI can handle geospatlal data, a
data In relation to geographical locations.
 ester 8c4 Oil
oata visualization represents b
· lg data I th
Fih®®itiiiril&-NN:I M-i•MB
Time-oriented data involves data points associated with specific time tile
data can be communicated univ
ersany In a
n e most effective way, such th.at
) Assess data and Identify t visual manner.
time, create tlmellnes, and 8
rend1: B
Power BI . provides tools to visualize tren ds over understa_ndable format, It Is eas Y visualizing data In a slmpllfled and
time-based analysis. performance, make decision Y to assess the given data, evaluate

..".,m,.rn1::1;;:0,;.y.11mo1@+•M£
data 1nvo1v·es the analysis of
- Multivariate datasets wi th
multiple. variables
a! 1 b) Simplify lnformatlo
s' and Identify
n and draw Insights·
to comprehend complex Inform ti
patterns to forecast trends.
• Data visualization enables you
or dimensions. In data visualization, It o~en refers to .techniques
th at represent I connecting relevant Info
· .
ti
a on accurately by ifyl
un ng scattere
d d
rma _on, and representing It In a simplified manner.
ata;
relatlonshlps and patterns among multiple variables . simultaneously.
c) Enable effective communlcatl
on and compelling storytelling: Visual data
Q.11 What ,s Trees in data visualization? representation Is universally underst oo d, enabling effective communication
In data visualization, trees represent hierarchical structures. Tree diagrams with d_lverse audiences. ·

or dendrograms are often used to display relationships among data points In a d) Improve th e decision-making process: The optimal utilization of data
hierarchical manner. facilitates Information-driven and efficient decision-making, Data visualizatlon
allows a_nalyzing, comparing and forecasting data to assist the decision-
Q . 12 What is Graphs and Networks?
making process of any organization.
Graphs and networks represent relationships between entitles. 11.'l a graph,
e) Time and Cost Saving: Data vlsuallzatlon provid~s real-time insights Into
nodes represent entitles, and edges represent connections or relationships between
business data to· facllltate quick decision-making and reduce the cost of
them. Networks can be simple or complex, with multiple nodes and edges.
research.
Q.13 State the applications of Graphs and networks. ' '
7
Q.2 Whati. are the Advantag es and Disadvantages of Data V1sualizat1on
Graphs and networks are used In various fields, Including social network
analysis, transportation planning, and the study of biological networks
Advantages
1. Better Agreement: · A conventional methodology Is to experience the
Q.14 What is Text and Document-~isualization? ,.1.,:, ·.
•· massive Information of both the circumstances and afterward examine lt.
Text and document visualization Involve techniques to r~present textual This will . clearly take a great deal of time.
Information visually. This can Include word clouds, sentiment analysis, and other 2. A superior Method: It can tackle the difficulty of placing the Information
methods to extract Insights from text data .
of both perspectives Into the 1>ictorial structure.
Q.15 What is Power Query? ..>/;'., 3. Simple Sharing of Data: With the-·represen~ation of -the Information,
Power Query Is a data connection technology that enables users· to discover, organizations present° another arrangement of correspondence.
connect, and transform data across a wide variety of sources. W'th the assistance of Information representation,
4. _Deals InvestlgatIon: 1
uch of a stretch, comprehend the business chart
Q.16 Give the meaning of M language? . a salesman can, Without m

Power Query for data of Items.

M language Is the scripting language used within . and Patterns: With the huge loads of Information •
ransformatlons. 6. Investigating Openings the profundity of Information In
1 resent, business chiefs can discover
P 1 gs around them.
SECTION B regard to the patterns and open n

