Distribution notebook S’22 1

Table of Contents
Ch_1 ............................................................................................................................................ 4
Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 4
AutoCADShortcut. ............................................................................................................. 4
Drawing Command ............................................................................................................ 7
Modify Command .............................................................................................................. 9
Layer ............................................................................................................................... 13
Ch_2 .......................................................................................................................................... 15
Concept Design ................................................................................................................ 15
Construction Field:............................................................................................................ 15
Electrical System ............................................................................................................... 18
▪ Internal coordination: ....................................................................................................... 22
Design Phases ................................................................................................................... 24
Load Estimation: .............................................................................................................. 26
Overall method: ................................................................................................................ 29
Load breakdown. .............................................................................................................. 30
Exact method: ................................................................................................................... 30
Feeding System:................................................................................................................ 33
Zoning: ............................................................................................................................ 35
Bulk Equipment Selection ................................................................................................ 37
Transformer: ................................................................................................................... 37
Principal: ........................................................................................................................... 37
Structure of Transformer: .............................................................................................. 38
Main Purpose: .................................................................................................................. 39
Transformer operation ..................................................................................................... 39
Types Of Transformers: ........................................................................................................... 40
Oil Transformer: ....................................................................................................................... 40
Dry Transformer:...................................................................................................................... 44
Classification according to ventilation method (Cooling) ................................................... 45
Important definitions ............................................................................................................. 45
Transformer Tests: ........................................................................................................... 46
Transformer Sizing ................................................................................................................... 47

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GENERATOR. ............................................................................................................................. 49
UPS ............................................................................................................................................ 55
Central battery.................................................................................................................. 60
End of Ch_2....................................................................................................................... 65
Ch_3 .......................................................................................................................................... 66
Switchgear ...................................................................................................................... 66
1. Low Voltage switchgears: ............................................................................................. 66
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION .......................................................................................... 86
Medium Voltage Switchgear ............................................................................................ 90
Distributer......................................................................................................................... 90
Layout: Distributer building (outdoor) ............................................................................. 96
Ring Main Unit (RMU): ..................................................................................................... 98
Ch_4 ........................................................................................................................................ 105
Lighting and small power design .................................................................................... 105
INDOOR LIGHTING DESIGN ............................................................................................. 105
How to specify the lux of applications? ......................................................................... 135
DIALux Red...................................................................................................................... 136
DIALux Evo ...................................................................................................................... 143
Lighting In CAD ............................................................................................................... 161
Small power .................................................................................................................... 164
Types of switches .......................................................................................................... 173
Disconnect Switch .................................................................................................................. 177
MEP .............................................................................................................................. 179
1. HVAC SYSTEM ......................................................................................................... 180
2. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM........................................................................................... 189
3. Plumping system .................................................................................................... 191
4. Low current............................................................................................................. 193
Practical on CAD: ............................................................................................................ 196
Ch.5......................................................................................................................................... 198
Power Cable & Circuit Breaker ....................................................................................... 198
1. Circuit Breaker: ....................................................................................................... 198
Sizing ............................................................................................................................... 204

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2. Power Cable: ...................................................................................................................... 206

3. Fire Cables........................................................................................................................... 217
4. Flame Resistance Cables ............................................................................................. 220
Sizing of Cable: ..................................................................................................................... 224
Panel schedule:.............................................................................................................. 227
Cable Tray & Cable Routing ............................................................................................ 230
PRACTICAL ON CAD........................................................................................................ 238
Voltage Drop ................................................................................................................. 241
Short Circuit .................................................................................................................. 245
ETAP ................................................................................................................................ 250
Infrastructure - electrical work ....................................................................................... 261
Electric network distribution system .............................................................................. 261
A. Coffret (for LV tie-in): ............................................................................................. 265
B. Feeder Pillar (equivalent to Sub MDB’s): ............................................................... 265
C. Main substations: ................................................................................................... 265
D. RMU: ....................................................................................................................... 266
E. MV Distributer (primary): ....................................................................................... 267
Coordination with other departments ........................................................................... 268
Ch_6 ........................................................................................................................................ 272
EARTHING PROTECTION SYSTEM .................................................................................... 272
& ................................................................................................................................... 272
LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM ................................................................................... 272
1. EARTHING ............................................................................................................... 272
2. LIGHTNING .............................................................................................................. 293

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Ch_1
Introduction
AutoCAD Shortcut.
AutoCAD is based on a set of orders to do the drawing
process and the most important of these orders is orders:
1. Drawing,
2. Modification,
3. Measure,
4. and layers.

There are three ways to draw:

✓ At the road of the good guys passing from
the tape of tools from the top.
✓ By selecting the order from the draw or modify list from the
top.
✓ By writing a short example of an order
(LINE) abbreviated (ENTER + L)
• When you open the program:
✓ Star Menu:

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✓ Drawing Menu:

• Tool Bar, Menu Bar:

✓ Background:
▪ How to modify background?
1. Right click Option color
2. Write (OP) Enter color

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Drawing Command

1-Line

✓ L Enter
✓ Home line
• Then specify start point and end point.
• To get to horizontal or vertical line:
1. Key F8

2-ARC

✓ A Enter
✓ Home Arc

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3-rectangular

✓ REC Enter
✓ Home Rectangular

4-Circle

✓C Enter
✓ Home Circle

5-Poly line

✓ PL Enter
✓ Home poly line

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Modify Command

1-Hatch

✓H Enter

1-Trim

✓ TR Enter

3-Extend

✓ EX Enter

4-Rotate

✓ Ro Enter

5-copy

✓ Co Enter
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6-Scale

✓ Sc Ente

7-Move

✓M Enter

8-Break

✓ Br Enter

9-Explode

✓ EX Enter

10-Aline

✓ AL Enter

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11-Filit

✓F Enter

12-Block

✓B Enter

13-Mirror

✓ MI Enter

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14-Offset

✓O Enter

15-Area

✓ AA Enter

16-Dimension

✓ DIME Enter

17- Text

✓T Enter

18-B Count

✓ BC Enter

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NOTES

• for a speed in drawing, we use (space) also to

repeat the command. Such if you write (L + Space)
then (Esc) then you press space again the
command of (Line) will repeated

❖ After the end of any commands, you should

press Esc to start a new command.

Layer

The layers are used to simplify and organize

drawings, for example it is possible to create all the
walls on a layer and furniture on a layer, so the
layer has the same color, thickness, and font type
and to know the properties of the layer from the top
click on

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(Set layer) the layer with this signal is the layer you work in

(Lock layer) prevent anyone from modifying this layer

(Unlock layer) allow anyone to modify in this layer

(Layer off) for hidden the layer

(Layer on) for show the layer

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Ch_2
Concept Design

Construction Field:
Construction Field is an impressive free business theme for
construction, engineering, architecture, real estate, or building
companies. The theme is suitable for construction or real state
agency and overall construction and real estate sites.

➢ Project life cycle

1. Design Stages,
2. Bidding,
3. Construction,
4. Commissioning,
5. Maintenance,

➢ Stake Holders:

❖ Owner:
The first person to be responsible for the project, He has the idea
of the project, is the owner of the capital like the National Bank
of Egypt or Sheraton or CIB or City stars.

❖ Consultant:
The consulting office like Dar El- Handasa…etc., and he is
responsible for organizing and supervising the implementation of
the project, He converts the owner’s idea into an accessible
design on ground according to codes, standard and regulation

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considering the environment to keep and profits which come

from the project.

❖ Contractor:
These are contracting companies and it is a central party such
as Orascom, Hassan Allam and Arab Contractor, and this is
the responsible body or the entity responsible for
implementation.

❖ Supplier:
Its role is to supply me with the tools and components that I as
a contractor will need in the implementation of my project and
there are companies that make and supply like Schneider
Electric or EL-Sewedy for cables or EL-Sewedy for
Electrometer or ABB and there is one of them Supplying and
only like a Siraj for lighting

❖ Commissioning team
And this is a little advanced after the contractor finishes the
project, maybe before I hand over the project to the consultant,
the third part comes away from the consultant, the owner, the
contractor, and has a technical degree to evaluate things very
well to make sure that the project in a specific system is
perfected.

