C Fundamentals

First C Program

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Lesson Objectives
 History of C, About C

 First C Program

 Variables, Constants

 Identifier Names

 Data Types
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Section 1
HISTORY OF C, ABOUT C

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History of C

 History of C
 Evolved from two other programming languages
• BCPL and B
– “Typeless” languages
 Dennis Ritchie (Bell Laboratories)
• Added data typing, other features
 Development language of UNIX
 Hardware independent
• Portable programs
 1989: ANSI standard
 1990: ANSI and ISO standard published
• ANSI/ISO 9899: 1990

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Application Areas Of C

 C was initially used for systems programming

 A system program forms a portion of the operating system
of the computer or its support utilities
 Operating Systems, Interpreters, Editors, Assembly
programs are usually called system programs
 The UNIX operating system was developed using C
 There are C compilers available for almost all types
of PC’s

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About C & C Program Structure

 C has 32 keywords
 These keywords combined with a formal syntax form a C programming
language
 Rules to be followed for all programs written in C:

- All keywords are lowercased main()

- C is case sensitive, do while is different from {
/* This is a sample Program*/
DO WHILE
int i,j;
- Keywords cannot be used as a variable or i=100;
function name j=200;
}

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Section 2
FIRST C PROGRAM

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First C Program: Source codes
Left brace { begins function body. Single-line comments.
1 // hello.c Function main appears
exactly once in every C/C++
2 // A first program in C program..
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
Name printf belongs to namespace stdio.
5 // function main begins program execution
6 int main()
7 { Statements end with a semicolon “;”
8 printf("Hello, world!\n");
9 // indicate that program ended successfully
10 return 0; Keyword return is one of several means to exit function;
11 value 0 indicates program terminated successfully.
12 } // end function main
Corresponding right
brace } ends function
body.

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First C Program: Anatomy of a C Program

program header comment

preprocessor directives (if any)

int main ( void )

{
statement(s)
return 0 ;
}
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First C Program: Program Header Comment

 A comment is descriptive text used to help a reader of the

program understand its content.
 All comments must begin with the characters /* and end
with the characters */
 These are called comment delimiters
 The program header comment always comes first.
 Look at the class web page for the required contents of our
header comment.

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First C Program: Preprocessor Directives

 Lines that begin with a # in column 1 are called

preprocessor directives (commands).
 Example: the #include <stdio.h> directive causes the
preprocessor to include a copy of the standard input/output
header file stdio.h at this point in the code.
 This header file was included because it contains
information about the printf ( ) function that is used in this
program.

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First C Program: Tool Preparation: Dev-C++

 Download & Install Dev-C++ from

http://www.bloodshed.net/dev/devcpp.html
 Run Dev-C++ and discover its features
 Creating a Program: Ctrl+N
 Compiling a Program: Ctrl+F9
 Running a Program: F9

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First C Program: Tool Preparation Visual Studio

 Download & Install Visual Studio from

https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/
 Run Visual Studio and
discover its features
 Creating a new Project: Ctrl+N
 Compiling a Program: Ctrl+B
 Running a Program: F5

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First C Program: Compiling & Running

Compiler converts a
C program into an
executable.
There are four phases
for a C program to
become an
executable:
1- Pre-processing
2- Compilation
3- Assembly
4- Linking

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Section 3
VARIABLES, CONSTANTS

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Variables

Memory

Data 15

15

Variables allow to provide a Data in memory

meaningful name for
the location in memory
Each location in the memory is unique

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Constants

 A constant is a value whose worth never changes

 Examples
5 numeric / integer constant
 5.3 numeric / float constant
 ‘Black’ string constant
 ‘C’ Character constant

 Variables hold constant values

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Numeric Constants

 Numeric constants are an uninterrupted

sequence of digits (and may contain a
period). They never contain a comma.
 Examples:
 123
 98.6
 1000000

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Character Constants

 Singular!
 One character defined character set.
 Surrounded on the single quotation mark.
 Examples:
 ‘A’
 ‘a’
 ‘$’
 ‘4’
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String Constants

