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    4.B Crude Oil

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    Chemistry sigma notes

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    4.B Crude Oil

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    Chemistry sigma notes

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    Chemistry sigma notes

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    4 views8 pages

    4.B Crude Oil

    Uploaded by

    Speedy
    Chemistry sigma notes

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    STUDY PACK : 4.

    ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

    CRUDE OIL
    First Edition Jan 2006
    Second Edition Jun 2009
    Third Edition Jun 2011
    Fourth Edition Jun 2021 (Revised New Syllabus)

    All Rights Reserved.


    Unauthorized duplication contravenes applicable laws.

    No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by electronic,


    mechanical ,or other means, now known or hereafter invented including photocopying
    & recording, without the prior permission in writing from the copyright owner.

    Published by:

    Copyright owner:

    Imran Razeek I.Chem.C (P1), M.Ed, Ph.D (Reading)


    Lecturer in Chemistry cum Chairman

    Chembase - School of Chemistry,

    34, 1/2, Galle Road, Dehiwela, Sri Lanka.

    (+94) 776 534 233 / (+94) 776 136 047

    [email protected]

    Join LIVE classes @ ONLINE courses @


    www.chembase.lk www.ChembaseAcademy.com

    Chembase School of Chemistry Chembase.lk

    Chembase.lk Chembase School of Chemistry


    1.
    i. Name the three major fossil fuels & their sources.

    Coal :from fossil plant materials


    Crude oil :from fossil animal materials
    Natural Gas :from fossil animal materials

    ii. Why do we say that fossil fuels are a non-renewable & finite source?

    Because the formation of these fuels took place over many millions of years
    ago.

    2.
    i. What is the chemical nature of crude oil?

    Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, which are long chain alkanes
    hydrocarbons & also contain small amounts of other elements such as
    sulphur, oxygen & nitrogen.

    ii. What is the use of crude oil itself?

    Crude oil itself is not very useful. Inorder to convert crude oil into useful
    products it has to be refined & this is carried out in the refinery. In the
    first stage of refining, crude oil is fractionally distilled.

    iii. What are the physical properties of crude oil?

    Greenish Brown, Viscous Liquid, Less Dense.

    1
    3. Describe how crude oil is separated in to fractions by fractional distillation.

    Fractional distillation is based on the boiling points of each fraction.


    In industry the separation is carried out in a vertical column which has
    many horizontal trays with bubble caps in them.

    In the refinery process, crude oil is heated to a temperature of 350-


    4000C & pumped in at the base of the fractional distillation tower
    (fractionating column). The fractional distillation column contains
    series of horizontal trays with bubble caps. As it boils the vapour
    passes up the tower through a series of bubble caps & condenses as it
    rises further up the column at different temperatures. The smaller,
    lighter hydrocarbon with lower boiling point distills off first at the
    top & the long chain, heavier hydrocarbons with higher boiling point
    distills off last.
    Different fractions condense at different temperatures. Each tray
    contains a lower boiling point fraction than the one below it.
    Therefore, the smaller, lighter hydrocarbons with lower boiling point
    distils off first & the long chain heavier hydrocarbons with the
    highest boiling point distils off last. Viscosity of fractions increases
    down the column as the carbon chain length increase.

    Different terms used in


    UK & US
    UK US
    Crude oil petroleum
    Petrol gasoline
    Paraffin kerosene

    350 C --- 400 C

    2
    4. Identify the main fractions of this distillation process

    6. Fill in blanks.

    Name of the fraction USE

    1.Refinery gas Refinery gas is used as a house hold fuel (Liquid Petro
    -lium Gas)

    2. Gasoline Used as a fuel or light flame.


    (petrol)
    3. Naphtha Used in the manufacture of chemicals.

    4. Kerosene Used as jet fuel.


    (paraffin oil)
    5. Diesel oil Used as a fuel for diesal engines.

    6. Fuel oil Used as a fuel for ships.

    7. Lubricating oil As a lubricant.

    8. Bitumen residue
    Used in roads.

    7. Explain how the trend in colour, boiling point and viscosity of the main fractions
    changes as the number of carbon atoms increase.

    As the number of carbon atoms increase, the intensity of the colour will start to increase.

    The fractions become more darker in colour. Also the boiling point and viscousity increases

    with increase carbon chain legnth

    3
    8.
    i. What is cracking?