❖ Facility Management Team:

Simply it is an important part of the life cycle of the project,
and it consists of a group of engineers and technicians who
manage the place after it works, mostly within your team or is an
independent company and you contract with.

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Stake Predesign Design Bidding Construction Operation

Holder

Owner Engineering Engineering Management Management Management

& &
Management Management
1

Consultant Lead Design Design Engineering Technical

& Team office
Management & &
Management Site
2 6 Supervision
4

Contractor Tender Technical

office
7 &
Site Engineer
&
Procurement
Supplier Marketing Prescription Tender Sales
& &
Sales PM
&
3 5 8 Manufacturin
8
g
F.M Maintenance

“Last
stage”

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Electrical System

Off Grid Primary Lighting Earthing

On grid Secondary Services Lightening

Design Aspects Conveying

System

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➢ Power Supply:
• Off Grid:
1. Conventional (Generator),
2. Green Power (New technology system).
• On Grid:
1. Local Authority Tie-In (MV, LV).

➢ Electrical Network (Distribution):

M.V Tie-in Normal

Loads
In R.M.U

Transformer M.D.B S.M.D.B D.B

Generator M.D.B U.P.S

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➢ Applications:
• Indoor lighting:
▪ Hospitals, malls, offices…etc.
• Outdoor lighting:
▪ Street lighting, landscape, green app.
• Lighting control:
▪ Local Switch,
▪ Timer, photocell,
▪ Dimming,
▪ Sensors.
• Small power services:
▪ Single socket,
▪ Double socket,
▪ Power socket,
▪ Industrial socket.
• Conveying System:
▪ Vertical transportation
✓ Elevators
✓ Moving walks
✓ Escalators

➢ Protection:
o Lightening,
o Earthing.

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➢ Aspects, References:
1. Local regulation:
✓ Egyptian code,
✓ Electrical company regulation,
✓ Civil defense requirement.
2. International code, standards:
✓ IEC,
✓ IEEE,
✓ NEC,
✓ NFPA.
3. Additional requirements:
✓ Owner manuals,
✓ Code of practice.
➢ Design Tools:
✓ Lighting calculations:
• DIAlux, olyse…. etc.
✓ Network Analysis:
• Etap, Semaris, Ecodial etc.
✓ Generator sizing:
• GEN Size.
✓ Cable tray sizing:
• Tray Cad.
✓ Drafting & MTO:
• AutoCAD (2D), Revit (2D, 3D)

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➢ Earthing Calculations:
• Excel
➢ Lightening protection assessment.
• Excel

➢ Design Output:
• Drawing:
• BOQ(Bill of Quantity)
• Calculations:
1. Open-source drawing,
2. Pdf.
➢ Coordination with all trades:
▪ Internal coordination:

• This coordination is done among all departments.

• With mechanical engineer, electric designer feeds all
mechanical loads like HVAC which its loads are
determined.
• With communication engineer, the light current loads
are sent by him to feed them.
• With architect, electrical engineer determines the
dimensions and heights for equipment’s rooms.

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• With civil engineer, electrical engineer determines

the weights of equipment or holes which are required
for cable trench to keep the building structure.

▪ External coordination:

➢ This type of coordination is among consultant,

contractor, and suppliers.
➢ The consultant supervises the contractor and suppliers
to make sure that the design is well executed according
to requirements of the owner. Suppliers consult the
consultant to take the approval of his supplies.

➢ Importance of coordination:
✓ Encourages team spirit,
✓ Leads to higher quality,
✓ Gives proper direction,
✓ Helps to achieve their missions quickly.

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Design Phases

✓ BODR, ✓ Lighting, ✓ Complete Drawing ✓ Complete

✓ Load Estimation, ✓ Small Power, & Calculation: Drawing & Calcs.
✓ Zoning, ✓ Routing, • Cable sizing, ✓ Tender
✓ Conceptual SLD, ✓ Earthing, • Panel Schedule ✓ Document:
✓ Bulk Selection, ✓ Lightening, ✓ Detailed SLD. • BOQ,
✓ Space program. ✓ Schematic SLD, • Vol-1
• Specs.

30% of design 60% of design 100% of design

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➢ Importance of Concept Design stage:

✓ Determine the electrical load of project,
✓ Planning electrical network configuration,
✓ Plan the electrical substation if needed and the main
switchgear rooms,
✓ Apply the power company regulation for supplying the
project,
✓ Calculate initial budget of electrical works.

➢ Design Concept Stage Steps:

Data Collection Load Estimation zoning

Conceptual SLD Bulk, space

Coordination
program

➢ Code & Standard & Regulation:

✓ Code: General rule for gaudiness but not mandatory Such
as (E.C, NEC…etc.)
✓ Standard: More specified rule for gaudiness but not
mandatory Such as (British standard B.S)

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✓ Regulation: are mandatory and must be applied to have

permits for our projects Such as (Electricity Company).
➢ Data collection:
✓ Building Application:
• Offices,
• Hospitals,
• Commercial,
• Residential…etc.

Load Estimation:
o Why load estimation is essential?
✓ Determine the spaces required for electrical substation and
rooms,
✓ Determine the rating of required bulk equipment and
switchgear,
✓ Apply for the permits of the project by providing the
assigned electricity company with total project load,
✓ Determine the primary electrical work cost.

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➢ Area:
✓ Plot area, A
✓ Footprint area, B
✓ Built up area. C
➢ Power Density:
✓ Power density: is a value that is multiplied by the area of a
room, space, or a building to transform this area into an
electrical load (KVA, KW) that to estimate the load
required for the project at the primary phase of design
before having the final load.
✓ Common Units: (VA/m2), (W/m2), (VA/ft2), (W/ft2).
✓ Power density value is obtained from code, standard,
regulation, (experienced electrical consultants).

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❖From IEEE 241 Table 4, Table 5.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Pn46nP1y81eVHehfwkhSnth9uUCnE
VU1/view?usp=sharing

❖ Types of loads:
✓ Connected load:
• The sum of the continuous ratings of the power-
consuming apparatus connected to the system or any
part thereof in watts, kilowatts, or horsepower.
✓ Demand load:
• The electrical load at the receiving terminals averaged
over a specified interval of time, demand is expressed in
KW, KVA.
✓ Demand factor:
• The ratio of the maximum demand of a system to the
total connected load of the system.
• From NEC Table 220.42 Lighting Load Demand Factors
• Table 220 56 Demand Factors for Kitchen
Equipment. And so on...
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1q180dnYlZYSX7z0y_ZDdtof
xbFWmTytD/view?usp=sharing

✓ Diversity factor:
• The ratio of the sum of the individual maximum
demands of the subdivisions of the system to the
maximum demand of the complete system

❖ What is load requiring electrical feeding?

• Electrical discipline loads:
✓ Lighting loads,

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✓ Small power loads (socket).

• Other discipline loads, special loads:
✓ HVAC,
✓ Mechanical…. etc.

❖ Method of load estimation:

1. Overall method (Building area),
2. Load breakdown (space by space),
3. Exact method (load type).

Overall method:
• Calculate the gross interior area of the building,
• Determine the load density according to type of the
building from tables (IEEE 241 Table 4, 5) link above.
• Multiply gross interior area by its load density to get the
estimated electrical load for this building.
* Note: Don`t Forget other discipline loads.
❖ Applying Egyptian code (chapter 3):
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1W7u1qhmIUWWl4Fsp5xlaCQ9zjfov
XZq4/view?usp=sharing
❖ Applying electrical companies’ regulation:

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Load breakdown.
• Divide the building into different spaces based on its
function (for example, office, storage, mechanical, and
corridor),
• Calculate the gross interior area of each space,
• Determine the load density for each space (from tables),
• Multiply each space gross interior area by its load density
to get the estimated electrical load for this space,
• Sum all the estimated electrical loads for all spaces to get
the total preliminary electrical load for the whole building.

