**Overview of RDBMS and SQL for Class 10**

**Introduction to RDBMS**

- Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) allow data to be stored in multiple

interconnected tables, enhancing data organization and retrieval .

- RDBMS is essential for managing large datasets, such as the information stored in an
Aadhar card, which includes personal details like name, address, and age .

**Key Concepts**

1. **Database Objects**:

- **Tables**: Collections of rows and columns that store data systematically .

- **Queries**: Questions posed to the database to retrieve specific information, such as

identifying the student with the highest marks in mathematics .

2. **Data Types**:

- Common data types include:

- **Integer**: Whole numbers, with varying sizes (e.g., small, normal, big) .

- **Decimal/Float**: Used for numbers with decimal points, with specific size
limitations .

- **Text**: Includes fixed-length (character) and variable-length (varchar) fields .

- **Date and Time**: Used for storing dates and timestamps .

- **Boolean**: Represents yes/no values, typically stored as 1 or 0 .

3. **Keys in RDBMS**:

- **Primary Key**: Uniquely identifies each record in a table (e.g., Aadhar number, roll
number) .

- **Composite Primary Key**: Combines two or more columns to create a unique

identifier .
 - **Foreign Key**: A primary key from one table that appears in another table,
establishing a relationship .

- **Candidate Keys**: Potential primary keys that can uniquely identify records .

4. **Referential Integrity**:

- A rule in RDBMS that ensures foreign keys must correspond to existing primary keys in
related tables, maintaining data consistency .

- It prevents orphaned records in child tables and ensures that all references are valid .

5. **Relationships Between Tables**:

- **One-to-One**: Each record in one table corresponds to one record in another table
(e.g., Aadhar number to person) .

- **One-to-Many**: A single record in one table can relate to multiple records in another
(e.g., one student with multiple subjects) .

- **Many-to-Many**: Records in one table can relate to multiple records in another table,
often requiring a junction table to manage the relationships .

**SQL Commands**

- SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to interact with databases, allowing users to
create, update, delete, and retrieve data.

- Common SQL commands include:

- **DDL (Data Definition Language)**: Commands like CREATE and DROP to define
database structures.

- **DML (Data Manipulation Language)**: Commands like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and
DELETE to manage data within the tables .

This summary covers the essential concepts of RDBMS and SQL, providing a foundational
understanding for Class 10 students preparing for their exams.
**Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS)**

- RDBMS stores data in multiple interconnected tables, unlike single-table databases .

- This allows for complex data organization and retrieval, making it a powerful tool for data
management .

**Key Concepts**

- **Database Objects**: These include tables, which are collections of rows and columns,
and queries that allow users to ask specific questions about the data .

- **Data Types**: Different data types are used to store different kinds of data, such as
numbers, text, and dates .

- **Relationships**: Tables can be related to each other in different ways, such as one-to-
one, one-to-many, and many-to-many .

- **Auto Value**: This feature automatically assigns a unique number to each new row in a
table .

- **Queries**: Queries are used to ask questions about the data in a database .

**Structured Query Language (SQL)**

- SQL is the language used to interact with databases .

- It allows users to create tables, insert data, and perform queries to manipulate and
retrieve information .

- SQL commands can be categorized into two types:

- **Data Definition Language (DDL)**: Used to define the structure of a table, including
creating, modifying, and deleting tables .
 - **Data Manipulation Language (DML)**: Used to manipulate the data within a table,
including inserting, updating, and deleting data .

**DDL Commands**

- **CREATE**: Used to create a new database or table .

- **ALTER**: Used to modify the structure of a table, such as adding or deleting columns .

- **DROP**: Used to delete an entire table .

- **TRUNCATE**: Used to delete all rows from a table, but the table structure remains
intact .

- **RENAME**: Used to change the name of a table .

**DML Commands**

- **SELECT**: Used to retrieve data from a table .

- **INSERT**: Used to add new data into a table .

- **UPDATE**: Used to modify existing data in a table .

- **DELETE**: Used to remove specific data from a table .

**Examples**

- **Creating a table**: `CREATE TABLE client (client_ID INT, first_name VARCHAR(20),

last_name VARCHAR(20), mobile_number VARCHAR(20));`

- **Inserting data into a table**: `INSERT INTO client VALUES (1, 'Shani', 'Jen',
'1234567890');`

- **Selecting data from a table**: `SELECT * FROM client;`

- **Updating data in a table**: `UPDATE client SET first_name = 'Kavita', last_name =
'Gupta' WHERE client_ID = 102;`

- **Deleting data from a table**: `DELETE FROM client WHERE client_ID = 104;`

**Conclusion**

- Understanding RDBMS and SQL is crucial for effectively managing and manipulating data
in a structured way.

- By practicing SQL queries and understanding the different commands, students can gain
valuable skills for data management and analysis.