Disadvantages tlons can be a time-consuming

Q. 1 Why Is Data Visualization Important? . I • Creating vlsua 11 za
t. Can be tlme-consum ng, with large and complex datasets.
hen dealing
process, especla II Y w
 Visualizations can create the impres powe r Bi Consulting: Enha
sion patterns
or trends that may not actually exist, consu ltation that helps you neeb data anal• ·
leading to incorr ect conclusions and .
In OOsting /Sis and reporting with expert
poor decisi on-ma king . in decisi on-ma king. b 5·
u ,r,es5 Performance and assists
3. can be diffic ult to interp ret: This can
lead to confusion and misint erpret ation d) powe r BI Integ ration : Enjoy seamle
, ss .
of the data . a M" ·
pages, power pps, icrosoft 365 suite, integration of Power Bl to power
4. May not be suitab le for all types or P-:.wer Bl eri,bedded to integrate
· o·f data: Certain types of data, such with Azure .
as text or aud io data, may not
lend thems elves well to visualization
. e) Predi ctive Analysis: Forecast future
s. May not be accessible to all users
: Some users may have visual impairments insigh ts with Webtel's BI Dashbo
outcomes and p'an according to data
arding services.
or c~t:er disabil ities that make it difficu
lt or impossible for them to interp
v 1sua :izat ions.
ret V•i€ii,115i,,i·i·ie£itiiJ.i4:i
Q.3 Expla in the differ ent types of
~Then the insigh ts can be used to create
strategic busmess decisions that
Data Visua lizatio n. roduc tivity and accelerate the growth
The dif:'ere'1t types of data visu improve P · .
alizati on: some more poten tial benefits of
business intelligence tools lndude:
1. Temp oral data visua lizatio n: Tempo
ral data visualization or one-dimensi Drivin g new revenues .
onal
v· s-w a::zation represents data in a
linear or one-dimensional plane.
Some It increases operational efficiency.
exaT-p 'es of tempo ra l data visu alizati ii.
on are scatte rplots , line graphs,
and It optim izes intern al business proces
so on. iii. ses.
2. Hiera rchica l data visua lizatio n: iv. It impro ves decision making.
Hlerarchical data visualization establ
ishes
a hiera--chy between la~ge group v. It is gainin g a competitive advant
s with a common link. Some examp age over business rivals.
les
of h·erarch,cal data visua lization vi. It is used in. spotting business problem
are tree diagrams and ring charts s that need to te addressed.
.
3. Netw ork data visua lizatio n: Netwo vii. It can be used in assisting companies
rk data visual ization is used to repres in the identification of market trends.
ent
CC'T'pi ex re:atio nships and connections
betwe en differe nt datase ts . Examp
cf r.et,,work visualization includ e
matrix charts and scatte r plots .
les
NfPl't'f iID:t-1:RJ!TP'UENASi:'lttX!ll'l'WMM\t
l'~ri
.f.jlj .. ;q., i§j-ff
4. Multid imens ional data visua lizatfo The advan tages of Powe r Bl, as
n: Mult idimensional data visualization shown below:
setup data refresh and
C:ea:s w:th representing mult iple variab
les on a single plane. For examp 1. Secu re Repo rt Publishing: You can automate
le· . th latest information.
i: :e ct;a;ts , Ven n diagra ms, and
histog rams . publish report s that allowing all the users to ava11 ,e .
• T Shift an existing Bl system in t o
S. Geos patial data visua lizatio n:
Geosp atial data visual ization involv 2. No Memo ry an d sPeed constraints. 0
representing various points in differe
es . ment with Power Bl embedded eliminates memory.
a power ful cloud enviro
nt geogr aphic locations. Some examp n . . kl retrievable and analyzed.
les that data is quic Y
cf ;;eospatial data visua lization includ Speed constraints ensure
e heat maps and densit y maps d· The Power Bl provides quick _
.
Q.4 No Speci alized Techn1ca• I support require .
Write note on Data Visua lizatio 3. fo specialized technical support.
n with Powe r BI.
inquir y and analysis wit. h t the need r
a) Po.-. er Bl is an ad vanced business
intellig ence and data visual ization
ou interface and the use of
tool erful natural language
It also supports · a pow .
b y t-li crosoft that cffers inte ractive
dashb oardin g and data visualization
intuiti ve graphical designer tools.
capab ilit ies . It connects to variou use. users can easily find it only
s data sources, transf orms data, Bl ls simple to
and
pro vi des a wi de r ange of visual 4. Simp le to Use: Power rve
ization option s .
b) Webte l offers end-to -end data visual on behalf of a short learning cu . ·,s updated in every month
ization and dashboarding service:i product
by The Power BI .
optimi zing Power BI to enable you
to unleash the true poten tial of s. Cons tant Innovation:
business data . your d features .
with new functions an
jiiil"