Exact method:
• Divide the whole building loads into different types (for
example, Lights, Power, mechanical).
• Calculate the gross interior area of each building
• Determine the load density based on the building type
(from tables).
• Multiply gross interior area by each load type density to get
the estimated electrical load for this building.
➢ Very important note:
✓ “HVAC load equal to 60% of the building loads” means
if you have HVAC loads given from other discipline,
you must multiply the power density by 60%.

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✓ overall method:

✓ load breakdown:

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➢ Other discipline:

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Feeding System:
✓ According to Cairo Electric Distribution Company
(CEDC) there are four types of feeding systems according
to the load rating divided as follow: -
✓ 1st type – Used for loads less than 200 KVA so most usage
1st type to feed The Residential Areas.
✓ 2 Nd type – Used for 200 < loads < 1 MVA
✓ 3 rd. type – Used for 1 MVA < Loads < 5 NVA
✓ 4 th type – Used for loads > 5 MVA

✓ 1 st type: feeds with 3 phase cables.

✓ 2 Nd type: requires transformer room and feeds with
medium voltage cable.
✓ 3 rd. type: requires M.V Switchgear and feeds with
medium voltage cable 11 KV.
✓ 4 th type: requires M.V switchgear and feeds with medium
voltage cable 66 KV.

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Zoning:
It depends on
• Sufficient Electrical Rooms
• Branch Circuit Maximum Permitted Length
• Voltage Drop
❖ The building type and the area of the building
❖ Selection the number of electrical rooms and it is
position.
❖ The max voltage drop from transformer to the load is
5%

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• According to IEC standard

✓ The space can be divided into more than one region
according to the number of electric rooms,
✓ No. of regions can be determined by draw a circle, its
center is in the specified electric room, its radius is 50 m
(by using branch circuit for small power = 4 mm2 and
for lighting = 3 mm2)
✓ If this circle covers all the space. This means that the space
is fed from one electric room.

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Bulk Equipment Selection

Transformer:
Principal:
• The transformer works in the principle of
mutual induction, “The principle of mutual
induction states that when the two coils are
inductively coupled and if the current in
coil change uniformly then the emf induced
in the other coil. This emf can drive a current when a
closed path is provided to it.”
• When an alternating current flows in the primary coil, a
changing magnetic flux is generated around the primary
coil,
• The changing magnetic flux is transferred to the secondary
coil through the iron core,
• The changing magnetic flux is cut by the secondary coil,
hence induces an emf. in the secondary coil,
• Now if load is connected to a secondary winding, this emf
drives a current through it,
• The magnitude of the output voltage can be controlled by
the ratio of the number of primary coil and secondary coil.
“The frequency of mutually induced emf as same that of

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the alternating source which supplying energy to the

primary winding.

Structure of Transformer:
• The transformer consists two inductive coils, these are
electrically separated but linked through a common
magnetic circuit. These two coils have a high mutual
induction,
• One of the two coils is connected to a source of alternating
voltage. This coil in which electrical energy is fed with the
help of source called primary winding(P), as shown in
figure,
• The other winding is connected to a load. The electrical
energy is transformed to this winding drawn out to the
load. This winding is called secondary winding(S), also as
shown in
figure

• The function of the core is to transfer the changing

magnetic flux from the primary coil to the secondary coil,

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• The primary has N1 numbers of turns and the secondary

has N2 numbers of turns. The of turns plays major
important role in the function of transformer.

Main Purpose:
• Step up: used to raise the value of the voltage to transmit to large
distance, we use it to also reduce the current to reduce cross section
area and power losses.
• Step down: used to reduce the value of the voltage to the amount
can consumers use it safely
• Isolated: used to make protection between two circuits if any fault
or damage in one of two circuit the other circuit still the same
without that damage
• we used core in limitations to reduce the Eddy current and
Hysteresis losses

Transformer operation
When applied voltage on primary side which make induced emf in other
side by the ratio E1/E2 =N1/N2.

✓ The theory of operation of Transformer is mutual inductance

between prime winding and second winding by applied AC
voltage to generate alternating current and alternating
magnetic field which cut the other winding producing induced
EMF available to use it.

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Types Of Transformers:
− Generally the transformer classify accordingly
transformation ratios are:
I. Step-up Transformer,
II. Step-down Transformer

1. Power transformer,

2. Distribution Transformer,

3. Isolated Transformer,

4. Autotransformer,

5. Leakage transformer,

6. Resonant transformer,

7. Earthing Transformer,

8. Instrument transformer (CT & VT)

− Our scope of study is distribution transformer according to

insulation:
I. Oil Transformer,
II. Dray type (Cast resin)

Oil Transformer:
➢ The figure shows the construction of distribution
transformers, which are as follows:

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− HV and LV tank cover Bushings: There are the terminals

of Transformer, which used to take voltage from them.
− Silica Gel Breather: It can be said that it is a sensor that
checks whether the oil can be used or not.
− Buchholz Relay: It can be said that it is a device designed
for protection. It is divided into two stages. One is
designed as an alarm to indicate the oil level and the need
for refueling. The second stage is designed to turn off the
transformer, which is called a Trip. It means that in the
event of a very low oil level, the transformer must be
turned off, otherwise, problems will be difficult to deal
with.
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− Conservator Tank: It is a reserve tank for oil in case

some oil is needed but knowing that it is not filled with
oil, but spaces are left. This is since when the oil acquires
some heat, it enables it to expand.
− Tap Changer: To be able to obtain voltage while
allowing a percentage change in its value, we return to the
tap changer because it is difficult to obtain an accurate
value for the voltage. The tap changer is placed in H.V to
provide a full range of change, as it is more protected, and
we find that it has two types ONLINE and OFFLINE.

− On-load tap changers:

− On-load tap changers are very necessary to maintain a
constant voltage on the LV terminals of the transformer
for varying load conditions where the voltage had to be
maintained constant without interrupting the power
supply,

− This is achieved by providing taps as shown below on the

HV winding. The diverter switch is controlled by a motor
which ensures that the switch is stepped up or down from
one tap to the next taps until the desired secondary voltage
is obtained,

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− The ranges are normally chosen depending upon the

input supply conditions also. 65,

− The tap changer is usually mounted on a separate tank to

the main tank,

− The tap changing can also be done by disconnecting the

source (or load) by using off- circuit tap switch, which
necessarily requires an interruption in power supply to the
load. The off-circuit tap switch is manually changed from
one step to another depending on the input conditions. It is
a well-accepted practice to provide off circuit taps from -
5% Electrical machine report 10 10 to + 5% in steps of
2.5% (total live steps). On-load tap changers,

− The on-load changer which is comparatively costlier is

adopted in case of larger and important transformers
mostly in continuous process industries, whereas off-
circuit change is adopted in the case of almost all smaller
distribution or auxiliary transformers.

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Dry Transformer:
• Cast risen,
• Open ventilation.

➢ The figure shows the construction of distribution

transformers, which are as follows:
1. Core, iron laminated sheath to avoid eddy current and
hysteresis losses, provided path for magnetic flux to transmit
from side to other side
2. L.V terminal: we connect HV cable on it
3. Resilient Spacer,
4. H.V terminal: we connect HV cable on it
5. L.V winding: applied voltage
6. H.V winding: get from it transfer voltage

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7. Tapping link: act as tap changer in oil trans

8. Delta connection rods:
9. Earthing bond: to protect transformer, people and provide
path for leakage current.
➢ In this type, the air is used as an insulator and is also used
in cooling but knowing that oil is better than air in the
insulation.
➢ This type is also characterized by containing sensors to
infer the temperature inside the transformer and is also
supported by fans for the purpose of cooling.

