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Mathematics in Modern World Reviewer the canvas, size of the stage, space
required –
Lesson 1: Patterns and Numbers in Nature ● everything requires numbers.
and the World ● Mathematics makes our life orderly and
systematic, and it prevents chaos. It
WHAT DOES MATHEMATICS HAVE TO helps us to see patterns needed to
DO WITH NATURE? generalize a broader solution to a
● The majority of learners find problem. It can be used to express,
mathematics dry, dull, and boring, and solve, and interpret the puzzles observed
most of all, difficult and irrelevant. in nature. It expounds the power of
● They consider the application of reasoning, creativity, abstract or spatial
mathematics distinct from the natural thinking, critical thinking, problem
world because they fail to relate it to the solving ability, and even effective
difficulties that they have in learning the communication skills.
subject. Thus, they could not see the
essence of mathematics. TYPES OF PATTERN IN NATURE
● The natural world is full of beauty and 1. Symmetry - is an exact correspondence
amazing shapes and patterns. In his of form and constituent configuration on
book, Nature by Numbers, Ian Stewart opposite sides of a dividing line or plane
mentioned that we live in a universe of or about a center or an axis.
patterns. If you observe our nature ● It indicates that you can draw an
diligently, you can prove that our nature imaginary line across an object and the
bounds in mystical colors and intricate resulting parts are mirror images of each
shapes and patterns that can be other.
described mathematically.
REFLECTION SYMMETRY
WHAT MATHEMATICS IS ABOUT ? ● It is also called mirror symmetry or line
● The world cannot move even an inch symmetry. It is made with a line going
without mathematics because it is the through an object which divides it into
cradle of all creations. Everyone needs two pieces which are mirror images of
mathematics in everyday life. Be it a each other. This is often termed as
baker or a cook as he measures the bilateral symmetry as it divides the
ingredients in their quantity, a object into two (“bi “ means two) mirror
dressmaker as she measures the figure images.
and length of cloths, a farmer as he Example: Butterfly
plans to sow seeds or counts the number
of plants, an artist as he paints, designs
collages, dances or measures the size of
ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY
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● It is also called radial symmetry. In ● Patterns are also exhibited in the

Biology, this kind of symmetry is external appearances of animals.
exhibited by objects when their similar Example: Tiger, Zebra
parts are regularly arranged around a
central axis and the pattern looks the 5. FLOWER PETALS
same after a certain amount of rotation. ● Flowers are easily considered as things
● Note that if you rotate the given images of beauty.
below by several degrees, you can still ● Their vibrant colors and fragrant odors
achieve the same appearance as the make them very appealing as gifts or
original position. decorations.
Example: Starfish, Lemon ● The flowers have different number of
petals. Flowers with 5 petals are said to
TRANSLATIONAL SYMMETRY be the most common.
● This kind of symmetry is exhibited by
objects which do not change its size and 6. NUMBER PATTERNS AND
shape even if it moved to another SEQUENCES
location.
● Note that the movement does not FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
involve with reflection or rotation. ● The Fibonacci numbers are a series of
Example: Wall Bricks number that often occur in nature. This
number sequence was developed in the
2. FRACTALS Middle Ages, and it was named after
● These are never-ending patterns that are Leonardo Pisano Bigollo, a famous
self-similar across different scales. Italian mathematician who also
● The image just reappears over and over happened to discover Fibonacci. He is
again no matter how many times the the greatest European mathematician of
object is magnified. the middle ages. He was born in 1170
Example: Leaves and died in 1240. He introduced the
Arabic number system in Europe.
3. SPIRALS
● These are curved patterns made by FIBONACCI IS A SHORT TERM FOR THE
series of circular shapes revolving LATIN FILIUS BONACCI, WHICH MEANS
around a central point. “THE SON OF BONACCI”.
Example: Snail ● Fibonacci sequence is an integer in the
infinite sequence 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13...
● The sequence begins with zero or one.
● Each subsequent number is found
4. SPOTS AND STRIPES
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● For instance, 2 is found by adding the Open sentences have solutions and can be
two numbers before it which are 1 and solved.
1; Example:
● 3 is found by adding 1 and 2; 1) 3x + 5 = 11
● 5 is found by adding 2 and 3; and so on. Sentence, open sentence, equation
2) 7 < 2(5) + 3
ANOTHER INTERESTING THING ABOUT Sentence, inequality
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE IS THAT IT 3) 5x - 2
SHOWS MULTIPLES OF A NUMBER. IN Expression
THE TABLE GIVEN ABOVE, 4) 6m + 2 > 3
● Every 3rd term is a multiple of 2 Sentence, open sentence, inequality
● Every 4th term is a multiple of 3
● Every 5th term is a multiple of 5 Using Verbal Model
● Every 6th term is a multiple of 8.
In Mathematics there is a difference between a
Lesson 2: Mathematics as a Language phrase and a sentence. Phrases translate into
expressions; sentences translate into equations or
Equalities inequalities.
= Equals- is the same as Phrases - Sentences
≅Congruent- same size and shape Expressions - Equations or Inequalities

∼ Similar- same shape Objective: To translate English words, phrases,

and sentences into mathematical symbols,
Inequalities expressions, and equations respectively.

