Local Area Network

What is a LAN?
A LAN is a high-speed data network that covers a relatively small geographic area. It typically
connects workstations, personal computers, printers, servers, and other devices. LANs offer
computer users many advantages, including shared access to devices and applications, file
exchange between connected users, and communication between users via electronic mail and
other applications.

LAN Protocols and the OSI Reference Model

LAN protocols function at the lowest two layers of the OSI reference model i.e. between the
physical layer and the data link layer. Figure 1 illustrates how several popular LAN protocols
map to the OSI reference model.

Figure 1: Popular LAN Protocols Mapped to the OSI Reference Model

LAN Devices:

1. NIC (Network Interface Card): Also called Network Adapter. It connects a host to a
network medium. It provides the physical interface between computer and cabling. It
prepares data, sends data, and controls the flow of data. It can also receive and translate data
into bytes for the CPU to understand. Contain unique MAC Address to control data
communication.

2. Repeater: Functioning at Physical Layer. A repeater is an electronic device that receives a

signal and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or on to the other side of an
obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances. Repeater have two ports, so cannot
be use to connect for more than two devices.
3. Hub: An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, hub or concentrator is a
device for connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet devices together and
making them act as a single network segment. Hubs work at the physical layer (layer 1) of the
OSI model. The device is a form of multi port repeater. Repeater hubs also participate in
collision detection, forwarding a jam signal to all ports if it detects a collision.

4. Switch: A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that connects
network segments. The term commonly refers to a network bridge that processes and routes
data at the Data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that additionally process data
at the network layer (layer 3 and above) are often referred to as Layer 3 switches or
multilayer switches.

5. Bridge: A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (Layer
2) of the OSI model. In Ethernet networks, the term bridge formally means a device that
behaves according to the IEEE802.1 standard. A bridge and switch are very much alike; a
switch being a bridge with numerous ports. Bridges can analyze incoming data packets to
determine if the bridge is able to send the given packet to another segment of the network.

6. Router: A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more computer networks,
and selectively interchanges packets of data between them. Each data packet contains
address information that a router can use to determine if the source and destination are on
the same network, or if the data packet must be transferred from one network to another.
Where multiple routers are used in a large collection of interconnected networks, the routers
exchange information about target system addresses, so that each router can build up a table
showing the preferred paths between any two systems on the interconnected networks.

7. Gate Way: A gateway is a hardware device that acts as a "gate" between two networks. A
gate way may contain devices such as protocol translators, impedance matching devices, rate
converters, fault isolators, or signal translators as necessary to provide system
interoperability.

UTP Cable Construction:

1. Cross Over Cable: Diagram shows how to prepare Cross Over Connection.
2. Straight Through Cable: Diagram shows how to prepare Straight Through Connection.
Concept of Network IP Address
Rules for Class full addressing:
1. Format of IP address IPv4 is made up of four parts, in the pattern as w.x.y.z. Each part
has 8 binary bits and the values in decimal can range from 0 to 255.
2. IP addresses are divided into different classes. These classes determine the maximum
number of hosts per network ID. Only three classes are actually used for network
connectivity. The following table lists all of the address class.

Class Address Range Supports

Class A 1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254 Supports 16 million hosts on each of 127 networks.
Class B 128.1.0.1 to 191.255.255.254 Supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks.
Class C 192.0.1.1 to 223.255.254.254 Supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million networks.
Class D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Reserved for multicast groups.
Class E 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.254 Reserved.

3. Grouping of IP addresses into different classes.

a) Class A, B, C, D, E
b) Class A: first bit in w is 0 and others can be anything
i. 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
ii. First bits are used for network part and the remaining for host part.
c) Class B: First bit in w is 1 and second bit is 0.
i. 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
ii. First 16 bits for network part and remaining host part
d) Class C: first bit in w is 1, second bit in w is 1 and third bit is 0
 i. 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
ii. First 24 bits for network part and last 8 bits for host part.
e) Class D: first, second, third bits in w are 1 and fourth bit is 0; used for multicast.
i. 224.0.0.0 to 247.255.255.255
f) Class E: future use or experimental purposes.

4. Default Subnet mask it is used to identify the network part from the host part. Put binary one
for the parts that represent network part and zero for the part that represent host part.
a) Class A: 255.0.0.0
b) Class B: 255.255.0.0
c) Class C: 255.255.255.0
d) We can’t have mix of 1s and 0s in subnet mask. Only consecutive 1s is followed by
consecutive 0s.

Rules for Class less addressing

1. Format of Class less is made up of variable-length block with the slash notation
A.B.C.D/n. Slash notation n is also called CIDR (Class less Interdomain Routing)
notation/prefix length represented using ‘1’, as masking.
2. The addresses in a block must be contiguous, one after another.
3. The number of addresses in a block must be a power of 2 (1, 2, 4, 8, ... ).
4. The first address must be evenly divisible by the number of addresses.
Subnetting
A network is divided into several smaller networks. Each smaller network is called a
Subnetwork or a Subnet. The following topics will be discussed:
1. Why we Develop Subnetting?
2. How to calculate Subnet mask?
3. How to identify Subnet address?

