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Experiment 5

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Nijil Joseph
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12 views22 pages

Experiment 5

Uploaded by

Nijil Joseph
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment No.

6
Convergence of Series
Experiment No.8 (in syllabus)
• The experiment aims to understand the lack of convergence
of Fourier series
1. Realize the Fourier series
4 1 2 3t 1 2 5t 1 2 7t
f (t )  [1  cos  cos  cos  ......]
 3 T 5 T 7 T
Realize the vector t = [0, 100] with an increment of 0.01 and keep T = 20.

Plot the first 3 or 4 terms on the same graphic window and


understand how the smooth sinusoids add up to a
discontinuous square function.
2 Compute and plot the series for the first 10, 20, 50 and 100
.

terms of the and understand the lack of convergence at the


points of discontinuity
3. With t made a zero vector, f(0) = 1, resulting in
the Madhava series for π
as π = 4[1 - 1 /3 + 1/ 5 - 1/ 7 + · · · ]
• Use this to compute π for the first 10, 20, 50
and 100 terms.
Fourier Series
• helps to model any arbitrary periodic signal
with a combination of sines and cosines
• makes use of the orthogonality relationships
of the sine and cosine functions.
Fourier series
If f(t) is even function

• Any function f(t) can be written as


I
If f(t) is odd function
Fourier series of square wave

Suppose our Square wave is


Fourier series of square waves
In general

The even-numbered coefficients b2k are all


zero because cos (2kπ) = cos 0 = 1.
The odd-numbered coefficients bk = 4/πk
decrease at the rate 1/k.
A square wave
Problem
6.1Realize the vector t = [0, 100] with an
increment of 0.01 and keep T = 20. Realize the
following Fourier series
4 1 2 3t 1 2 5t 1 2 7t
f (t )  [1  cos  cos  cos  ......]
 3 T 5 T 7 T
• Plot the first 3 or 4 terms on the same graphic window
and understand how the smooth sinusoids add up to a
discontinuous square function.
• So
Program
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import math
T=20
t = np.arange(0, 40, 0.01) # arguments: start, stop, step
n=1
y1 = ((-1)**n)*1/(2*n+1)*np.cos(2*math.pi*(2*n+1)*t/T)
n=2
y2 = ((-1)**n)*1/(2*n+1)*np.cos(2*math.pi*(2*n+1)*t/T)
n=3
y3 = ((-1)**n)*1/(2*n+1)*np.cos(2*math.pi*(2*n+1)*t/T)
y =(4/math.pi)*(1+y1+y2+y3)
fig,a = plt.subplots(4,1)
a[0].plot(t,y1)
a[0].set_title('First term')
a[1].plot(t,y2)
a[1].set_title('Second term')
a[2].plot(t,y3)
a[2].set_title('third')
a[3].plot(t,y)
a[3].set_title('y')
plt.show()
Result
Problem
• Realize the vector t = [0, 100] with an
increment of 0.01 and keep T = 20. Realize
the following Fourier series
4 1 2 3t 1 2 5t 1 2 7t
f (t )  [1  cos  cos  cos  ......]
 3 T 5 T 7 T
Method 1
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import math
T=10
t = np.arange(0, 40, 0.01) # arguments: start, stop, step
N=[4,10,100]
fig,a = plt.subplots(3,1)
i=0
for value in N:
sum=1
for n in range(3,value,2):
k=(n-1)/2
term = (-1)**k/n*np.cos(2*math.pi*n*t/T)
sum=sum+term
y =(4/math.pi)*sum
a[i].plot(t,y)
a[i].set_title('y')
i+=1
plt.show()
Method 2
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import math
T=20
t = np.arange(0, 40, 0.01) # arguments: start, stop, step
N=[3,5,10,20]
fig,a = plt.subplots(4,1)
i=0
for value in N:
sum=1
for n in range(1, value):
term = ((-1)**n)*1/(2*n+1)*np.cos(2*math.pi*(2*n+1)*t/T)
sum=sum+term
y =(4/math.pi)*(1+sum)
a[i].plot(t,y)
a[i].set_title('y')
i+=1
plt.show()
Problem
8.3 Consider the Fourier series:
4 1 2 3t 1 2 5t 1 2 7 t
f (t )  [1  cos  cos  cos  ......]
 3 T 5 T 7 T

• With t made a zero vector, f(0) = 1, resulting


in the Madhava series for π as
π = 4[1 - 1 /3 + 1/ 5 - 1/ 7 + ·· · ].
Use this to compute π for the first 10, 20, 50 and
100 terms.
Pi
• “Pi” (π) is the ratio between the circumference
of a circle and its diameter
• an irrational number-it cannot be written as a
ratio of two whole numbers which are prime
to each other.
• ‘transcendental number- it cannot be
expressed as a root of a polynomial of rational
coefficients
Pi and Madhava Series
• In the fourteenth century, Madhava,- a
mathematician of Sangamgram of Kerala,-
• invention of Infinite Series
• deduced its value up to eleven places of
decimals with precision.
Value of Pi
Value of Pi from Fourier series
Program
import numpy as np • 3.3396825396825403
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt • 3.0418396189294032
import math • 3.1315929035585537
T=20 • 3.140592653839794
N=[5,10,100,1000,10000] • 3.1414926535900345
fig,a = plt.subplots(4,1)
i=0
for value in N:
sum=1
for n in range(1, value):
term = ((-1)**n)*1/(2*n+1)
sum=sum+term
y= sum
pi_value =4*sum
print(pi_value)
i+=1

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