< Is less than

+ plus, add ,increased by, sum, total, more
> Is greater than than

≤ Is less than or equal to − minus, subtract, decreased by, diminished

≈Approx. equal to by, difference, less, less than, subtracted from

≠ Not equal to × times, multiply, product, ...of…, twice ( 2)

Expressions vs Equations
÷ divide, quotient
Example:
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Characteristics of the Mathematical

Language
1. It is precise because it can be stated
clearly.
2. It is concise because it can be stated
briefly.
3. It is powerful because it is capable of
expressing complex ideas into simpler
forms.
4. It is non temporal, meaning it has no
tenses, which makes it unique as
The sum of six and a number compared to other languages.
6+x 5. It also has vocabulary and parts of
The sum of six and a number is speech.
6+x=
The sum of six and a number is twelve. Parts of Speech for Mathematics
6 + x = 12 1. Numbers are the very first symbols that
The sum of six and a number is less than twelve. can be used to represent quantity. These
6 + x < 12 nouns (objects) in the English language.
2. Operation symbols like +, ÷, 1, a?? V
can act as connectives in a mathematical
sentence.
3. Relation symbols such as <, >, =, and ~
are used for comparison and act as verbs
of the mathematical language.
4. Grouping symbols such as ), [] and { }
are symbols used to associate group of
numbers and operators.
5. Variables are letters that represent
quantities and act as pronouns.

Lesson 3: Sets

Set theory - is the branch of mathematics that

studies sets or the mathematical science of the
infinite.
GEORG FERDINAND LUDWIG PHILIPP
CANTOR
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Set - is well-defined collection of objects; the OF A SET

objects are called the elements or members. ● is the number of elements or members in
J = {5, 11, 19,...} the set.
● it is denoted by n(A).
The symbol € is used to denote that an object is ● For finite sets A, n(A) is the number of
an element of a set. elements of A.
Example: Set A = {1, 2, 3 }. ● For infinite sets A, write n(A)=0.
We can see that1 € A, but 5 € of A. UNIVERSAL SET
● is a set that contains everything.
Roster method or Tabulation method ● A set U that includes all of the elements
● the set are enumerated and separated by under consideration in a particular
comma. discussion.
A = { a, e, i, o, u} SUBSET
Rule method or Set Builder Notation - When we define a set, if we take pieces of that
● it is used to describe the elements or set, we can form what is called a subset.
members of the set
A = { x|x is a collection of vowel letters}

FINITE SET
● is a set whose elements are limited or
countable, and the last element can be
identified.
A = { x|x is a positive integer less than 10} UNION OF SETS
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} ● The union of two sets A and B is
INFINITE SET
● is a set whose elements are unlimited or
uncountable, and the last element cannot ● The word "or" is inclusive.
be specified. Example: A = {1, 2} B = {2, 3}
A = { x\x is a set of whole numbers} A U B = {1, 2, 3}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,...} INTERSECTION OF SETS
UNIT SET ● The intersection of A and B is
● is a set with only one element
A = {1}
EMPTY SET/NULL SET ● The word "and" is inclusive.
● is a unique set with no element Example: A= {1, 2} B= {2, 3}
A = { } or d A∩B={2}

THE CARDINALITY NUMBER

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Complement of Set Lesson 4: Relations and Function

If U is a universal set and X is any subset of U Relation – a set of ordered pairs

then the complement of X is the set of all elements
of the set U apart from the elements of X. A relation can be represented by a set of ordered
pairs, a table, a graph or a mapping.
X′ = {a : a ∈ U and a ∉ A}
{(4, 3), (-2, 1), (5, -2), (3, 2), (-2, -2)}

Example: U= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} A = {1,2,5,6}

Then, complement of A will be; A’ = {3,4,7,8}

Difference of Sets

If there are two sets A and B, then the difference of

two sets A and B is equal to the set which consists
of elements present in A but not in B. It is
represented by A-B.

