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A Group 1-4 Class 4

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17 views15 pages

A Group 1-4 Class 4

Uploaded by

elizabethjin726
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXAMPLE 1

(21.5 ±0.5)ml
• V±△V=_______________
A
• Uncertainty is _______A. ILE B. Estimated uncertainty C. Deviation
ILE, Estimated
EXAMPLE 2 uncertainty, or
Deviation?

• A meter stick is used to measure the thickness of a


rough surface.
• The smallest division of the meter stick is 0.05cm.
• The readings are:
• 1.25cm, 1.35cm, 1.20cm, 1.15cm.
• Represent the result in the form of x±△x
The average of the measurements =(1.25+1.35+1.30+1.15)/4=1.2375cm
The deviation of the measurement=(1.35-1.2375)=0.1125cm
0.1125>0.05cm
Choose the larger one as the uncertainty, round to the same place.
x±△x=(1.2±0.1)cm
ILE, Estimated
uncertainty, Deviation,
EXAMPLE 3 or systematic error-
reaction time?

• A stop watch is used to measure the period of a


pendulum.
• The least count of the stop watch is 0.01s.
• The reaction time of the man is 0.2s.
• What is the absolute uncertainty of the time interval
△t? Reaction time is the systematic error of controlling the
stop watch once.
In order to get the time interval, the stop watch should be
controlled twice.
The error caused by the reaction time is thus:
2×0.2s=0.4s

0.4s >0.01s Choose the larger one as the absolute


uncertainty:
△t=0.4s
3. RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE ERRORS

• Representing experiment result


(Measured value± uncertainty) unit= x±△x

a. Absolute error/uncertainty △x : size of error and units

b. Relative (Fractional) uncertainty: uncertainty x


= =
measured value x
Precision is often reported by using relative or fractional uncertainty.
(sometimes use absolute value) (keep 1-2 sig. fig.)
c. Relative error: measured value-expected value
Relative Error =
expected value
• Accuracy is often reported by using relative error
• (keep 1-2 sig. fig.)
3. RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE ERRORS

d. Percentage uncertainty(error)
• Percentage uncertainty= relative uncertainty x 100%

• Percentage error(percentage discrepancy)=relative error x 100%


• (keep 1-2 sig. fig.)
3. RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE ERRORS

Example: m =(75.5±0.5)g , expected value is 80.0g.


a. What is the fractional uncertainty & percent
uncertainty?
b. What is the relative error & percent error?
a. ∆𝑥 = 0.5 = 0.0066 = 0.66%
𝑥 75.5

b. measured value-expected value


Relative Error =
expected value
75.5-80.0
= = −0.056 = −5.6%
80.0
4. PROPAGATION OF ERRORS, BASIC
RULES
4. PROPAGATION OF ERRORS, BASIC
RULES
• a. For addition and subtraction →
absolute uncertainty of the final result
• The _________
• = sum of _____________
absolute uncertainties
(i ) SUM
( A  A) + ( B  B) = ( A + B)  (A + B)
(ii ) Subtraction
( A  A) − ( B  B) = ( A − B)  (A + B)

Eg1. An equilateral triangle has its sides


measured a = (7.8  0.2)cm , find the perimeter of the
triangle. Show its uncertainty.
Perimeter=7.8+7.8+7.8=23.4cm
△Perimeter=0.2+0.2+0.2=0.6cm
Perimeter±△Perimeter= (23.4± 0.6)cm
5. PROPAGATION OF ERRORS, BASIC
RULES

Eg2: Xiaoming is h1 = (1.86  0.01)m tall. His sister


Xiaohong is h2 = (1.61  0.02)m tall. Xiaoming is taller than
Xiaohong by ______________. (Show uncertainty)

Difference=1.86-1.61=0.25m

△Difference=0.01+0.02=0.03m

Difference±△Difference= (0.25± 0.03)m


5. PROPAGATION OF ERRORS, BASIC
RULES

Eg 3. What is the length of the bar?

