current

Electricity

Pl
-

dr
-
 CURRENT ELECTRICITY
-

I
rrent Electricity -
The study of electric charge in motion is called Current Drift Velocity- (Derivation)
Let particle and collide at time
Electricity
.
moving with initial Velocity v (t)
a
,
moves

Electric current-flow of sectional utat already know

charge per unit time
through a cross area
. v= as we .

symbol of current s

(1) So, let us+rctustry (initial

... --- un
velocity)
unit of current Ampere
=at
5I -

FORMULA !
VN =
Unt atN
V V
laV = Nef-q[i
Inste I
Total
Tf-Ti v= u+ati utate ------- u + ath
v = vi + uz + us Un + a (T + 22 + 23 +
zy)
quantity
-- --

tensor
,
current is a
divide
Taking average so
by N
.

Oh m's Law-ohm's state that if we potential difference

law across the wire is
directly # =

cituctus---unta Lt, t etE

proportional to the current in the wire . N

VC I R: >
-

Proportionality Constant (R) Let a Potential LinitialEnergye

V = RI R- Resistance >
-
opposition to the flow of current
. V= EL

cause of Resistance
- > due to collusion of electron
.
Let n is no. of Electron per unit time , total no of electron = Aln
R =
I Total charge (a) =
Alne
Ale
l =

length of wire we know

It) t
# =
Area of cross section
I :

Resistivity I =
-eEneXE
Mt
A =
-eE
M
property of material
↓ I = volnet
Different for different Material
.
Law and
derivationof
Proof of ohne's
I is fixe ,
not dependent of length and Area I = Vane A
Resistivit a
= -(eet) n V= El
Factor affecting Resistance :-
I
=
(i) Depend on nature of material El (e) net =

(ii) Resistance is
directly proportional to Length of wire .
RI = e2en
(iii) Resistance inversely proportional to
M
is Area .

R
(iv) Temperature Dependent .

dota tav ·" CE

Graph of ohm's a = -

>
- Law
- Vd = a

(1) Y
(11) Vo =

-etc Tav-average time btw two successive collosiona

OR
tan O

I,
tan I Relaxation time .

* tan o
Vd Alway opposite to electric field
=
.

current density-current per unit area

. Drift velocity Avellage velocity of all
-
free electron in a conductor in opposite
direction of applied Electric field
: .

Relation between current and drift .

velocity
conductor of
Length I and Area of

EOALet Mca
JA =
I =) JACOSO = I a cross section i
NOTE : -current density treated as Vector
Quantity O R
Angle Fand
=

between
-

O :
,

conductance
=
resistance m R

G = M = f
Resistivite
conductivity
=
22 en

mobility-drift velocity develop per unit electric field applied

.

relation between electricFeldandPotentia (u)

onductor is =
? E
t -

Length
V= El
of conductor is I so, v = El
. ohmic conductor-which follow ohms law for

V
a
given range of Temperature
.

Vector Form of ohm's Law

we know V= I R -

O
V = El- ② I
R = - Non-ohmic conductor-which do not follow ohms .
L aw B

Putting in 0 = T Till o - ohmic behaviour

AB > Non ohmic behaviour
-
-
A
Er I =

E
I O
=

2= TS Limitation of ohms law Most of the Conductor do not follow ohms Law at
-

high temperature
Mechanism of current in conductor-
a
super conductivity-when some
alloy and metal are cooled at
very
low temperature
the conductor then free electron
very high conductivity
potential difference called it super conductivity
.
If there is due
they show
across moves we
no ,

to thermal energy But due to random motion

velocity of all electron become
Resistance in series and parallel :
.

average
become That is Ri
equivalent Resistance

in
zero .
vituz + us - ----tun we know : v = IRs > -

v. IR , VzR2 IR3
=

taking Vz =
o
V = vi + v2 + V3
It
when potential difference are applied then electron are driffed with acceleration due to V
IRs =
IR I + IR2 + IR3
Series Combination current IRs (Ri + R2 + Rs)
applied electric field
In
-
I =

.
remains
Acceleration (a) [a -e- charge of election
same,
voltage change . Rs RitR2 + R3
=
=
=

Rs =
R it RetR3t---Rn
a = -
E
M
Parallel combination
(current) in parallel
-
- I combination changes .

it
voltage remain same
&not It In + 13
I1
= V= IR
I2 =

I3
2
=I
=
R3

)
Riet + as
EMF(Electro motive force) is
- It is the amount of work done
bringing a unit positive
around the complete .
circuit
charge once

Potential difference It -
is the amount of work done in
bringing a unit positive charge one

point to another·

v= -is v - Terminal potential difference

-Emeral Resistance
m
-cent-
vetharginganywhere loss or
gain.
cas

just in rest so
charging case
Emfu because when it insse
so no
energy
FORMULA

·
V
Fav = aTH-az , Inst da =

TF-1 : dt

ei n
=
ohm's law-ohm's law state that if we

11) Series Combination

mbination e
~of
Enet-extectes
E2 Unet = rit retra

Vea
Ecar-i(real
=

Vea =
Enet-ilvnet)

"Parallembinati
donned serieswithLord Wh
R load
with
current 2

-
Enct = e, tertes----En
i = nE if ne-o
no +R
i
if R = 0
=
i= if R(external) nr

z RtnuR

i (maximum current
Parallel Combination of cell-If parallel with
m no · of cell
connecting with load
.
find current :-
El

in Parallel
E2 - we know some
voltage
i
=

> parallel combination Emp is

in

throughtout
.
same
-
Unet =
i= i = ME

+R u+ MR

Kirchoff's Law
-

1st Law of Junction law/current Law

According to junction Law sum of current at junction
-

a
.

at that is is equal to
outgoing current junction Law
zero,
incoming a .

2ndLaw (loop closed loop in circuit must

law/voltage law-sum of all voltage around a
any
be zero
.

Heating Effect of Electric current

② Fuse :
safety device
, It has high resistivity
& Law
Joules of heating. melting point .

HX 12
③ Hot water ammeter-
HXR

:
H = I2RT ·

HXT

combining cell =RT

H I2RT
=
noted Electrical Energy H = V, F

Power (p) = v T
.