{(4, 3), (-2, 1), (5, -2), (3, 2), (-2, -2)}
The DOMAIN of a relation is the x-coordinates
of the ordered pairs.
Domain – {-2, 3, 4, 5}

The RANGE of a relation is the y-coordinates

Example: If A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} and B = {6,7} are of the ordered pairs.
two sets. Then, the difference of set A and set B is Range – {-2, 1, 2, 3}

given by; A – B = {1,2,3,4,5} The INVERSE of a relation is found by

switching the coordinates of each ordered pair.
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{(3, 4), (1, -2), (-2, 5), (2, 3), (-2, -2)} Evaluating functions: • If f(x) = 4x + 1, find f(-
2).
Function - a relation when each element of the Substitute -2 in for x.
domain is paired with exactly one element of the ● f(-2) = 4(-2) + 1
range. ● -8 + 1
● For every x there is exactly one y. Answer: f(-2) = -7
● The x-coordinate cannot repeat. Example: • If f(x) = 2x2 - 4, find f(-3).
Substitute (-3) in for x.
Examples that are functions: {(3, 2), (4, -1), (-3, ● f(-3) = 2 •(-3)2 – 4
-2), (9, 0)} {(9, -1), (6, -1), (-9, 2), (-7, -1)} ● 2•9–4
Examples that are NOT functions: {(1, 2), (2, 4), ● 18 - 4
(1, 5)} Answer: f(-3) = 14
{(-9, 2), (-9, 1), (3, 4), (5, -6)} If f(x)=3x+6,find f(x-1).
Substitute (x - 1) in for x.
VERTICAL LINE TEST: test used to decide if ● f(x - 1) = 3(x – 1) + 6
a graph is a function. ● 3x – 3 + 6
If no vertical line can be drawn so that it Answer: f(x-1)=3x+3
intersects the graph more than once, then the
graph IS a function. Lesson 5: Mathematical Logic
If any vertical line can be drawn so that it
intersects the graph at two or more points, then Propositional Logic
the relation IS NOT a function. A proposition is a statement that is, by itself,
either true or false.
Propositional logic is a mathematical system
for reasoning about propositions and how they
relate to one another.
Propositional logic enables us to:
● Formally encode how the truth of
various propositions influences the truth
of other propositions.
● Determine if certain combinations of
propositions are always, sometimes, or
never true.
● Determine whether certain combinations
FUNCTION NOTATION: the y is replaced
of propositions logically entail other
with f(x), read “f of x”
combinations.
Equation Notation - y = 3x + 7
Function Notation - f (x ) = 3x + 7

Variables and Connectives

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● Propositional logic is a formal p q is true if at least one of p or q are true

mathematical system whose syntax is (inclusive OR) Also called logical disjunction.
rigidly specified.
● Every statement in propositional logic Implication
consists of propositional variables ● An important connective is logical
combined via logical connectives. implication: p q.
● Each variable represents some ● Recall: p q means “if p is true, q is true
proposition, such as “You wanted it” or as well.”
“You should have put a ring on it.” ● Recall: p q says nothing about what
● Connectives encode how propositions happens if p is false.
are related, such as “If you wanted it, ● Recall: p q says nothing about causality;
you should have put a ring on it.” it just says that if p is true, q will be true
as well.
When p Does Not Imply q
Propositional Variables ● p q means “if p is true, q is true as
● Each proposition will be represented by well.”
a propositional variable. ● Recall: The only way for p q to be false
● Propositional variables are usually is if we know that p is true but q is false.
represented as lower-case letters, such
as p, q, r, s, etc. ● If p is false, p q doesn't guarantee
● If we need more, we can use subscripts: anything. It's true, but it's not
p1, p2, etc. meaningful.
● Each variable can take one of two ● If p is true and q is true, then the
values: true or false. statement “if p is true, then q is also
true” is itself true.
Logical Connectives ● If p is true and q is false, then the
Logical NOT: ¬p statement “if p is true, q is also true” is
Read “not p” false.
¬p is true if and only if p is false.
Also called logical negation. The Biconditional
● The biconditional connective p q is read
Logical AND: p q “p if and only if q.”
Read “p and q.” ● Intuitively, either both p and q are true,
p q is true if both p and q are true. or neither of them are.
Also called logical conjunction.

True and False

Logical OR: p q ● There are two more “connectives” to
Read “p or q.” speak of: true and false.
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● The symbol is a value that is always

true. The symbol is value that is always
false.
● These are often called connectives,
though they don't connect anything. (Or
rather, they connect zero things.)

