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Lesson 04 - Memory Management

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Lesson 04 - Memory Management

Uploaded by

keithtran31201
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Memory Management

7/19/2022 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 1


OBJECTIVES

1 Casting

2 C Program structure in memory

3 Allocate dynamic memory

4 Manipulate in memory

7/19/2022 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 2


TYPE CASTING

 All objects in C have specified type


 Type variable char, int, float, double, …
 Pointers point to type char, int, float, double, …
 Expression with many types
 C language automatic cast the types (casting).
 User cast the types.

7/19/2022 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 3


IMPLICIT CASTING

o Increase level (data type) in expression


 Elements with the same type
 The result is general type
 int / int  int, float / float  float
 Example: 2 / 4  0, 2.0 / 4.0  0.5

 Elements with the diffirent type


 The result is cover type
 char < int < long < float < double
 float / int  float / float, …
 Example: 2.0 / 4  2.0 / 4.0  0.5
 Note: temporary casting

7/19/2022 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 4


IMPLICIT CASTING – 1
 Assign <left expression> = <right expression>;
 The right expression is increased level (or reduced level) temporary as
the same type with right expression type.
int i;
float f = 1.23;
i = f; //  f temporary is int
f = i; //  i temporary is float
 May be the accurate of real will be lost  limited!
int i = 3;
float f;
f = i; //  f = 2.999995

7/19/2022 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 5


EXPLICIT CASTING
 Meaning
Type casting to avoid wrong result.
 Syntax
(<new type>)<expression>
 Example
int x1 = 1, x2 = 2;
float f1 = x1/x2; // f1 = 0.0
float f2 = (float)x1/x2; // f2 = 0.5
float f3 = (float)(x1/x2);// f3 = 0.0
7/19/2022 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 6
ALLOCATE STATIC AND DYNAMIC MEMORY
 Static memory allocation
 Declare variable, struct, array …
 Must know how many memories to store  waste
memory, can not change size, …
 Dynamic memory allocation
 Allocate as required.
 Free the memory if not need.
 Use outside memory (include virtual memory).

7/19/2022 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 7


C PROGRAM STRUCTURE IN MEMORY
 The whole of program will be loaded into memory which is free, with 4 parts:
STACK Save local object
Last-In First-Out when invoke function

Free memory

Dynamic memory
HEAP
(free RAM & virtual memory)
Static memory
Global & static objects
(fixed size)
Include command and constant
Code
(fixed size)
7/19/2022 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 8
ALLOCATE DYNAMIC MEMORY

Library <stdlib.h> or <alloc.h>


malloc
calloc
realloc
free

7/19/2022 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 9


ALLOCATE DYNAMIC MEMORY
void *malloc(size_t size)

Allocate in HEAP a memory size (bytes)


size_t instead of unsigned (in <stddef.h>)

Success: The pointer point to allocated


memory.
Fail: NULL (not enough memory).

int *p = (int *)malloc(10*sizeof(int));


if (p == NULL)
printf(“Not enough memory!”);

7/19/2022 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 10


ALLOCATE DYNAMIC MEMORY
void *calloc(size_t num, size_t size)

Allocate memory include num elements in HEAP, each


has size (bytes)

Success: The pointer point to allocated memory.


Thất bại: NULL (not enough memory).

int *p = (int *)calloc(10, sizeof(int));


if (p == NULL)
printf(“Not enough memory!”);

7/19/2022 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 11


ALLOCATE DYNAMIC MEMORY
void *realloc(void *block, size_t size)

Reallocate memory with size that block point memory in


HEAP.
block == NULL  use malloc
size == 0  use free

Success: The pointer point to allocated memory.


Fail: NULL (not enough memory).

int *p = (int *)malloc(10*sizeof(int));


p = (int *)realloc(p, 20*sizeof(int));
if (p == NULL)
printf(“Not enough memory!”);

7/19/2022 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 12


ALLOCATE DYNAMIC MEMORY

void free(void *ptr)

Free memory pointed by ptr, that returned by


malloc(), calloc(), realloc() functions.
If ptr is NULL -> do nothing.

Nothing.

int *p = (int *)malloc(10*sizeof(int));


free(p);

7/19/2022 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 13


ALLOCATE DYNAMIC MEMORY
<pointer_to_datatype> = new <datatype>[size]

Allocate memory with size = sizeof


(<datatype>)* in HEAP
Success: The pointer point to allocated
memory.
Fai: NULL (not enough memory).
int *a1 = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int));
int *a2 = new int;
int *p1 = (int *)malloc(10*sizeof(int));
int *p2 = new int[10];
7/19/2022 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 14
ALLOCATE DYNAMIC MEMORY
delete []<pointer_to_datatype>

Free the memory in HEAP pointed by


<pointer_to_datatype> (allocated by new)

Nothing.

int *a = new int;


delete a;
int *p = new int[10];
delete []p;

7/19/2022 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 15


Allocate dynamic memory

 Note:
 Not need check the pointer is NULL or not before
free or delete.

 Allocate by malloc, calloc or realloc -> free the


memory by free.

7/19/2022 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 16


Manipulate in memory

 Library <string.h>
 memset : assign value to all bytes in memory.

 memcpy : copy memory.

 memmove : move information from memory to


memory.

7/19/2022 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 17


Manipulate in memory
void *memset(void *dest, int c, size_t count)
Assign first count (bytes) of memory pointed by
dest with value c (from 0 to 255)
Use for char memory, with other type memory
-> the value is zero .

pointer dest.

char buffer[] = “Hello world”;


printf(“Before memset: %s\n”, buffer);
memset(buffer, ‘*’, strlen(buffer));
printf(“After memset: %s\n”, buffer);
7/19/2022 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 18
Manipulate in memory
void *memcpy(void *dest, void *src, size_t count)
Copy count byte from src memory into dest
memory.
If 2 memories overlap, the function works not
exactly.

Pointer dest.

char src[] = “*****”;


char dest[] = “0123456789”;
memcpy(dest, src, 5);
memcpy(dest + 3, dest + 2, 5);
7/19/2022 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 19
Manipulate in memory
void *memmove(void *dest, void *src, size_t count)

Copy count byte from src memory into dest


memory.
If 2 memories overlap, the function works exactly.

Pointer dest.

char src[] = “*****”;


char dest[] = “0123456789”;
memmove(dest, src, 5);
memmove(dest + 3, dest + 2, 5);

7/19/2022 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 20


Thank you
Q&A

7/19/2022 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 21

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