Classification according to ventilation method (Cooling)

• Oil type: ONAN, ONAF, OFAF, OFWF,

• Dry type: AN, AB,

Where O refer to Oil, N refer to Nature, F refer to Forced, A refer to

Air, W refer to Water and B refer to B

Important definitions
✓ Utilization factor: gives me number with it I can turn
on transformer continues without being problem in it,
oil 80%, dry 90%

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• IP (ingress protection):
✓ IP00: transformer has low protection because its
environment not wet or dusty (not common),
✓ IP21: commonly used in street, IP33: commonly used
in street, IP65: used in factors
• Per unit impedance: Z% total impedance of transformer
per unit value is very useful in short circuit calculation
• Vector Group (DYN11): delta star connection with
neutral with angle 11
Vector group gives us details we needed to know to can
connect parallel transformers together
• K factor: it is factor related to harmonics which
transformer can hold it, Harmonics is kind of
deformation happen in sin wave of voltage and
harmonics happened by power electronics which in
electrical equipment.

Transformer Tests:
1- General Checks,
2- Voltage /Turn Ratio,
3- winding resistance measurement,
4- Vector Group Test,
5- Insulation Resistance Test,
6- Short Circuit Test,

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7- Magnetic Balance test,

8- Functional Check

Transformer Sizing
− Firstly, we will check the load estimation of the building
and if it’s greater than 250 KVA we calculate it as medium
voltage, and if it’s lower than 250 KVA we calculate it as
medium voltage and, in this case, the consumer will
purchase a transformer and ring main unit himself.
− Secondly, we multiply the connected load by the Diversity
factor which is chosen according to the type of the project.
− Third, we take the value equal to multiplying the diversity
factor by the connected load and we divide it by the
Utilization factor.
− Finally, we choose the suitable transformer from supplier
catalog, and we can also know the dimensions of the
transformer from the catalog as well.

➢ Note (1): It should be considered that the rating of

transformer possible in Egypt is (0.5 MVA, 1 MVA, 1.5
MVA)

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➢ Note (2): we take a 1 m from all around of transformer

but from the door at least 1.5 m as shown in the figure
below:

Transformer in single line diagram

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GENERATOR.
✓ Principle:
• The principle of working of a generator is such that the
flow of electric charges can be induced by moving an
electrical conductor in a magnetic field.
• A DC generator operates on the principle of Faraday’s
laws of electromagnetic induction. According to
Faraday’s law, whenever a conductor is placed in a
fluctuating magnetic field (or when a conductor is moved
in a magnetic field) an EMF is induced in the conductor.
• If the conductor is guided with a closed path, the current
will get induced. The direction of the induced current
(given by Fleming’s right-hand rule) changes as the
direction of movement of the conductor changes.

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➢ Components:
• Diesel Engine: One of the significant parts of the
generator that produces mechanical energy is the engine.
Then enter to the Alternator and convert it to electrical
energy.

• Alternator: Is a device that converts mechanical energy

into AC electrical energy

• Automatic control:
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) Is A System
for Adjusting the Power Output of Multiple Generators
at Different Power Plants, In Response to Changes in
The Load.
• Base:
Base Used in To Prevent Motion and Vibration in The
Generator Body.
• Water Tank Radiator:
Used To Dissipate the Heat Carried by The Cooling Water
into The Atmosphere to Lower the Temperature of The
Cooling Water.
➢ Classification:
o Stand By:
It’s a backup (Spare / Stand by) generator for the building
and its main function is that if the utility is cut off ’If the
main transformer is cutoff ‘.
o Loading Rate:
At average operation (70%) in the catalogues we have to
turn it on 200 hr. /year for lifetime warranty.

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At rated operation (100%) we don’t have to turn it on more

than 25 hr / year.

o Prime:
Usually used as Primary ‘there’s no transformer’ so it
become the main source such as “project in desert like oil
field, remote agricultural area”.
o Loading Rate:
At Rated operation (100%) in the catalogues we have to
turn it on 500 hr. /year for lifetime warranty, and if we
want (110%) in catalogues we have turn it on 25 hr. /year
and for a day only two hours.
o Continuous
Used in a constant load ‘Critical usage’.
o Loading Rate:
o Frequency Dip:
Frequency dip is when the engine cannot supply enough
power (kW) to support the load demand, causing a reduction
in engine RPM. When frequency dips occur, the generator
will sense a need for more fuel to increase RPMs and will
bring it back up to speed (typically 1800 rpms for 60 Hz or
1500 rpms for 50 hertz). The lag time to recover as well as a
drop in hertz is referred to as a frequency dip. Most loads are
tolerant of a frequency dip up to 10 Hz, but some
technologies can be more sensitive.

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S
pace Program and Selection for Generator:
• First, we calculate the total loads and dividing by the
utilization factor.

• Open the catalogue Section G to select the rating of the

generator and select the model no.
• Like:

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• Then we search in Section G with this engine model in

Gen types on the pages below and when we find it, we
take its dimensions and weight.

• Then we are going to select by prime engine corresponding

the engine type of standby model its attenuator with
acoustic treatment (to reduce the sound power level) or
without and the room dimensions from (SEG B).
• We must check on the width and height of the Generator to
be shorter than the intake hole to allow the Gen to enter the
room.

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• After this we take these values and make space program on

AutoCAD plan

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UPS
− UPS is an acronym for "Uninterruptible power supply",
it is a panel whose source of supply in the normal case is
the transformer, and if it is in the building, it works
instantaneously when the electricity is cut off and becomes
the main source of nutrition in this case until the generator
enters.
− The concept of making this type of panel is that the first-
time alternating current is converted into direct current, the
second time, the constant current is used to charge several
batteries, and then the direct current from the battery is
converted to alternating current again.
− The advantage of using UPS is the Continuity of work
during a power outage, where in the event of a power
outage; the user can achieve any work he does without
wasting any saved data for a specified period.

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➢ Types of UPS:
a) Offline,
b)Hybrid,
c) Online,
d)Line Interactive Ups.
➢ UPS components:
• Rectifier: Where it converts the AC current coming from
the main supply source into a DC current to charge the
batteries.
• Batteries: Used to store DC current.
• Inverter: it converts the DC current into AC current for
feeding the load again.
• Switch: to switching between two sources when detecting
that no power Pass through the line switch from AC supply
switching to UPS system.

a) Offline Ups:

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− It is preferable to use it in loads less than 10 KVA

− One of its most important features is an uncomplicated
design, small size, low cost, and high efficiency.
− One of its disadvantages is that there is no complete
isolation between the alternating current coming from the
main source and the load and the lack of regulation of the
voltage coming out of the UPS, and the transition time
from the main supply to the backup supply from the
batteries is relatively large.
b) Online Ups:

− It is used in loads exceeding 10 KVA.

− It is characterized by that the transition time from the main
supply to the backup supply is equal to zero and operates
under a wide range of voltage changes and regulates the
voltage of the main source.
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− The disadvantages of this type are the presence of high

harmonics or distortion of the current coming from the
main source due to the inverter and its low efficiency.
c) Hybrid Ups:

• We have changed the switch by Ferro resonant

Transformer which gave some charge to supply the load
until to make certain that the supply is off when this
happens the Ferro resonant Transformer switching between
Supply and UPS.

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d) Line Interactive Ups:

− This type is preferable to use it in loads less than 5 KVA,

such as web servers, and we note that in this type of the
inverter is always connected to the output of UPS.
− This type contains a tap - changing transformer, where the
function of this transformer is to regulate the input voltage
by changing the position of the taps.
− The advantage of this type is an uncomplicated design, low
cost, and high efficiency.

The disadvantages of it are that there is no complete isolation

between the alternating current coming from the main
source
➢ The UPS is selected based on two elements:

1) The value of the maximum current that it can feed.

2) The maximum duration of this feeding.

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Central battery

➢ CENTRAL BATTERY SYSTEM

• In short, Central Battery System for Emergency Lighting
means, that the backup power source for the Emergency
and Exit Lights is provided centrally. In other words, each
Emergency and Exit Light does not need to have a battery
or super capacitor of their own. Central Battery System is
often perceived as a solution for large buildings and sites,
but it may often pay off use a small Central Battery System
in a building with no more than twenty Emergency and
Exit Lights.

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➢ Function.
• A Central Battery System has a couple of advantages
over a self-contained Emergency Lighting System. Firstly,
because there are no batteries or super capacitors in the
luminaires themselves, there are fewer components to
maintain and service. This truly pays off, when the natural
life span of the batteries is coming to an end. With a
Central Battery System, the replacement of the batteries
can be done in one location, in contrast to Self-Contained
Emergency and Exit Lights, where the batteries must be
replaced one-by-one, in each luminaire.

➢ ADVANTAGES OF CENTRAL MONITORING

• A central monitoring system monitors all individual
components of an emergency lighting system, and gathers
all collected information to a single location. This makes
monitoring the system fast and easy, no matter how
complicated the location is. The system also records data

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about performed tests. Central monitoring systems can

be customized to fit the location perfectly.
• For example: depending on the chosen system, the user
could select a suitable time for an emergency light to
perform an independent battery test. If this light detects a
problem, it will inform the central monitoring system. The
system writes down all information about said test into a
log file and reports the issue to maintenance personnel via
selected contact method, such as email. Maintenance could
then locate said luminaire from a map view and take the
necessary actions.

❖Central battery Layout.

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➢ Sizing of UPS

• First, we should know the total demand load for UPS, and
then, we divide the value of the total load by diversity
factor = 0.8, and finally from the catalog, we get the width
& weight of UPS.
• For example: we have ups total critical load=40.455 kVA
• Then, we will divide the total load by 0.8

= 50.568 kVA

• Then take next standard.

• Then we will go to the catalog and get the weight and the
width of
UPS:

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➢ UPS Room Substation (Indoor):

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➢ Catalogs:
✓ Transformer:
• https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pUm0gjXd1ndJFnrLCHiC
g8-YXb7b4eCt/view?usp=sharing
✓ Generator
• https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mXklsA-
fYnaGeBCFPNkLozHT_OScNrUB/view?usp=sharing
✓ UPS
• https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rd-
VPSO3PaOsMl1Dovcc0YeuBZfr2JzC/view?usp=sharing

End of Ch_2

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Ch_3
Switchgear
1. Low Voltage switchgears:
➢ What is meant by switchgear?
• Switching/protection Point at different voltage levels to
provide security and privacy.
• Any electrical panel provides switching or protection or
control or both is switchgear, also P.F correction or
transition panel all this considered as switchgear.
➢ Switchgear components:
• Protection elements
- Overload
- Short circuit

• Switching elements
- Manual
- On load (LBS) & no load
(Isolators) disconnection

• Control elements
- Relay for control circuits (lower
rating than contactors) &
contactors for power circuits
- Selector switch & pushbutton
change the operation (on or
off...etc.)
- CT & VT transfer the high ratings to low ratings for the
relay of the C.B to take a decision (in MVSGs)
- Drives (mcc panels)

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• Measurements
- Calculate some features like (current, volt, P.F...)
and get these values from (CT & VT) measurements

• Indications
- Benefit to know if there is fault or power supply on or off
• Bus bars, cables, and wires
- Exist in any enclosure
• Terminal blocks and ducts
- Terminals for in and out cables
- Ducts for collecting internal wires to provide easy
maintenance
• Enclosure
- Outer frame that collects all previous elements
NOT NECESSARY FOR SWITCHGEARS TO HAVE ALL
THESE ELEMENTS
AND RATINGS WILL BE DIFFERENT FROM MV AND LV
BUT FOR MEASUREMENTS AND INDICITION NOTHING
WILL BE DIFFERENT

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1.1 LVSG- Eaton Free Stand Panel

• Construction
- Incoming cell W×D×H
(600*600*2000) mm
- Outgoing cell
(600+400) *600*2000 mm
- General section (can be p.f
correction)
(600/800/1000) *600*2000 mm

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Incoming
cell

Outgoing cell

• Main purpose
- Switching/protection point at different voltage level to
provide security and privacy
• Location
- MDB, SMDB, MCC, ATS, PFC (ACC. TO RATING)
• Rating
- 400/230 V, 6300 A(max)
• Connection
- Incoming cell: cable compartment can be up or down acc.
To the cell
- Outgoing cell: cable compartment can go up for cable trays
or down for cable trenches
• Rear access or Dead front
- Needs maintenance from behind or not (if main bus bar from
behind so it must be rear access)
“To make suitable sizing for LVSG you must know about LV
C.Bs which is installed in LVSG”

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LV C.Bs:
- MCB (up to 125A)
1pole=2cm*11c
m
Fixed size (no. of
poles=same size)

- MCCB (up to 1600A)

i. Not fixed size like (MCB) but have different frames.

ii. Frames of Eaton as an example:
1. 160A (all ratings lower than 160 A and equal are the
same size)
2. 250A
3. 630A
4. 1600A
“A Frame is the maximum rated current that can be carried
by this C.B, this ampere frame would be better if it was
higher than ampere trip for future extension and trip time for
selectivity.”

- ACB (from 630 to 6300A)

➢ Only two sizes (common):
• 630→3200 A
• 3200→6300A
• Worst case sizing (for type tested panel)
We size the cell acc. To C.Bs frame exist
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o 1-2 ACB per cell

o 10 MCCB frame 160A per cell
o 8 MCCB frame 250A per cell
o 5 MCCB fame 630A per cell
o 1-2 MCCB 1600A per cell
o P.F one cell up to 250 KVAR
o P.F double cell above 250KVAR
- Ex: 3ACB, 5→160A, 1→630A, 2→16
- Solution—2 incoming cells, 2 outgoing cells with
dimension (320*60*200) cm

• Accessibility
- Dead front: main bus bar takes a place in top of the cell (no
need for back space)
Rear access: main bus bar takes a place in the back, so you
must take a back space for your maintenance needs

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• Form of separation
- This shows the separation of dropper bus bar and live parts
for
protection

❖ The purpose of separation is:

• Protection against contact with live parts belonging to the

adjacent functional units.
• Limitation of the probability of initiating arc faults.
• Protection against the passage of solid foreign bodies from
one unit of an Assembly to an adjacent unit.

❖ The four forms of separations are:

▪ Form 1
▪ Form 2

• Form 2a
• Form 2b (Type 1 & Type 2)
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▪ Form 3

• Form 3a
• Form 3b (Type 1 & Type 2)

▪ Form 4

• Form 4a (Type 1, Type 2, Type 3 and Type 4)

• Form 4b (Type 5, Type 6 and Type 7)

➢ Schneider Free Stand Panel:

• Construction
- Incoming cell W×D×H
900*600*2000 (DEAD)
900*1000*2000
(REAR)
- Outgoing cell W×D×H
(900+400) *600*2000
cm (DEAD)
900*(600+400) *2000
cm (REAR)
• Top Entry
• Dead Front

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• Layout

1.2 LVSG- surface/recessed Panel:

• Construction

- Incoming MCCB

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- Earth (protection for the body metal panel) and Neutral

bars

- Mounting plate (breakers carrying plate ‘omega R’)

- Bus bar (connection to the MCB)

- Front plate (cover the wires and mounting plate but not the
C.Bs)

- Metal lock (the panel may be locked)

- Epoxy (powder coated for corrosion and insulator)

➢ Location
- MDB, SMDB, MCC, ATS, PFC (ACC. TO RATING)
• Rating
- 400/230 V, 1600 A(max)
• Dead front
• Arrangement type:
- Modular
i. Fixed length,
ii. Extension width

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- Fish bone
i. Fixed width,
ii. Extension length

• Cut Sheet:
- Eaton Surface/Recessed Mounted Panel (fishbone example)
- Very important to know the depth of the wall in flush
mounting

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• Layout
-closet or room

Type Tests & Routine Tests (IEC 61439-1):

TTA: “7” type test on the design -3 routine tests on each
assembly
PTTA: calculations not clearly defined to justify not to do some
type tests, “3” routine test

• There are 7-type test

1- Temp. Rise limits: max. temperature the cell can withstand
2- Dielectric Properties: testing the dielectric by applying
voltage to see how much it can withstand before breakdown
3- Short-circuit Withstand: higher value for S.C that cell can
handle during a certain time
4- Protective circuit effectiveness: check the circuits in
function units has an effective protection and fault clearance
at what values
5- Clearance and distances: knowing what the clearances
between current carrying parts inside the cell (that can
breakdown the insulation of mechanical operation
6- Mechanical Operation: checking the mechanical impact on
the cell and how much switching time can handle
7- Degree of protection: IP (ingress protection)
• There are 3- routine test
1- General inspection
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2- Insulation / Dielectric test