A B
• A: (1.0±0.1)cm
• B: (12.9±0.1)cm
• Length of the bar=B-A=12.9-1.0=11.9cm
• Absolute uncertainty of the bar=0.1+0.1=0.2cm
• (11.9±0.2)cm
4. PROPAGATION OF ERRORS, BASIC RULES
b. For multiplication and division →
percent uncertainty of the final result =
• The _________
percent uncertainties
• sum of ____________
(iv) Division
(iii ) Multiplication
( A  A)  A   A B  A
 A B  =   + ( )
( A  A)  ( B  B) = ( A  B)   +   ( A  B) ( B  B )  B   A B  B
 A B 
Eg4. A rectangle has its length l = (38.5  0.9)cm and width
measured w = (20.7  0.8)cm , solve the area of the
rectangle and find its absolute uncertainty.
A = L  W = 38.5cm  20.7cm = 796.95cm2
A  0.9   0.8 
A
= A =  A = 0.062  796.95cm 2
+  A
A  38.5   20.7 
= 49.4cm 2  50cm 2
A A  A = (8.0  0.5) 102 cm2
= 0.023 + 0.039 = 0.062
A
Same place as
Uncertainty 1 sf
uncertainty
4. PROPAGATION OF ERRORS, BASIC RULES
c. For multiplication by an exact number
-- Multiply the uncertainty by the same exact number

Eg5:
The radius of a circle is x = (3.0 ± 0.2) cm. Find the
circumference and its uncertainty.
C = 2x = 18.850 cm
C = 2x = 1.257 cm
C   (2 )   x 
Why? C
=
 2 +
  x 
 ,the factors of 2 and  are exact.
C  x 
△(2π)=0 (very exact, no changing range) = 
C  x 
 x   x 
so C =   c =   (2 x ) = 2x
 x   x 
C=1cm round to 1sf C=19cm round to the same place as C
C±C = (19± 1) cm
4. PROPAGATION OF ERRORS, BASIC
RULES
d. x = Ay a z b
x  y   z 
=| a |   + | b |  
x  y   z 
• A is constant.
• Reason? y a a a
= + =
If y=a2 then y=a×a so
y a a
2
a
If y=a3 then y=a×a ×a so y = a + a + a = 3 a
y a a a a
Why absolute values?
a x a b a b
x= = a1b−1 so = (1) + | −1| = + Agree with division
b x a b a b formula
EXAMPLE 1

• The period of an oscillation is measured to be T = (0.50±


0.05) s. What is the absolute uncertainty in f?
• f=1/T=1/0.50=2.0Hz
• Relative uncertainty is
∆ 𝑓 ∆𝑇 0.05
• relative uncertainty of f= = 𝑇 = 0.5 =0.1
𝑓
• ∆ 𝑓=f×0.1=2.0×0.1=0.2Hz
EXAMPLE 2
• Experiment of measuring the density of a liquid.
• mass of empty beaker = (10 ± 2) g
• mass of beaker + liquid = (60 ± 1) g
• volume of liquid = (15.0 ± 0.5) cm3
• Mass of the liquid=m=(60.-10.)g=50.g
• a. Mass of the liquid=_____________
• b. Absolute uncertainty of the mass
𝑚
of the liquid=___________
50.𝑔
• ∆𝑚=(2+1)=3g
• D= 𝑉 =15.0𝑐𝑚3=3.3333g/cm3
• c. Density of the liquid=___________________
•
• d. Fractional (relative) uncertainty of the density=________________
• Percentage uncertainty of the density=___________
∆ 𝐷 ∆𝑚 ∆ 𝑉 3 0.5
• • relative uncertainty of D= = + = + =0.09333 ≈0.093
𝐷 𝑚 𝑉 50. 15
• • Percentage uncertainty ×100%=9.3%
• e. absolute uncertainty of the density?
• Absolute uncertainty=0.09333×D=0.09333×3.3333=0.311≈0.3g/cm3
f. Please represent the density in the form of D±∆D.
• • D ± ∆ D=(3.3 ± 0.3)g/cm3
g. What is the relative error and percentage error if the accepted value of the
density is 3.5×103kg/m3?
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 3.3−3.5
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = = = - 0.057= - 0.57%
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 3.5

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