K. J.

Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)
Department of Electronics Engineering

Course Name: Networks, Signals and Systems Semester: III

Date of
Batch No: A2
Performance:
Faculty Name: Roll No: 16014023028
Faculty Sign & Date: Grade/Marks:
Experiment No: 10
Title: Fourier Analysis of given aperiodic signals

Aim and Objective of the Experiment:

Fourier Analysis of given aperiodic signals

COs to be achieved:
CO5: Apply Fourier transform for spectral analysis

Theory:
A. Fourier transform
The Fourier transform of a function of time is a complex-valued function of frequency, whose
magnitude represents the amount of that frequency present in the original function, and whose
argument is the phase offset of the basic sinusoid in that frequency. The Fourier transform is
not limited to functions of time, but the domain of the original function is commonly referred
to as the time domain

Continuous Time Fourier Trans form (CTFT) or Analysis

If the spectrum of continuous time periodic signal is x(t) then
+∞
X ( jΩ) =∫ x ( t ) e
− jΩt
dt
−∞
+∞
X ( F )=∫ x ( t ) e
− j 2 πFt
dt since Ω=2 πF

Inverse Continuous Time Fourier Trans form (ICTFT) or Synthesis

−∞

+∞
x (t )= ∫ X ( F ) e
j 2 π Ft
dF
−∞
+∞
1
x (t)= ∫
2 π −∞
jΩt
X ( jΩ ) e dΩ since dΩ=2 πdF

Stepwise-Procedure:
Fourier Transform
A
1. Determine the Fourier transform of a rectangular pulse
2. Obtain the plot

Networks, Signals and Systems Semester: III Academic Year: 2023-24

Roll No:
 K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77
(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)
Department of Electronics Engineering

3. Upload the results in the experiment document

clear all;
t=-2:0.1:2;
xct=(t>=-1)-(t>=1);
%plot (t,xct);
figure;
w=-8*pi:0.01:8*pi;
for i=1:length(w)
xcw(i)=trapz(t, xct.*exp(-1i*w(i).*t));

%xcw(i)=int(xct*exp(-1i*w(i).*t));
end;
%plot(w,(xcw));
%gridon;
subplot(2,2,1)
plot (t,xct);
xlabel ('Time');
ylabel ('Amplitude');
title('input signal');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(w, (xcw));
xlabel ('frquency');
ylabel ('Mag Spectrum');
title('Fouier Transform');
%subplot(1,2,2);

B.

4. Determine the Fourier transform of exponential function

−at
5. x (t )=e u ( t ) a>0
6. Obtain the plot
7. Upload the results in the experiment document

clear all;

% Parameters
a = 1; % Choose a value for 'a' (a > 0)
t = -2:0.1:2; % Time vector
xct = exp(-a * t) .* (t >= 0); % Define the function x(t) = e^(-at) * u(t)

% Frequency range
w = -8*pi:0.01:8*pi;
xcw = zeros(size(w)); % Initialize the Fourier transform array

% Calculate the Fourier Transform

for i = 1:length(w)

Networks, Signals and Systems Semester: III Academic Year: 2023-24

Roll No:
 K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77
(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)
Department of Electronics Engineering

xcw(i) = trapz(t, xct .* exp(-1i * w(i) * t));

end

% Plotting
figure;
subplot(2, 2, 1);
plot(t, xct);
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Input Signal: x(t) = e^{-at} u(t)');
grid on;

subplot(2, 2, 2);
plot(w, abs(xcw)); % Plot magnitude of the Fourier Transform
xlabel('Frequency (w)');
ylabel('Magnitude Spectrum');
title('Fourier Transform |X(w)|');
grid on;

Observations
Fourier Transform (Rectangular pulse) and Input Function

Inverse
% Assume xcw has already been computed as per your provided code.
% Define a new time vector for the inverse transform
t_recon = -2:0.1:2; % same time vector as the original

% Initialize the reconstructed signal

x_reconstructed = zeros(size(t_recon));

% Calculate the inverse Fourier transform

for j = 1:length(t_recon)
x_reconstructed(j) = (1/(2*pi)) * trapz(w, xcw .* exp(1i * w *
t_recon(j)));
end

% Plot the reconstructed signal

figure;

Networks, Signals and Systems Semester: III Academic Year: 2023-24

Roll No:
 K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77
(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)
Department of Electronics Engineering

subplot(2,2,3);
plot(t_recon, real(x_reconstructed));
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Reconstructed Signal');

% Also, you can compare with the original signal

subplot(2,2,4);
plot(t_recon, xct);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Original Signal');
legend('Original Signal');

Fourier Transform (Exponential pulse) and Input Function

Inverse
clear all;

Networks, Signals and Systems Semester: III Academic Year: 2023-24

Roll No:
 K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77
(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)
Department of Electronics Engineering

% Parameters
a = 1; % Choose a value for 'a' (a > 0)
t = -2:0.1:2; % Time vector
xct = exp(-a * t) .* (t >= 0); % Define the function x(t) = e^(-at) * u(t)

% Frequency range
w = -8*pi:0.01:8*pi;
xcw = zeros(size(w)); % Initialize the Fourier transform array

% Calculate the Fourier Transform

for i = 1:length(w)
xcw(i) = trapz(t, xct .* exp(-1i * w(i) * t));
end

% Inverse Fourier Transform

t_recon = -2:0.1:2; % Time vector for reconstruction
x_reconstructed = zeros(size(t_recon)); % Initialize the reconstructed signal

% Calculate the inverse Fourier transform

for j = 1:length(t_recon)
x_reconstructed(j) = (1/(2*pi)) * trapz(w, xcw .* exp(1i * w *
t_recon(j)));
end

% Plotting
figure;

% Original signal plot

subplot(2, 2, 1);
plot(t, xct);
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Input Signal: x(t) = e^{-at} u(t)');
grid on;

% Fourier Transform plot

subplot(2, 2, 2);
plot(w, abs(xcw)); % Plot magnitude of the Fourier Transform
xlabel('Frequency (w)');
ylabel('Magnitude Spectrum');
title('Fourier Transform |X(w)|');
grid on;

% Reconstructed signal plot

subplot(2, 2, 3);
plot(t_recon, real(x_reconstructed));
xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Reconstructed Signal');
grid on;

% Original vs Reconstructed plot

subplot(2, 2, 4);

Networks, Signals and Systems Semester: III Academic Year: 2023-24

Roll No:
 K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77
(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)
Department of Electronics Engineering

plot(t_recon, xct, 'b', t_recon, real(x_reconstructed), 'r--');

xlabel('Time (t)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Comparison: Original vs Reconstructed');
legend('Original Signal', 'Reconstructed Signal');
grid on;

Post Lab Subjective/Objective type Questions:

Solve theoretically the numerical performed in the lab and upload the handwritten solution in the
document

Networks, Signals and Systems Semester: III Academic Year: 2023-24

Roll No:
 K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77
(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)
Department of Electronics Engineering

Conclusion:

Networks, Signals and Systems Semester: III Academic Year: 2023-24

Roll No:
 K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai-77
(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)
Department of Electronics Engineering

In this experiment, we analyzed the Fourier transform of the exponential function.

The theoretical derivation provided the transform which was confirmed through numerical
calculations using MATLAB. The generated plots illustrated the input signal and its magnitude
spectrum, highlighting the effect of the parameter on the signal's decay and frequency response.
This study underscored the relationship between time-domain signals and their frequency-domain
representations, reinforcing key concepts in signal processing.

Signature of faculty in-charge with Date:

Networks, Signals and Systems Semester: III Academic Year: 2023-24

Roll No: