Charlene

1. State the Landsteiner’s principle of the ABO blood groups.
According to the Landsteiner's concept, there are four main blood types: A, B, AB, and O. Based on
whether certain antigens are present or not on the surface of red blood cells, this classification is made.
Antigens are things that can make the body's immune system react. People with blood type A have A
antigens, people with blood type B have B antigens, people with blood type AB have both A and B
antigens, and people with blood type O do not have any A or B antigens.
Additionally, individuals produce antibodies against the antigens they lack. People with blood type A, for
instance, have anti-B antibodies, while people with blood type B, have anti-A antibodies. People with
blood type AB do not have any antibodies, whereas people with blood type O do have anti-A and anti-B
antibodies. This approach is essential for establishing blood compatibility since incompatible blood types
can trigger serious immunological reactions.
2.Describe and illustrate the development of H antigen, A antigen, and B antigen.
The formation of ABH antigens results from the interaction of genes at three separate loci (ABO, Hh,
and Se). These genes do not actually code for the production of antigens but rather produce specific
glycosyltransferases that add sugars to a basic precursor substance. A paragloboside or glycan is the
same basic precursor material from which A, B, and H antigens all originate. Specific enzyme trans-
ferases elicited by an inherited gene attach sugars to the paragloboside/glycan11-13
3.Where are the ABO antigens located (distribution) in the body?
The ABO antigens are molecules that are present on the surface of red blood cells. These antigens play
a crucial role in our body's immune system and can trigger an immune response if they are recognized
as foreign by the body. The ABO antigens are located in various organs and tissues throughout our body,
including the red blood cells, platelets, and body fluids such as saliva and semen. The distribution of
these antigens varies based on genetic factors and blood type. For example, individuals with blood type
A have A antigens, while those with blood type B have B antigens. People with blood type AB have both
A and B antigens, while those with blood type O have neither A nor B antigens. The presence or absence
of these antigens can impact blood transfusion and organ transplant compatibility.
4. What is the use of anti-A, B reagent in ABO typing? Give the reactions of the normal ABO blood
types, and variant groups (subgroups) in this reagent.
The anti-A, B reagent is a crucial component of the ABO blood typing procedure, which establishes a
person's blood type. Based on the presence or lack of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells,
ABO blood typing is used. The presence of these antigens, which are designated A and B, determines a
person's blood type.
A solution containing antibodies that react with the A and B antigens on red blood cells is known as an
anti-A, B reagent. The anti-A, B reagent will cause the red blood cells that contain these antigens to
clump together when combined with a blood sample. The blood type can be ascertained by looking at
the reaction under a microscope.
The reactions of the normal ABO blood types in the presence of anti-A and anti-B reagents are as
follows:
A. Blood Type A
- Reaction with anti-A reagent: Positive (agglutination or clumping)
- Reaction with anti-B reagent: Negative (no agglutination)
B. Blood Type B
- Reaction with anti-A reagent: Negative (no agglutination)
- Reaction with anti-B reagent: Positive (agglutination or clumping)
C. Blood Type AB:
- Reaction with anti-A reagent: Positive (agglutination or clumping)
- Reaction with anti-B reagent: Positive (agglutination or clumping)
D. Blood Type O.
- Reaction with anti-A reagent: Negative (no agglutination)
- Reaction with anti-B reagent: Negative (no agglutination)
5. What is the anti-A reagent? Differentiate the reactions of A1 and A2, A1B and A2B with
this reagent?
Anti-A reagent is an antibody solution used in ABO blood typing tests to identify the presence of the A
antigen on the surface of red blood cells. the anti-A reagent is used to identify the presence of the A
antigen on the surface of red blood cells. It causes agglutination in blood samples containing A1, A2,
A1B, and A2B cells, indicating the presence of the A antigen in each case.
6. What is the anti-H reagent? Differentiate the reactions of the true type O and the
Bombay phenotype Oh with this reagent.
Antti-H reagent is an antibody solution used in blood typing tests to detect the presence of the H antigen
on the surface of red blood cells. The H antigen is the precursor structure for the ABO blood group
antigens (A and b) and serves as the foundation for the addition of specific sugars, determining the ABO
blood group system.
7. Enumerate the sources of error or limitations of the slide method in blood typing.
Some sources of error or limitations of the slide method in blood typing include:
Agglutination Interpretation
Sensitivity
Time-consuming
risk of contamination
non specific reactions
limited automation
sensitivity to temperature
limited reagents
Despite these limitations, the slide method can still be a useful blood typing technique in certain
settings, especially when more advanced methods are not available or practical

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1. State the Landsteiner’s principle of the ABO blood groups.

2.Describe and illustrate the development of H antigen, A antigen, and B antigen.

3.Where are the ABO antigens located (distribution) in the body?

- Reaction with anti-A reagent: Positive (agglutination or clumping)

- Reaction with anti-B reagent: Negative (no agglutination)

- Reaction with anti-A reagent: Negative (no agglutination)

- Reaction with anti-B reagent: Positive (agglutination or clumping)

C. Blood Type AB:

- Reaction with anti-A reagent: Positive (agglutination or clumping)

- Reaction with anti-B reagent: Positive (agglutination or clumping)

- Reaction with anti-A reagent: Negative (no agglutination)

- Reaction with anti-B reagent: Negative (no agglutination)

Bombay phenotype Oh with this reagent.

non specific reactions

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