Power BI O.S.dvant119es
~-e a'l! s::,~ -1 ~~ ""'~a;es POWER 81 ARCHfTECTuRE
cf f>.:"e,- BI, as stiown below:
1. Cas"'~"\o'!--:s a....:, re::-.:-ts are ooly shared with th e users who
are. haVirig ,
t'."'e sa-"e e--ia 1 ~~Ta~.,s~
2. Pi:"~ ~ " :•i "--'t rre~e iMported cata th at is acressed from
real-ti!Tit
c.:n -e-c:jC'!'s.
3. P::•"e"" EI oo'y acce~ 3 the fiie s·ze maximum 250 Mb and the
zfp file Whicti
is. c:::ir.:pre.sse:I by ~ e cata of the x-ve locity in-memory database.
4. Ccs·::.-oa~d never acce::ts or pass user, account , or any other Oataw~
entity ExtlllCt
pacr-:eter s .
s. \'ery f-ew cat.a sources permit r eal-tim e connections to f>o·wer
BI reports
and das~l:oard s power Bl architecture has ·three phases. The first tvro phases use m
Q.7 What are the Power Bl Componen ts? Explain. transform, and load) process to handle the data.
. · ·. (extra ct ,
The O:Tponerr. .s of Power BI are shown as 1 . Data Integratio n: An organization needs to deal w,th tr.e data that
below :
comes from diff eren t sou~ces . First, extract the data from differe."1t sources which
1. Power Query: It is used to access, search, and transform public
and can be your separate database, servers, etc.
inte~a l data sources. _ .
• Data Processing: · Still, the integrated data is not ready for
2 visu~llzation
2. PoweT Pivot: f>ower pivot is used in data modeling for in- memory ata needs processing before it can be presented. This data ,s
analytics. because the d pre-
-
3. Power View: e y using th e power view, you can analyze, visualize,
and processed .
tt1 it can
Cis;;'. ay the · data as an interactive data visualizatio n. ata presentati on: Once the data is loaded and processed, _.en
3· D
be visualized much better with the use of various v,sua. r ti n that Power BI offers.
4. Power Map: It brings the data to life with interactive geographic iza o
al
vi sua lization.
!-iNMMil•iiifiliHIMMl•il?Ntas .
5. Powu BI Service: You can share workbooks and data views which 61 shown below.
are The essential
of Power tools ' . nd blishing tool. Power
restored from on-premise s and cloud-base d data sources. I a primary authonng a pu
a) Power Bl Desktop: It s models and reports.
.
6. Power BI Q&A: You can ask any questions and get an immediate
response BI users and developers use it t 0 create brand new
w1~ the natura l language query. Power BI Desktop tool is avai·1 able at tree of cost.
odUleS dashboards, and
P er Bl data m ,
7. Data Managem ent Gateway: You get periodic data refreshers,
expose I, b) Power Bl service: The ow rvice (SaaS). Sharing, administration,

\
tables, and view data feeds. reports are hosted In the online sottware as a /eBI Service tool
is available at the
In the cloud. Powe
8. Data Catalog: By using the data catalog, you can quickly discover and collaboratio n happen $lO per morith.
and f pro license and the user has to pay
reuse the queries . the bridge between the Power
'
rt Direct Query, and uv e Query.
c) P It works as
BI Data Gateway:
Q,8 Explain the Power Bl Architectu re. ower urces such as Jmpo ,
BI service on-premise s data so
The arct,ftecture of Puwer e.1 is shown as below: BI Admin Installs Power Bl. reports, mobile reports, KPls,
• It hosts paging ·,n every four months and
d) Power BI Report server,
It requires updates
and Power BI desktop reports.
rnanaged by the IT team.
 T
e) Power 81 Moblle Apps: It Is available for Android, IOS, and Window,
X
Microsoft lntune manages It by using this tool . You can view reports and dashboard~ ,
Ncwfoldet p
on the Power Bl Service Report Server. o,g,.,;ic.
0

J'f]z;fo;i(,~
Mame II:: • CJ

::::Jj:;; ;s>i:i .' -=~he

Q.10 Write note on Power BI Dashboard.
Power Bl dashboard 1~ a single page, also called a canvas that uses !ll!a1[1:P•:~~u•i-::]ANioJaio~i~·Es.m,..:2~:-
·visuallzation to tell the story. It Is llmlted to one page; therefore, a· well-designed
® ooc.ummtt (,~
dashboard contains only the most essential elements of that story:
... oowntoad• rt
Creating Dashboard In Power BI JI Music lii1
For example, suppose a sample such as Procurement Analysis .. Thl_s sample ~ Pictut6 i_i_,i
■ Video• ,"
Is an excel workbook with
When Power Bl imports the workbook,
two PowerVi_ew sheets .
it adds a dataset and a report to
1ii Local Disk (C:) 11
._ Ntw Velum• <.£:)(JJ
the workspace. Let's see step by step . --" New Volume (f:J:{!