3- Protection Measurements
➢ Elimination Of TTA & PPTA (IEC 61439-2):
• Test assemblies (verified)
- Arrange the cell as you want
- Make a tested reference to get the values and make sure to
take a safety margin
- 10 routine tests instead of 3
➢ FREE STAND PANEL OR WALL/SURFACE MOUNTED?
i. Any ACB should be installed in free stand panel,
ii. There is overlapping between ratings of MCCB and ACB,
so what if I have a 1600 MCCB?
iii. Max. Arrangement to be wall mounted: with 4 outgoing
frame 160 (two in each side) with dimension for panel
(1*1.5) m.
Space Program:
A. Working Space

“Area that is specified and safe for the operator for a safe
maintenance with no hazards”
-Influenced with main factors:
▪ Installation conditions
▪ Operating voltage to ground

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-minimum clearances for working space

▪ Depth
▪ Width
▪ Height

B. Dedicated Space
“Area specified for the electrical equipment”
-forbidden that any discipline gets in the dedicated space
even above the gypsum board if exist and not allowed to
get in the room anyway only if that discipline serves the
room
Note that the electric room and equipment must not be close to
wet areas from all directions.
C. Assembly Types:
✓ Dead Front
✓ Rear Access

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➢ According to NEC Code Installation Conditions

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➢ Condition_1

➢ Condition_2

➢ Condition_3

• Deph of working space

- For low voltage

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- For medium voltage

• Width of working space

- width min. is 70cm or the width of panel if more

wide
- Door Opening only 90 degrees
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- Overlapping

• Height of working space 6.5 ft. (2m) or height of equipment

for not crossing any trays or disciplines in working space and
easy maintenance.
• Entrance and Egress:

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- Panels below (1200A or 1.8 m width)

- Panels above (1200A or 1.8 m width)

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“Note to take care of installation conditions and double

working space & Safety of the operator to run outside the
room”

• Personal Doors:
- Opening Direction (to outside)
- Panic bars

- Self-latch

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POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

➢ What is meant by Power Factor?
• The Power Factor (PF) is the ratio of the active power ‘P’ (kW) to
the apparent power ‘S’ (kVA).

• Value of PF ranges from 0 to 1.

• Equipment and appliances requiring reactive energy
- All AC equipment and appliances that include
electromagnetic devices, or
- depend on magnetically coupled windings, require some
degree of reactive
- Current to create magnetic flux.
- Examples:
o transformers
o reactors
o motors
o discharge lamps with magnetic ballast
➢ Why to improve PF?
- Technical/economic optimization
o Power factor improvement allows the use of smaller
transformers, switchgear, and cables, etc. as well as reducing
power losses and voltage drop in an installation

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o a high power factor allows the optimization of the

components of an installation, which results in:
i. Reduction of cable size
• Ampere is decreased so cross section area of cable
decrease
ii. Reduction of losses (P, kW) in cables
• Losses in cables are proportional to the current squared
iii. Reduction of voltage drop
• Power factor correction equipment reduce or even
cancel completely the (inductive) reactive current in
upstream conductors
iv. Increase in available power
• By improving the power factor of a load supplied from a
transformer, the current through the transformer will be
reduced, thereby allowing more load to be added.

➢ How to improve PF?

• Improving the power factor of an installation requires a
bank of capacitors which acts as a source of reactive energy.
This arrangement is said to provide reactive energy
compensation.

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• Example:
“A motor consumes 100 kW at a power factor of 0.75 (i.e.
tan ϕ = 0.88). To
Improve the power factor to 0.93 (i.e. tan ϕ = 0.4), the
reactive power of the
Capacitor bank must be:

✓ QC = 100 (0.88 - 0.4) = 48 KVAR”

• NOTE: over-compensation will produce a voltage rise.

- Equipment used to improve power factor at low voltage,
compensation is provided by:
i. Fixed-value capacitor
✓ One or more capacitor(s) to form a constant level of
compensation. In cases where the level of load is
reasonably constant (at the end load).
ii. Equipment providing automatic regulation, or banks which
allow
✓ Continuous adjustment according to requirements, as
loading of the installation changes,
✓ This kind of equipment provides automatic control of
compensation, maintaining the power factor within close
limits,
✓ Around a selected level. Such equipment is applied at
points in an,

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✓ installation where the active-power and/or reactive-

power

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Medium Voltage Switchgear

Distributer.

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The distributor is the starting point of the medium voltage

network (22/11 KV), and each distributor is responsible for
feeding a group of transformers in the surrounding area.

The distributor is only a group of medium voltage distribution

cells connected to each other by copper rods.

The distributor is used to receive electrical power from the main

transformer stations via medium voltage cables of different
capacities and voltage and to distribute them to secondary
distribution transformers of different capacities and voltage

-Main Purpose.
Take The Power from two Sources (Stations) -To increase
reliability – and distribute this power to no. of RMU.
-Main Construction.

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1-BusCoupler: To stand the CB on it ‘due its heavy Wight so

can’t stand horizontal must be vertical + some of its
properties will damaged if stand horizontal’
2-BusRiser: complete the shape of coupler.
3- Incoming cells: ‘on the left of Bus coupler’
4-Outgoing cells: ‘on the right of Bus Coupler’
5-Breaker: Protection ‘SF6 or Vacuum’ - SF6 better in isolation
but harmful to environmental- The rated of I.C. Cells 1250A and
O.G. 630A.
6- Bus bar: For connection and Distribution.
-Location:

-Rating: (22KV/30MVA -11KV/15MVA)

If tie in with 22KV the power will be 30MVA’in new
countries’
If tie in with 11KV the power will be 15MVA ’in old
countries’

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-Construction in Each cell:

1-Arc chamber: The weakest point in the cell – because if a
fault occurs the cell remains intact-
2-low voltage wire-way: for entry panel cables.
3-Low voltage compartment: contains “Relays, contactor,
metering & indication lamps “and Feed from batteries.
4-Busbar compartment: connect the cell with others cells.
5-Vacuum CB compartment: Protection.
6- Automatic shutters: To avoid dust and any Rodents when we
remove CB.
7-Circuit Earth Switch: using in maintenance to discharge any
charge.
8- Current Trans.: Step Down the current to low current to be
easily used in low voltage components.
9-Voltage Trans.: Same function of CT.
10-Cable termination: connection from Trans (66/22) and
distributer.
11- Earth bar.

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• Cut-sheet: EATON (Air Insulated-Vacuum C.B):

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• Rearcapture:

Layout: Distributer building (outdoor)

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Battery

It supplies the protection devices with appropriate voltages, as well

as feeding the separation and connecting coils of the circuit breaker.
and feed the light bulbs and feed the emergency lights.

Battery charger

Its use is to charge the batteries and feed the protective devices as
long as they are fed through the auxiliary transformer located in the
distributor building. If the auxiliary transformer is disconnected the
feeding will be from batteries.

• Indoor:

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Ring Main Unit (RMU):

-
Construction:

Incoming: feed from another RMU or from Distributor

Outgoing: to another RMU or to Trans. (Loads)
-Main purpose:

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Switching/protection Point at different

Voltage levels to provide security and privacy

-location:

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# Ring main units can be characterized by their type of

insulation: Air, Oil OR Gas.

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-RMU Constructions:

(3-way-In/OUT/Feeder-)

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(4-way)

-Cut sheet:
*ABB (GIS-RMU):

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-Layout:
(GIS)

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(AIS)

End of Ch_3
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Schematic Design

Ch_4
Lighting and small power design
INDOOR LIGHTING DESIGN
➢ What is light?
Light are Electromagnetic waves having a specific
wavelength between 380 and 750 nm which is visible to the
human eye.
➢ Why we light up the place:
To lighting and show the beauty of the place.