Supernetting
In Supernetting, an organisation can combine several class C blocks to create a large range of
addresses.
Introduction to Packet Tracer

Packet Tracer is a protocol simulator developed by Dennis Frezzo and his team at Cisco
Systems. Packet Tracer (PT) is a powerful and dynamic tool that displays the various protocols
used in networking, in either Real Time or Simulation mode.

Packet Tracer Interface and how to create a topology

Step 1: Start Packet Tracer and Enter into Simulation Mode
Step 2: Choose Devices and Connections

Step 3: Building the Topology – Adding Hosts in following way:

• Single click on the End Devices.
• Single click on the Generic host.
• Move the cursor into topology area. You will notice it turns into a plus “+” sign.
Single click in the topology area and it copies the device.

Step 4: Building the Topology – Connecting the Hosts to Hubs and Switches
• Adding a Hub or Switch: Select a hub or a switch by clicking once on Hubs/Switches and
once on a Generic hub/Switch.
 • Connect Host to Hub/Switch by first choosing Connections.
• Click once on the Copper Straight-through cable.

Step 5: Configuring IP Addresses and Subnet Masks on the Hosts

• Click once on PC0.
• Choose the Config tab.
• Click on FastEthernet.
• Enter IP address and Subnet Mask.
Configuration of a Router using Packet Tracer

Problem 1: Procedure to configure a Router with the PC

1. Get a Consol Cable

2. Plug the serial end into the back of the computer
3. Put the RJ-45 into the consol port of Router.
4. Get a terminal program
- Hyperterminal
- Tera term
- Minicom
- Securecrt

5. Set it to connect via com port with

Baud rate=9600
 Data bits=8
Parity=None
Stop bits=1
Flow Control:None

Configure IP Address on Fast Ethernet 0/1:..

Router(config)# hostname CISCO
CISCO(config)# int fastEthernet 0/1
CISCO(config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.10 255.0.0.0
CISCO(config-if)# no shutdown

Problem 2: Configure Serial Connectivity between two routers

R1(config)# interface serial 0

R1(config-if)# ip address 15.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
R1(config-if)# no shutdown
R1(config-if)# clock rate 64000 (Clock Rate will set only DCE Interface)
R1(config-if)# end

ping: ping dest_ip_address

ping sends an ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packet to the specified host. If the host responds, you
get an ICMP packet back.
Traceroute: tracert dest_ip_address
Tracert is a command which can show you the path a packet of information takes from your
computer to one you specify. It will list all the routers it passes through until it reaches its
destination, or fails to and is discarded.
Implementation of a Network using Packet Tracer
Procedure

To implement this practical following network topology is required to be configured using the
commands learned in previous practical. After configuring the given network a packet should be
ping from any one machine to another.

Topology

Router0 Configuration Command:

Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: no

Rout>Enable
Router#config terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#hostname router0
router0(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0

router0(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0

router0(config-if)#description router0 fastethernet 0/0
router0(config-if)#no shutdown
router0(config-if)#exit

router0(config)#interface fastethernet 0/1

router0(config-if)#description router0 fastethernet 0/1
router0(config-if)#no shutdown

router0(config-if)#exit
router0(config)#exit

router0#show running-config

router0#copy running-config startup-config

Destination filename[startup-config]?
Building configuration...[OK]
router0#
Implementation of Static Routing using PT

Static Routing:
A router can learn about remote networks in one of two ways:
1. Manually, from configured static routes
2. Automatically, from a dynamic routing protocol

Static routes are commonly used when routing from a network to a stub network. A stub
network is a network accessed by a single route.

The ip route command:

The command for configuring a static route is ip route. The complete syntax for configuring a
static route is:
Router(config)#ip route network-address subnet-mask {ip-address | exit-interface }

The following parameters are used:

• network-address - Destination network address of the remote network to be added to the
routing table
• subnet-mask - Subnet mask of the remote network to be added to the routing table. The
subnet mask can be modified to summarize a group of networks.

One or both of the following parameters must also be used:

• ip-address - Commonly referred to as the next-hop router's IP address
• Exit-interface - Outgoing interface that would be used in forwarding packets to the
destination network.

Procedure
To implement this practical following network topology is required to be configured using the
commands learned in previous practical. After configuring the given network a packet should
be ping from any one machine to another.