Step 1: Open the Power BI Desktop and click on the File pane . ,& Network .
Step 2: Go to the Import option. f il4'Mme: IPtOOMmtflt Analysis Sample v\ (b~file("-11111 ~ -----~

Step 3: And select the Excel dataset file to import the file. .1 Ope, 1c.=~ .:J 0
,

w I Untitled • Powe, Bl Desktop . s~ep 6: For the exercise, select the Start button.
It starts import excel workbook and creating report view worksheets shown
In the below screenshot .
step · 7: When the completed message appears, then select the Close
1,-..::i button to 'dismiss it.
i",A&; 2Pffl ------------------·- -- xl
:n ~ POWtl 81 template
lm port Exc~l workbook contents I
I
IDI
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St ep 4: Select , the procurement analysis sample file .
In the below screenshot, you can
Step 5: And click on the Open button.
dataset iri the form of tiles.
 ..et one dashboard as the
lt car11\0t create a feature report.
, """ - da shboar d .

Yes, it can set alerts.

sub scribe to a dashboard.
,,·e c.an't We can subso-ibe to report pages.
Yes, it can create and view reports
in desktop.
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Here are the

1 . Area Charts
chart types in Power BI: ·

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The area chart . depends On line charts to display quantitative graphical data.
·1nes is commonly filled with colors, textures, and
The area between the axis and . charts. It shows
...... .., ........... woa-OK com are more' than two quantities with area
patterns. You can p b d to attract the attention of the
the trend changes over time and can e use
to know the total changes across the trends.
users clearly shows you how the usage of Tableau, Power
Q. 11 Wrlta tho Difference between Da&hboards and Reports. ,._),'!.':,, The below Area chart

Bl, and Looker varies over the paS six yea,?,r'•'!is.:,•-o;"'I'-'',:::"-~'''"':-:':-'.-: _~..
D11~hl>o11rd and reports both terms are used Interchangeably, but they are t
not synon ymou s. Tho below table compares the dashboard with the . reports, such 7
u :

DHhbo11rd1 Reports

It hns only one page. It can have one or more · pages .

It l1o1 s one or more reports and It has only a single dataset per
dnt.,sets per dashboard. report.
It can pin existing vi sualizati ons It can pin visualizations to any of the
only from the current dashboard to dashboards , And also . can pin entire ·
your other dashboards.
report pages to
dashboards.
any of the
1
It can't filter or slice.
It has many different
highlight, and slice.
ways to filter,
- ' •. .,.;. . . J
 • column Charts
4
2. line Chiu-ts coiurnn charts are similar to bar charts
th e only difference between
Line charts are m 0 stly used charts to represent the data anct two Is, column chart divides the same ' aM
these es within the clusters. Also It category data Into the clusters and
characterized by a series of d.1ta polrits connected by a straight line . Each ar~
cor11Par ' compares the d,na from
In the llne corresponds to a data value In the given category. It shows the Point If you have observed the below other clusters.
column . chart, it Is clear
e>cact
value of the plotted data . Line charts should only be used to measure the t rends 11as been I ncreasl ng gradually, that the Bl market
months, and years share - -:-- -------..:.:.._____________
over a period of time, e.g. dates,
The below line chart shows the popularity of the Microsoft Power BI keywor 30 Bl Mork~t Shore
In Google search across the world. It 's clearly Indicating that the popularity of Po d
Bl has been Increasing gradually since Its Inception. Wer lS