➢ Main Parameters for Good Lighting Design:

1. Safety: A safety light ensures that you are visible to others,
reducing the risk of accident dark or dangerous situation.

2. Visual comfort: should be a major consideration when

designing buildings is characterized by enough natural light,
artificial light, good glare control, etc.

3. Mood Atmosphere: using your lights can give your room or

space the right atmospheric feel like soft lights, Mood
lighting

4. Visibility: The smaller the detail the higher Illuminance is

required to see the subject

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➢ Fundamentals and Terminologies:

✓ Luminous Flux (φ):
• It Is the amount of visible light emitted by the light
source,
• Unit: lumen (lm),
• Lumen = light output = brightness

✓ Luminous Intensity (I)

• The quantity of visible light that is emitted in a given

direction,

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• Unit: candela (cd)

✓ Illuminance (E)
• quantity of light falling on a unit of surface,
• Unit: lm/m² (lux)

✓ Types of Illuminance:
• Horizontal Illuminance: when the surface on which
the light falls is horizontal, as the case with desks and
floors

• Vertical Illuminance: when the surface on which the

light falls is vertical, as the case with walls or windows.

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✓ Illuminance Uniformity (U0)

• It refers to the uniformity of lighting in a room or place.
To make sure that everything is perfectly visible in this
room,
• Equal to the ratio of the minimum lighting level to the
average lighting level,
• Unit: Emin / Eav

✓ Luminance (L)
• Luminance is the amount of light that the eye perceives
after it strikes a given surface. Measures the brightness of
a light source after it strikes,
• Unit:
cd/m2

✓ Luminous Efficacy:
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• is the way you can measure the efficiency of a light,

Luminous efficacy shows how well a light source produces
visible light. It’s the ratio of light emitted, to the power
consumed by a lamp.

✓ Glare :
• Caused by excessive and uncontrolled brightness between
two different surfaces. It can be disabling or simply
uncomfortable.
❖ There are two forms of glare:
• Disability glare is the reduction in visibility caused by
intense light sources in the field of view
• discomfort glare is the sensation of annoyance or even
pain induced by overly bright sources

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✓ Color Temperature :
• color temperature describes the light color of an
artificial light source,
• Unit: (°K)

➢ We usually differentiate between the following three-color

temperature levels:
• Warm white :2000K to
3000K
• Neutral white: 3000K to
5000
• Daylight white > 5300K
✓ Color Rendering Index:

➢ It’s the measurement of light in relation to how it

affects the appearance of color.

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• It takes a scale from 0 to 100,

• CRI for sun is 100
• the higher end of the scale will produce a more
accurate color rendering of the objects around it

➢ Diverse Light Sources

➢ CRI Between 0 and 70

• Fluorescent tubes
• Low pressure sodium vapor luminaires
• High pressure sodium vapor luminaires

➢ CRI Between 70 and 90

• Standard LED lights
• Several fluorescent tubes

➢ CRI Between 90 and 100

• High fidelity LED lamps
• Incandescent lamps
• Halogen lamp

➢ Beam angle
• The beam angle of a lamp is the angle at which the light is
distributed or emitted.
• Equal to double the angle between the max. Luminous
intensity and half the max Luminous intensity

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➢ Types of Beam angles

• narrow spot: Smaller than 10 degrees
• spot :10-20 degrees
• flood: 21-30 degrees
• wide flood: 31-40 degrees
• very wide flood: Bigger than 40 degrees

➢ Classifications of Luminaires
✓ Surface Mounted Luminaire :
• Surface mounted lights are mounted directly on the
ceiling

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• Recessed Mounted Luminaire:

➢ Its size 60X60 or 30X60 cm.
➢ It usually used in males, factories, offices.
➢ The housing of this type is inside the walls.

• Suspended Luminaire:

• This type of hang from the ceiling by a rod, cord, or

chain.
• Suspended fixtures provide ambient and important
lighting.
• It uses variety of bulbs including incandescent, LED,
and linear fluorescent lamps.
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• It’s good choice for places with high ceilings like

factories.

• Wall Mounted Luminaires :

➢ they are ideal for economical indirect lighting

➢ used for decoration
• Down light
Down lights direct the light downwards to focus on
illuminating the area below
➢ Types of downlights
Recessed Down lights: are the most popular type and is
usually used in hotels, and offices
Surface Down lights is the type commonly used in homes or
commercial buildings
Pendant Luminaires are chosen for aesthetic reasons to suit
the surrounding design.

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• Hay bay
➢ Used in a large area with high ceilings at range of 20
feet to 45

• Up light :
➢ Used for decoration in public areas, have a high Ik to avoid
shocks

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• Under Water IP68 :

➢ Usually used in wet areas

• Flood Light :
➢ Usually use in stadiums and open areas .

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• So, what are main types of ceiling?

• Surface,
• Recessed.
Includes:
1- Gypsum board,
2- suspended
❖Gypsum board:
• This type used for decoration
• Consist of gypsum core. This gypsum core is non-
combustible
• The suitable light source is spots, led

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❖Surface:
• This is the conventional type of ceiling.
• Used in homes

❖Recessed.
• Recessed ceiling used to hide ducts and cables in case of
using central air conditioning.
• Consists of slabs usually 30x60 or 60x60 cm
• It usually used in factories and any places have central air
conditioning
• Built in a distance between (0.6:1) m from concrete

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❖IP Classification System

➢ IP code classifies the degree of protection provided by an

enclosure, for electrical equipment
➢ It consists of two numbers, the first number indicates the
protection of dust 0:6, the second number indicates the
protection of moisture 0:8.

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❖IK Classification System

➢ This indicates the degree of protection provided for

the equipment from the external mechanical impacts
(shocks).
➢ Takes values from (0:10)

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❖Types of light sources

Filament lamps
➢ Incandescent
➢ Halogen (tungsten)
Gas discharge lamps
➢ Fluorescent
➢ High pressure sodium
➢ Low pressure sodium
➢ High pressure mercury
➢ Metal halide
LED

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• Filament lamp:

➢ Theory of operation
• Contains a thin coil of wire called the filament. This heats
up when an electric current passes through it and produces
light as a result.
➢ Types of filament lamp
• Incandescent lamp
• halogen lamp

❖ incandescent:

➢ theory of operation:
• When an object is made hot, the atoms inside the object
become thermally excited. The outer orbit electrons of the
atoms jump to higher energy level due to the supplied
energy. The electrons on these higher energy levels are not
stable; they again fall back to lower energy levels. While
falling from higher to lower energy levels, the electrons
release their extra energy in a form of photons. These
photons are then emitted light.
✓ The filling gas (argon, nitrogen)
✓ Color: warm white (2600:2900) k
✓ Short Lifetime (1500)

➢ The advantages:
• Used as decorative lamps
• It is available in various shapes, sizes, and applications.
• It can be switched ON immediately.

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• It is not expensive

➢ disadvantages
• It is energy inefficient.
• It is warm source of light and hence requires air
conditioning to cool the room.
• It generates low lumen per watt. Ordinary incandescent
bulbs produce about 5 to 20 lumens per watt. This means it
has lower efficacy.

❖ Halogen lamp :
✓ Its theory of operation is same as the incandescent lamp,
but it’s painted by halogen to length its lifetime.
✓ Used in shops, landscape, and gallery
✓ Short lifetime 2000hrs
✓ Warm white (3200) k

➢ Advantages:
• Compact size: The small and varying shapes of halogen
bulbs makes them excellent choices for low smaller
fixtures, and they can direct light in spot beam angles.
• Dimmable: Halogen bulbs dim very well making them
excellent for homes and restaurants
• High CRI = 100

➢ Disadvantages
• More costly than incandescent
• Emit a LOT of heat. It can be very uncomfortable to sit
under halogen bulbs in a kitchen, workspace etc.
• Cannot be touched with hands

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• Short Lifetime: which averages about 2000 hours

• Changing bubs every 6 months is costly and time
consuming.