Topology
Router1 Configuration Command
Router1>en
Router1#config t
Router1(config)#interface f0/0
Router1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router1(config-if)#no shut
Router1(config-if)#interface s2/0
Router1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.0
Router1(config-if)#no shut
Router1(config-if)#interface s3/0
Router1(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
Router1(config-if)#no shut
Router1(config-if)#exit
Router1(config)#exit
Router1#copy run start
Router1#config t
Router1(config)#ip route 172.16.3.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1
Router1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1
Router1(config)#exit
Router1#copy run start

Verify Router1 configuration command:

Router#show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B – BGPD - EIGRP, EX – EIGRP

external, O - OSPF, IA – OSPF inter area, N1 – OSPF NSSA external type1, N2 – OSPF NSSA
external type2, E1 – OSPF external type1, E2 – OSPF external type2, E – EGP, I - IS-IS, L1 -
IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area.
*-candidate default, U - per-user static route, o – ODR, P – periodic downloaded static
route

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 172.16.1.1/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet 0/0

C 172.16.2.2/24 is directly connected, Serial 2/0
C 192.168.1.2/24 is directly connected, Serial 3/0
S 172.16.3.0/24 [1/0] via 172.16.2.1
S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.1.1
Implementation of RIP using Packet Tracer

The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance-vector routing protocol, which

employs the hop count as a routing metric. RIP prevents routing loops by implementing a limit
on the number of hops allowed in a path from the source to a destination. The maximum
number of hops allowed for RIP is 15. Originally each RIP router transmitted full updates every
30 seconds.

RIP versions:
• RIP version 1
The original specification of RIP uses Classful routing. The periodic routing updates do
not carry subnet information, lacking support for variable length subnet masks (VLSM).
In other words, all subnets in a network class must have the same size.

• RIP version 2
Due to the deficiencies of the original RIP specification, RIP version 2 (RIPv2) was
developed. It included the ability to carry subnet information, thus supporting Classless
Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR).

Enabling RIP on a Cisco router:

RIP can be enabled on a Cisco router by entering router configuration mode from configuration
mode. You must be in exec mode to perform the following commands:
After configuring rip, we can discover routing table by show ip route command:

Commands used to monitor RIP

• Show ip protocol
Implementation of OSPF using Packet Tracer

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF):

OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that was developed as a replacement for the distance
vector routing protocol RIP. RIP was an acceptable routing protocol in the early days of
networking and the Internet, but its reliance on hop count as the only measure for choosing the
best route quickly became unacceptable in larger networks that needed a more robust routing
solution. OSPF is a classless routing protocol that uses the concept of areas for scalability.

The router OSPF command:

OSPF is enabled with the following global configuration command.
router ospf process-id
The process-id is a number between 1 and 65535 and is chosen by the network administrator.

The network command:

The OSPF network command uses a combination of network-address and wildcard-mask. The
network command is used in router configuration mode.
Router(config-router)#network network-address wildcard-mask area area-id
The network address along with the wildcard mask is used to specify the interface or range of
interfaces that will be enabled for OSPF using this network command.

The wildcard mask can be configured as the inverse of a subnet mask. Key points:
• 0 (Decimal – octet format) Wildcard mask indicates that corresponding octet in network
address must be matched exactly.
• 255 (Decimal – octet format) Wildcard mask indicates that we don’t care about
corresponding octet in network address.

For example

The area area-id refers to the OSPF area. An OSPF area is a group of routers that share link-
state information.
Implementation of EIGRP using Packet Tracer

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol:

EIGRP is considered an advanced distance-vector routing algorithm, since it uses both the
characteristics of distance-vector and link-state, it is really considered a hybrid routing protocol
with optimizations to minimize both the routing instability incurred after topology changes, as
well as the use of bandwidth and processing power in the router.

Procedure
To implement this practical following network topology is required to be configured using the
EIGRP commands. After configuring the given network a packet should be ping from any one
machine to another.

Topology
Configure EIGRP on the R1 Router:

Step 1: Enable EIGRP

Use the router eigrp autonomous-system command in global configuration mode to enable
EIGRP on the R1 router. Enter 1 for the autonomous-system parameter.
R1(config)#router eigrp 1

Step 2: Configure classful network 172.16.0.0.

Once you are in the Router EIGRP configuration sub-mode, configure the classful network
172.16.0.0 to be included in the EIGRP updates that are sent out of R1.
R1(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0

The router will begin to send EIGRP update messages out each interface belonging to the
172.16.0.0 network. EIGRP updates will be sent out of the FastEthernet0/0 and Serial0/0/0
interfaces because they are both on subnets of the 172.16.0.0 network.

Step 3: Configure the router to advertise the 192.168.10.4/30 network attached to the
Serial0/0/1 interface.
Use the wildcard-mask option with the network command to advertise only the subnet and not
the entire 192.168.10.0 classful network.
R1(config-router)# network 192.168.10.4 0.0.0.3

When you are finished with the EIGRP configuration for R1, return to privileged EXEC mode
and save the current configuration to NVRAM.