3. Bar Charts
In the list of Power BI visualization types, next, we ~re going to discuss
bar charts.
5. Combo Charts
A combo chart is a combination of both the colum!'l charts and li ne charts
Bar charts are most 1Y used graphs because they are simple
easy to understand . Bar cha to create and that help you to make a quicker comparison of the data. The combo chart shows
·the absolute dat Th rts are also called horizontal charts that represent
the relationship .between two measures in a single visualization. It also helps to
a. ey are useful to displa th
because it is possible t .. y e data that include negative values
o positron the bars above and below the x-axis. compare multi ple measures with different values.
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Charts
8 , Gauge
6. Pie Charts
whole data In A gauge chart is also known as a
A pie chart is a circular statistical chart, and it shows the sp~edometer or dial chart. It uses the
read the data an·d it
parts. Each portion of a pie chart re_ presents the percentages, and the sum Of needle to ' shows the lnformatio
resents the value of each needle n on a dial. The gauge chart,
be divided into Slices
all parts should be equal to 100%. The whole data can it reP . as It reads the d
ata according to the axis
t
Pie charts are mo sly iored data. These charts are us ef uI to com
to show the numerical propositions of each part of the data. or co .
to understand the vari ables either by using multiple needles on the pare the values between the
to represent the same category of data. It helps users
used same gauge or different gauges.
business world, and
data quickly. They are widely used in education, the
communication media.

9, Funnel Charts
7. Doughnut Charts
The funnel chart is a type of chart which is used to visual ize the data
chart because
Doughnuts are similar to pie charts, and it is named doughnut the whole data
th at flows from one phase to another phase. In the funnel chart,
it looks similar to a doug hnu t • you can easily understand the data because is represented as numerical
is conside red as 100%, and in each phase, it ·
doughnut charts show th e whoIe d ata .into the proposition . It is the most useful
propositions of t he data .
chart when you need to _d"1sp 1ay _various . propositions that · make up the final value.

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Scatter charts are used to visualize the data using the dots _that represent Geospatial data describes thi
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- •·-•···-
ngs In terms f
the values obtained from two different variables, su(:h as the x-axis and Y-axis d be people, animals, objects . o their location on Earth. These
coul . , natural phenomena
These charts are used to show the relationship between two different variables, Geospatial data analysis g ' or business outcomes.
It Is also called a correlation plot oes beyond j t
because it shows how two variables .are correlate~ inS where and why they .occur Th' US describing things and also
to each other. eXP la • · ' is process invol •
and v1
·sualizing geospatial data
, ves co1lecting, transforming,
Many industries can use geos t' 1
:,:~_:...;.:-.::.:· ~ - .a ··-· - --•- ·: · pa ia data analysis, from retail and e-commerce
: ~ ~o ~ . .,,, _6 environmental stability, and even governments
to for tracking resources, weather,

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disease, and defense.
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Benefits:
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Using geospatial data in analytics offers many benefits to organizations. Most
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importantly,
to your data.
this type of location-based data provides a multi-dimensional context
We discuss the three most significant benefits of geospatial data

. - . . .. - ~
analysis .

Q. 14, Explairi,''fthe Steps fo r Time Series Forecasting in Power BI,

1. Import historical data from excel, csv, SQL, and many more data sources
into Power Bl. .T_his data should include a time dimensipn, such as dates or months,
and a met ric, such as sales or revenue.
11, Bubble Charts
2. Crea t e a time intelligence calculation . This calculation should aggregate
Bubble charts show the data in the form
of a circle. The values of the the data according to a time period, such as . weeks or months.
variables are represented by the x-axis and y-axis. The size of the circle represents 3. u se the forecasting feature to create a forecast based on the historical
the measure of. the variables.
data. Specify the number of periods to forecast and the algorithm to use.
4. Create custom visualizations that display the historical data and
forecasted values. These visualizations should include features such as trend lines
and confidence intervals.

liii§Mf#ffiii·l:i?ifi,f•bf iii·F®Ml·i
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and combine many datasets
Power BI ena bl es You to connect . o, .
'
d t to datasets. workspaces
. d t fl Ows can provide a a
in one location. Additionally, aa ht be a component of numerous .
· · gle dataset mg I
an d datasets are related, and a sin Dataset this dataset contains
w k . d the Employee , -
or spaces. In this we have use Gender, and City. and
Salary Bonus, 001 ,
columns such as DeptID, Emp Name, , . dataset Is taken from the Excel
th·15 Th source of this
dataset contains 35 rows. e about the dataset used.
Workbook. Look at the picture below to know
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Is a highly contagious resp irato ry
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S-CoV-2 virus. The disease has had profound
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to a glo a Ufe
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Cost reduction refers to the process of decreasing expcn sP. s or ex pcndltur~s P tech industry.
within an organization. This can Involve Identifying and eliminating unnec.er,!;ary the
content Creation: Amazon Prime Vid"J-,, 11',ndle, ar4 ,.,,.,az,,n M,,11e ei,~
expen1e1, Improving efficiency, negotiating better deals with suppli er s, and
company 's reach beyond e-Cllmme,O!.
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Its Impact on the retail Industry -
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with Am
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physical stores . . n->erte
such " transportation, warehousing, Inventory management, and distribution to E-commerce Dominance: Amazon became the w~~·s la·;>!St e--=om
ensure products reach their destination efficiently and cost-effectively. a t uring a significant share of online reta il sal6.
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small businesses, changing the retail landscape by o enng .. J

C.isc Stud~• : Amazon global customers .