    Cracking is the braking of C-C bonds in long chain hydrocarbon to obtain


    more useful smaller hydrocarbons.

    ii. Explain the importance of cracking of petroleum

    Short chain hydrocarbons like petrol have a demand greater than the supply
    due to ever increasing numbers of motor vehicles. The demand exceeds that
    which can be obtained solely by fractional distillation.

    Also, the distillation tower produces more long chain fraction & less short
    chain hydrocarbons therefore in cracking larger molecules more valuable
    smaller fractions can be obtained.

    iii. Name the two methods of cracking & briefly describe them.

    1. Thermal Cracking - Done by very high temperatures. Not done in industrial scale due to
    high risk

    2. Cathletic Cracking - Done in the presence of sillica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) at a temperature
    of 600 C - 700 C.

    9. Describe how long-chain hydrocarbons are cracked to give more short-chain


    hydrocarbons.

    Cracking takes place in a huge reactor where particles of powdered silica


    (SiO2) or alumina (Al2O3) are mixed with the larger hydrocarbons at
    temperature around 6000C-700 0C the cracked vapours containing smaller
    molecules are separated by distillation.

    C10 H22 C8H18 + C2H4


    SiO /Al O
    2 2 3 (alkane) (alkene)

    All cracking reactions produce alkane with a shorter chain than the original &
    the alkene (ethene, propene/butene)

    4
    10.
    i. All cracking reactions give two types of products. Name them.
    1. Alkane, which is shorter than the original molecule
    2. Short chain Alkene

    ii. Explain how the above two types of products are useful
    The Alkane is blended with gasolene to enrich petrol. The shorter chain Alkene is used in the

    manufacture of plastics, Example : Polyethene from ethene, Polypropene from propene

    11. Discuss the potential damage to the environment that may rise from the spillage
    of crude oil & the release of hydrocarbons into the atmosphere.

    AIR POLLUTION:

    Most of air pollution is a result burning of hydrocarbons fuels. Below


    substances account for more than 90% of air pollution.

    1. Oxides of carbon: (CO, CO2)

    CO produced by incomplete combustion is very poisonous as it reacts with


    haemoglobin to form the bright red compound carboxy haemoglobin. This
    prevents haemoglobin from carrying O2 to the various organs. Which leads to
    dizziness & headaches prolonged exposure may result in death.
    Higher levels of CO2 cause increased greenhouse effect. This results in
    global warming. The effects of global warming are many, melting of polar ice
    caps due to increased temperature which will results in increase in sea
    levels, hence a threaten to low-lying lands. Global warming also results in
    climate change.
    2. Oxide of nitrogen: (NO, NO2)

    Oxides of nitrogen is produced due to high temperature in vehicle engines


    which allows nitrogen & oxygen gases from air to react. The stable N2 gas
    can be broken only by high temperature or an electric spark which will cause
    it to react with oxygen. This occurs during lightning or in vehicle engines.
    This causes many health problems such as permanent lung damage, severe
    eye irritation & acid rain.

    5
    3. Oxide of sulfur (SO2): Combustion of sulfur containing impurities in
    hydrocarbon fuels results in the formation of sulfur dioxide. This
    contributes to acid rain & many respiratory diseases.

    4. ‘Pb’ Particles: cause brain damage.


    5. Unburned hydrocarbons: Carcinogen (cancer causive)

    WATER POLLUTION:
    Crude oil floats on water due to its low density. Spillage of crude oil from
    tankers, offshore rigs & refineries cause damage to the environment.
    Short term effects include those caused by coating & those due to the
    toxicity of the oil. When sea birds coated with crude oil it reduces their
    ability to fly. Spillage also hinders the photosynthesis thus affect the
    aquatic life.

    12. Explain how sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide contribute to acid rain.

    NO2 and SO2 dissolve in rain water to form acid rain.

    Acid rain is harmful because it damages vegetation by lowering the pH of


    soil. Also due to acid rain the nutrients will leach out of soil & from leaves.
    Trees will be deprived of these nutrients.

    Also, Al3+ ions from clay will react with acid rain to form aluminum sulfate
    which damages tree roots as a result the trees will be unable to draw up
    water through damaged roots causing it to die.

    Acid rain also kills fish & aquatic life in lakes & rivers. The Al3+ ions which
    leech from soil damages the gills of fish resulting death. Other effects are:
    lime stone buildings worn away, acid rain attacks the metals on buildings etc.

    Chembase - School of Chemistry I All Rights Reserved I www.chembase.lk

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