 A sequence characters surrounded by double

quotation marks.
 Considered a single item.
 Examples:
 “UMBC”
 “I like ice cream.”
 “123”
 “CAR”
 “car”

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Section 4
IDENTIFIER NAMES

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Identifier Names

 Some correct identifier names

 arena
 s_count
 marks40
 class_one

 Examples of erroneous identifiers

 1sttest
 oh!god
 start... End

 Identifiers in C are case sensitive

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Identifier Names: Guidelines

Variable names should begin with an alphabet

The first character can be followed by alphanumeric characters

Proper names should be avoided while naming variables

A variable name should be meaningful and descriptive

Confusing letters should be avoided

Some standard variable naming convention should be followed

while programming

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Section 5
DATA TYPES

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Data Types

 Different types of data are stored in variables. Some

examples are:

 Numbers
 Whole numbers. For example, 10 or 178993455
 Real numbers. For example, 15.22 or 15463452.25
 Positive numbers
 Negative numbers
 Names. For example, John
 Logical values. For example, Y or N

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Data Types (1)

• A data type describes the kind of data that will fit into a variable.

• The name of the variable is preceded with the data type.

• For example, the data type int would precede the name varName

Datatype variableName

int varName

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Data Types: Basic Types

The basic data types are

int float double char void

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Data Types: integer

 Stores numeric data

int num;
 Cannot then store any other type of
data like “Alan” or “abc”
 16 bits (2 bytes)
 Integers in the range -32768 to 32767
 Examples: 12322, 0, -1991

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Data Types: float

 Stores values containing decimal places

float num;

 Precision of upto 6 digits

 32 bits (4 bytes) of memory

 Examples: 69.96, 28.07, 2020

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Data Types: char

 Stores a single character of information

char gender;
gender='M';

 8 bits (1 byte) of memory

 Examples: ‘a’, ‘m’, ‘$’, ‘%’, ‘1’, ‘5’

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Data Types: void

 Stores nothing void func()

{
 Indicates the compiler that // do something
there is nothing to expect return;
}

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Derived Data Types

Data type Basic Data

Modifiers
Derived data type
types

unsigned int (Permits only

unsigned
int positive numbers)

short short int (Occupies less

int
memory space than int)

long int/double Long int /longdouble (Occupies

more space than int/double)

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signed and unsigned Types

 unsigned type specifies that a variable can take only

positive values

unsigned int varNum;

varNum = 23123;

 varNum is allocated 2 bytes

 modifier may be used with the int and float data
types
 unsigned int supports range from 0 to 65535

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long and short Types
 short int occupies 8 bits (1 byte)

 allows numbers in the range -128 to 127

 long int occupies 32 bits (4 bytes)

 -2,147,483,647 and 2,147,483,647

 long double occupies 128 bits (16

bytes)

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Data Types: Range (1)

Type Approximate Size in Bits Minimal Range

char 8 -128 to 127 The size of data

unsigned char 8 0 to 255 type depends
signed char 8 -128 to 127 Operating System
int 16 -32,768 to 32,767 Sizeof (data type)
unsigned int 16 0 to 65,535 function return
signed int 16 Same as int the size of data
type
short int 8 -128 to 127
unsigned short int 8 0 to 255

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Data Types: Range (2Data Types: Range (1))

Type Approximate Size Minimal Range

in Bits
signed short int 8 Same as short int
long int 32 -2,147,483,647 to 2,147,483,647

signed long int 32 0 to 4,294,967,295

unsigned long int 32 0 to 4,294,967,295
float 32 Six digits of precision
double 64 Ten digits of precision
long double 128 Ten digits of precision
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Data Types: Sample Declaration

main ()
{
char abc; /*abc of type character */
int xyz; /*xyz of type integer */
float length; /*length of type float */
double area; /*area of type double */
long liteyrs; /*liteyrs of type long int */
short arm; /*arm of type short integer*/
}

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Thank you
Q&A

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