~ • Dlsnlptlon of the Retail Industry Some of the challenges are: itS
f d scrutiny for itS market c-: iwer a,,d
Amazon, founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994, started as an online bookstore Antit r ust Concerns: Amazon ac.e
but qulddy transformed into a global e-commerce and technology giant. This case treatment of t hird -party sellers. of harsh working conditiOl".S in A:-razori ·s fulfilment
study examines how Amazon disrupted the retail industry and reshaped consumer Labor Practices: Reports
behaviour. . cerns about employee welfare.
centres ra ised Con develc::Ten:S in. areas such
Amazon is a global e-commerce and technology giant that has successfully innovate and expand , with
Amazon continues to less stores- The CO(T'panv faces
utlllzed data anafytjcs to Improve decision-making, reduce costs, . . . elli ence, and cashier-
enhance logistics as drone delivery, artificial mt 9 . d competition but ren-ains a formidable
planning, end achieve various other benefits. 1 t 0 ry scrutiny an
challenges related to regu a
nd technology. pplications
Amazon began as an online bookstore, but its visionary founder, Jeff Bezos, player in global commerce a . of the !'!"est farrOUS a
had a broader vision: to build the world's most customer-centric company. Over ion ·engine ,s one rdlase h&StOl'Y, Amazon
Amazon's recomme nd at behaviour and pu n,·s not only
the years, Amazon expanded its product offerings, services, and infrastructure, 1 s ·ng user mers ,
of data analytics. By ana Y ' endations to its custo ·
....,_ ho a multi-faceted retail and technology powerhouse. The company used duct recomm . -e
Provides personalized pro the user expenen-: · es relies
the below strategies - enhances . in its warehous
Increases sales but also , use of rot,otiCS verall efficiency.
CUstatner-centrc Approach: Amazon's relentless focus on customer satisfaction I . Amazon s d irnprove o
AI-Powered Robot cs. robot mo11ernents an riOUS aspects of
drove Innovations such as one-dick ordering, fast shipping (Amazon Prime), and .
heavily on data analytics
t O optimize
. d data analvtiCS
. va
nd cost management.
across
personalized recommendations. has applie 1ogist1CS 1
In summary, Amazon r experience to
custome
Its business, ranging from
 B-B1
a, harnessin g the power cf big data and ma ch ,n e learning, Amazon has continued ' fon user-cen tricity, personalization and d
conec 1 ' '
data' follow such a strategy and boost edlcatlon. Major and
to Innovate and maintain its position as a leading global e-comme rce and technology dS can b d
ran exposure and market value.
company . brall 1n 2007 Analyst Barton Crockett said that ~Netflix
Is facing tougher
.. from blockbus ter than originally expected" Now in
~"~- Study 2 Netfl,x et1t1on . .. 2021 Netfllx is In
cof'IIP . r state with huge competition from Disney, Amazon · ,
American streaming service Netflix entered India sirn1la Prime, and other big
in January . .
2016 . In April in streamin g services. W-11 .
1 • Netf11x . .
survive this competition or will fail. to
2017, it was registered as a limited liability partnersh giaots
ip (LLP) and started let's wait and watch .
commlssioni!'lg corttent. survive,
Netflix·s competiti ve advantage focuses on offering The rise of Netflix and fall of Blockbuster:
exclusive content that is
not availabfe When Netflix launched in 1997, Blockbuster was - the undispute
011 any other streaming platform. For this purpose, the d champion
company .d
Invests billions of dollars in creating its own renta l industry. Between 1985 and 1992, the brick-and
shows and movies, all owing the vI eo -mortar rental
Netflix 0f
to differentiate itself from its competitors. f om its first location (in Dallas, Texas) to more
·11 grew r than 2,800 locations
clla, Id Two years later Viacom paid $8.4 billion to acquire . b st
Netflix's paid member base in India increased und the wor . , · Block u er.
i~ 2022 as the price of its
aro the time Netflix showed up on the scene with its
montNy plans was reduced. The platform decreased the cost video rental-b~-
of its mobile plan So, by
froon Rs 199 to Rs 149. Netflix's basic plan was I . •t ppeared to be . a classic case of David .
vs.
G r th In fact ,n
o ,a ·
decreased from Rs 4 99 to Rs ' ·1 service I a •
199, while the standard plan was reduced I ma1 , O - erh aps realizing that it'd be easier to fight d Bl kbuster
from Rs 649 to Rs 499 . I the year 20,0 alongsi e oc
p . d d CEO Reed Hastings approached
In India, people prefer to watch web shows and \ than against them - Netf\1x co-foun er an
series in the Hindi language h . nted
CEO John Antioco, with a merger proposal: Hastings
rather than English. There are many languages Blockbuster's t en wa
being spoken in Ind ia. That's why . , art of the deal, the Netflix team would run
Netflix Is facing difficultie s to understand how they