Lesson 6: Arithmetic Sequence

Arithmetic Sequences and Series

● generate patterns
● illustrate arithmetic sequence
● determines arithmetic means and nth
term of an arithmetic sequence
What is an arithmetic sequence?
● An ordered pattern where each
subsequent value increases or decreases
by a specific constant.
● Each subsequent term ni na arithmetic Arithmetic Sequence Recursive Formula
sequence si obtained by adding the The above formula for finding the nth term of an
common difference,'d' (the difference arithmetic sequence is used to find any term of
between one etrm and its previous term) the sequence when the values of 'ay and 'd'are
ot the previous term. known. There is another formula to find the nth
Arithmetic Sequence Formula term which is called the "recursive formula of an
The first term of an arithmetic sequence is a, its arithmetic sequence” and is used to find a term
common difference is d, n is the number of (an) of the sequence when its previous term (an-
terms. The general form of the AP is a, a+d, 1) and d' ' are known. It says an =an-1+ d
a+2d, a+3d,. up to n terms. We have different
formulas associated with an arithmetic sequence Example: Find a 24 of an arithmetic sequence
used to calculate the If i a 9 = 7- 2 and d = 7
nth term, the sum of n terms of an AP, or the Solution:
common difference of a given arithmetic By using the recursive formula,
sequence. a20 = a19+ d = -7 2 + 7 = -6 5
a21=a20 +d=-65+7=-58
Therefore, a21=-58.
The arithmetic sequence formula is given as,
Arithmetic Series
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The sum of the arithmetic sequence formula is Let us write the same sum from right to left
used to find the sum of its first n terms. Note (i.e., from the nth term to the first term).
that the sum of terms of an arithmetic sequence ● Sn = an + (an - d) + (an - 2d) +. . . + a.
is known as arithmetic series. Consider an ● Adding (1) and (2), al terms with 'd' get
arithmetic series in which the first term is a (or canceled.
'a') and the common difference is d. The sum of ● 2Sn=(a1 +an) +(a1+an) +(a1+ an) + ... +
its firstn terms is denoted by Sn. Then: (a1+an)
● When the nth term is NOT known: Sn = ● Sn = [n(a1 +an)]/2
n/2 [2a1 + (n-1) d]
● When the nth term is known: Sn=n/2 By substituting an =a1 +(n - 1)d into the last
[a1+an) formula, we have
● Sn = n/2 [a1+ a1+ (n -1)d] (or)
Example: ● Sn = n/2 [2a1+ n( -1)d]
Ms. Natalie earns $200,000 per annum and her Thus, we have derived both formulas for the
salary increases by $25,000 per annum. Then sum of the arithmetic sequence.
how much does she earn at the end of the first 5
years? Lesson 7: Geometric Sequence and Series
Solution:
The amount earned by Ms. Natalie for the first Finite Geometric Series
year is, a= 2,00,000. The increment per annum In the previous module, we derived the formula
is, d = 25,000. We have to calculate her earnings in finding the nth term of a geometric sequence.
in the first 5 years. Hence n = 5. Substituting This formula allows you to accurately identify
these values in the sum sum of the nth term of any geometric sequence.
arithmetic sequence formula, Consider the geometric sequence 3, 6, 12, 24., If
● Sn=n/2 [2a1+ (n-1) d] I let you find the sum of the first five terms of
● Sn =5/2(2(200000) +(5 - 1) (25000)) the geometric sequence, maybe, you'll simply
● 5/2 (400000 +100000) generate the five terms then add them. For
● 5/2 (500000) = 1250000 Example,3+6+21 +24 +48=93.
She earns $1,250,000 in 5 years. We can use this
formula to be more helpful for larger values of Find the sum of the first five terms of the
n'.' following geometric sequences.
Sum of Arithmetic Sequence 1. 7,14, 28, .
Let us take an arithmetic sequence that has its 2. 3 12, 48, . .
first term to be at and the common difference to 3. 100,50, 2….
be d. Then the sum of the first n'' terms of the 4. 1,6,36,...
sequence is given by 5. 54, 18, 6, ...
Sn= a1 + (a1 + d) +( a1 + 2d ) +..+ an . . ( ) Basically, you will identify first the common
ratio of the sequence to generate the next terms
of the sequence. For Item number 1, the
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common ratio (r) is equal to 14/7=2. Therefore, Try to use the formula, do it yourself:
the first five terms of the sequence are ,7 14, 28,
56, and 12. Then, add the terms to find the sum.
7 + 14 + 28 + 56 + 112 = 217

Here is the formula ni finding the sum of the

first n terms of a finite geometric sequence:

Try to use the formula, do it yourself:

Infinite Geometric Series