Netflix, founded in 1997 by Reed Hastings and

should work on r eg ional content.
Netftlx: Revoluti onizlng the Entertai nment Industry
·
Marc Randolph , started as
II $50 mill_ion f or Netfilx . And as p
Blockbuster's online .brand. Of course,
Blockbuster la ughed in Net ,x fl . ,5 face
that deal never materialized. Partly because

when they me
t to discuss the deal. August
J'f . The service is called Kibble
29 1997: Netflix is reg istered in Scotts Valley, Ca orma. I
a DVD-by-m ail rental service. However, it has transform ' . . d the team of the old
ed into a global streaming . . . d f dog food, to remin
giant and a disruptor in the entertain ment industry.
This case study exam ines how
in beta testing, which Is a kin
" d
° 't matter how goo
d your dog food advertising
..

Netflix revolutionized the way people consume content advertising adag e that It oesn f d.,
and became a dominant campaign is, if t he dogs won't eat the dog oo
player in the streaming mar1c:et. . Battle -
Ne_tfliX VS, Blockbuster'
SUbscrlb er Growth (2020): Netflix experien ced 3 Takeaw ays from the
substant ial growth in
subla1be'5 during the COVID-19 pandemic as people 1. Never forget What You're really selling
turned to streamin g services
for entertainment while staying at home. 2. You need to be willing to adapt
Netftlx uses data-driv en and customer -centric marketin 3. The custome r-driven approach always wins
g strategie s that work
In the digital age. Netffix's success relies on constant
analysis and optimization, Case Study 3: Uber
to you can use these tools for marketin g . the Taxi Industry
your business online. d Disrupting
Uber: Transportation an C mp has revolutionized
Hettllx's martcet;ng strategy is a surefire example of Innovatio Transfor ming
' d Garrett a •
n and modern· by Travis Kalanick an
day technology grOWth. The platform has been eager Uber, founded in 2009 -driven ride-sharing platform.
to bring the changes per technology . . d strv Its
market need or _user demand. The evolution the transport ation industry by introducing a d the traditional tax, in u
of the marketin g tactics from time lh1s '
ID time ls one ~ the core reasons behind Its success. gr
.
case _ study examine~
how Uber dlsrupte ortation landscape.
act on the transp . fferlng, despite concerns
Hetflfx proves that a brand can connect oWth, challenge s, and ,ts JmP . Initial public 0
I
. . . . , and optimization. Simply put, Nett11·x•s with customers easily through regu ar IPO (2019): Uber went pub
IIC with Its
advertisin g strategy Is full of agllltY, about 1
ts profitabi lity and va 1uatIon.
 Neeraj's Fifth Semeste
r Elci
d the way people think about b
tornie ur an transp rt
COVID-19 Impact (2020): The COVID-19
business as lockdownS and reduced travel led to a decline in ride
trans
ant
presence worldwide . Despite ch
a11 enges It
°
atlon and established a
Uber's
9gnrfiC 'd"'slia ring and delivery industries ' remains a dominant player
The company adopted the below strategies: if1 the rr - .
Disnsptlve Technology: Uber harnessed the power of mob ile technology alld ~:,mti#iffli
apps to create a convenient and efficient ride-sharing platform , elim inating many ~TW 'tter's
1
pr im ary purpose is to connect ·t1
• s users and allow them to share
pain points associated with traditional taxis. ·r thou ghtS w ith · t her r followers and others th rough the use of hashtags. It
1
1he source of news, entertainment a d
Dynamic Pricing: Uber's · surge pricing algorithm enabled fle xible Pricing ,an be iI n a marketing tool for businesses.
during peak demand, increasing driver incentives and matching supply with demand x Is th e new name of th e social media company and platform formerly known
effectively. Twitter. Musk announced changes to the brand earlier this month . Posting on
Network Effect: As more drivers and riders joined t he platform , Uber's as platform , X CEO Linda Yaccarino said the app will transform the "global town
thf
services became more valuable, creating a network effect that co ntributed to its square."
rapid expansion. Twitter- The Evolution of a Social Media Platform
Diversification: Expanding into related services like food del ivery, shared Twitter, fou nd ed in 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan
rides, and logistics allowed Uber to diversify its revenue streams and reach a Williams, lias be com e one of the ··most Influential social media platforms worldwide.
broader customer base. This case study ex plores Twitter's growth, its role In shaping communication,
Global Expansion: Uber's aggressive global expansion strategy allowed It challenges, and its impact on society.
to enter and dominate markets worldwide, leveraging its bran d recog nition and Key Event s a nd Milestones:
technology. Twitter as a News Source (ongoing):· Twitter became a major source of
Some of the challenges are: breaking news and informat ion sharing during global events and crises.
Regulatory Battles: Uber faced regulatory challenges, la wsuits, and protests Strategies for Success :
In various cities and countries, with local . taxi associations and governments Real-Ti me Communication: Twitter excelled in providing a real-time
protecting traditional taxi industries. follow and participate in discus_
sions about
communication platfo rm, allowing Users to
Safety Concerns: Incidents involving , Uber drivers ra ised · concerns about current events and t rends .
passenger safety and driver background checks, prompting the company to improve Hashtags and Trends: The use of hashtags and trending topics helped
safety measures. · o k' ·t easier for users to find and participate
rganize and d i s co'✓ er content, ma rng 1
Driver and Labor Issues: Uber's classification of drivers as independent in relevant conve rsations.
contractors rather than employees sparked debates about labour rights, wages, . • Twitter successfully attracted celebrities
and benefits. Celebrity and Brand Engagement, . th . fanbase and customers,
and brands, enabling them to connect directly wr th err
Profltablllty:- Uber faced questions about its profitabil ity, as it reported
tontributing to its cultural influence.
substantial losses In the years leading up to its IPO. . monetized its platform through
Monetization and Advertising: Twitter · . brands and businesses
. Cultural Issues: Uber struggled with a negative public image due to issues advertising products and span.sored content, targeting
related to Workplace culture, diversity, and inclusion, which led to changes in
leadership and corporate culture. looking to reach a global audr·ence. · Interface ) allowed
mming
Application Progra
t•· API Integration: Twitter's API ( expanding Its ecosystem and
Conclusion: Uber's Journey from a San Francisco startup to a global ,,1rd·part apps and tools,
transportation and logistics giant is a prime example of disruptive innovation . BY fu Y developers to create
leveraging technologv, a dynamic ncttonaltty.
,, pricing model, and a network effect, uber
 Some of the Concems are as follows:
User Growth and Engagement: Twitter faced challenges In
consistent user growth and addressing Issues related to harassment and t~
content on the platform.
Monetization and Profltab lllty: Twitter struggled to achieve profltablllty,
. facing pressure from investors to Increase revenue and expand Its user base.
Controversies and Misinformation: The platform became a breeding ground
for controversies, fake news, and misinformation, leading to calls for stronger

content moderation and fact-checking.

Leadership Changes: Frequent changes . In leadership and executive roles
raised co~cerns about strategic direction and stability.
Privacy and Data Security: . Twitter, like other social media platforms , faced
scrutiny over its data handling and privacy practices.
Ad revenue has been a contentious issue and an ~phlll battle for the site,
after hordes of advertisers . fled after Musk took over. Advertisers were concerned
about content moderation, mass layoffs and general uncertain ty about Twltter's
future.
Twitter has . evolved from a simple microblogging platform Into a global force
for communication, news dissemination, and social engagement. Its impact on society
is profound, as it shapes .the way people consume and share informati on. Despite
. challenges related to user growth, profitability, and conten't moderati on, Twitter
remains a major player in the social media landscape .