❖ Gas Discharge Lamp:

• based on a glass tube contains stable gas at low pressure when
supplied high voltage between the two electrodes the gas
inside the tube gets ionized as result of this the light is
produced
• the color of the light depends on the gas inside the tube

✓ Types of discharge lamp:

Low-pressure Discharge
• Low-pressure lamps have working at pressure less than
atmospheric pressure. Like the fluorescent lamps, and the
sodium lamps. They have a long-life span

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✓ Fluorescent lamps
• Was the most common lamp in office lighting and many
other applications,
• Fluorescent lamps work by ionizing mercury vapor in a
glass tube. This causes electrons in the gas to emit
ultraviolet radiation and the pusher coating absorbs this
UV radiation and emit visible light.
• It produces up to 100 lumens per watt and operates at a
pressure about 0.3% of atmospheric pressure.
✓ Types of Fluorescent :
1. Taupe compact

✓ Low pressure sodium lamps

✓ Low pressure sodium producing up to 200 lumens per watt,
✓ CRI: very poor color rendering (0)
✓ Color: yellow
✓ Used: suitable for street lighting because of the ability of
yellow color to penetrate fog.

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High-Pressure Discharge
✓ The working pressure of these lamps is higher than
the atmospheric pressure.
✓ There are Different categories in this type such as metal
halide lamps, high-pressure sodium lamps, and high-
pressure sodium mercury lamps.

➢ Types of High-Pressure Discharge

1. High-pressure sodium
✓ More expensive than low pressure
✓ Color: yellow (has the ability penetrate fog)
✓ USED: - Street lighting, Commercial areas - plant growing
in green house

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2. Metal halide lamps

✓ produce almost white light
✓ And attain 100 lumen per watt light output.
✓ Used (app): include indoor lighting of high buildings like
factories, parking, shops, and outdoor lighting like
playgrounds
✓ it does not cause glare in the eye due to the intensity of
high light
✓ Lifetime 10000 hrs.

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3. High pressure mercury-vapor lamps.

✓ This lamp type is the oldest high pressure lamp type, being
replaced in most applications by the metal halide lamp
✓ Light Color: white
✓ CRI: 40:50%
✓ Efficiency: Low Efficiency (30 to 65 lumen/Watt)
✓ Used (App): For outdoor areas/ parking, streets, farm light
and factories
✓ Lifetime: 8000:1000hrs
✓ Starting: take 4 min to reach to 80% of its light
The difference between high- and low-pressure
sodium

LOW HIGH
Energy Efficiency More efficient less efficient
CRI 0 20:80 %
Starting 10:20 2:4
Lifetime 15,000 to 20,000 6,000 to 24,000
Hours hours

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❖ LED

• A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that

emits light when an electric current flows through it.

➢ Theory of operation
• The P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is
applied to it.
How??
✓ When a voltage is applied across the p-n junction from the
electrodes. electrons combine with holes at the p-n junction
✓ Thus, the energy level of the holes will be lesser than the
energy levels of the electrons. Some portion of the energy
must be dissipated to recombine the electrons and the holes.
This energy is emitted in the form of light.

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➢ Types of LED
1) Tube,
2) Compact
➢ advantages
• High efficacy (lumen/watt)
• High lifetime up to 70,000hr
• Low temperature
• Different colors (RGB)
• No maintenance
• Color Rendering up to 90%
• Small Size

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➢ How to read code:

• First number indicates the

color rendering
By multiplying it * 10

• Second & third indicates color

temperature
By multiplying it * 100

❖ Control Gear
Ballasts
✓ If you outfit your buildings with fluorescent, HID, or plug-
and-play linear LED lighting, you depend on a device
called ballast.
✓ Ballast is used to control, regulate, and ultimately stabilize
the light output of the lamp.

In a fluorescent lighting system, the ballast regulates the

current to the lamps and provides sufficient voltage to start
the lamps. Without a ballast to limit its current, a
fluorescent lamp connected directly to a high voltage
power source
Not all types of led need ballast

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❖ Type of ballast:

➢ Magnetic Ballast

Magnetic ballast uses coiled wire and creates magnetic

fields to transform voltage.
It does not change the frequency of the power to the lamp
These types of ballasts for fluorescent lighting

❖ Electronic Ballast

Electronic ballast uses solid state

components to transform voltage.
It also changes the frequency of the power and more
efficiently

❖ LED Drivers
➢ The LED driver used to drive the
power that is being given to the
LED.
➢ While LED work on DC power at
low voltage between (2:4) v. we use
drivers to convert AC into DC and
help to keep them protected from
any power surges that might occur.

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How to read color codes:

• By multiplying the first number X 10 represents the Color rendering.

• By multiplying the second digit X 100 represents the color temperature.

How to specify the lux of applications?

According to the Egyptian code and code CIBCE we select the
suitable lux for the applications.

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DIALux Red
Steps for distributing lighting by the DIALux program.

1. Make sure that cad is saved in 2007 model and the building
is exploded.
2. Import the cad file to DIALux from file list then select
import dwg file (which refers to the cad file and select the
unit of cad file then press finish.

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3. Specify the dimensions of room by insert new room &

right click on the room and select draw rectangle or
polygon then change the height of ceiling to the determined
height.

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4. From luminaire selection list, choose Philips catalog or any

available company in Egypt.
5. After determining the ceiling type and application of the
room, we select the suitable luminaire code and press adds.
6. Right click on the room and choose insert luminaires then
select the suitable arrangement (field, line (used in narrow
corridors) or individual)
7. Determine the work plane and wall zone value.

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8. Write the suitable lux according to the application and

determine the ceiling type.

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9. Then calculate the average lux and uniformity from the

calculation icon

10.Then view the report which contains the average lux and
uniformity.

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11.Export the DIALux file to cad, from file list, select

export then save dwg file.

12- Remove all except the luminaires and the description of

luminaires put them in a
legend

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DIALux Evo
❑ The difference between EVO and red
- In EVO we can see the whole building in 3D and with all
floors not only one floor
- There is interaction between indoor and outdoor scenes
- We can import IFC (for BIM tools as Revit)
- In EVO the standard of lighting is being set in setting
without returning to catalogs
• Note:
“Before inserting your plan on DIAlux Evo makes sure that
you do these following orders on AutoCAD:
1. Explode all blocks,
2. Purge all object,
3. Overkill all plan.”

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• Starting menu: for new project select “Outdoor and

building planning or import plan or IFC”,

• From files → Setting → General

Setting,

• To modify Saving time or save

location,

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• From file → Setting →

Standards

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• Chose uniformity calculation law, maintenance factor

value if
fixed

• When you start new project:

1. From horizontal taps select construction tap,

2. From vertical tap select plans as you see in image above.

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• Click “load plan” then choice your plan to upload it on

DIALux
Evo

• Set your
coordinates,

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• And select your plan

unit

• From vertical taps choice “Site” then “Draw new

building”,

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• Then draw your building as you

see,

• From Tap “Story and building construction” choice “draw

new
room”,

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• Draw your
rooms,

• From “space tap” can edit your rooms name, height, wall
zone, work plan height, room
application,

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• As you see

• “From furniture and object tap” you can set your

furniture,

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• From “Apertures” you can set your doors and

windows,

• From “celling tap” you can draw celling if Evo can’t read
your plan celling

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• From “material tap” you can colored your walls, furniture,

and all thing in your building

• If you need to cut wall use “Cutout Tap” ,

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• From “Room element Tap” you can add ramp,

column…..etc.

• From light Tap:

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• Set your luminaires

• Then run calculation and check for Uniformity and Average

lux,

• Standard → To Calculate the project overall.

• Fast → to calculate the selected Room.
• First results: The Task results.

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• Second results: The Surrounding area results.

• Third results: The Background area results.
• Note: The green light is for achieve the LUX not Uo too.
• For 3D view,

• Calculation object to calculate the lux at specific area such as:

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•
• Light scene to make emergency or normal lighting fixture,

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• To save your project click file and save as or save,

• From export to export your project as cad file,

• Note: You can control what layers that you need to appear in AutoCAD file.

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• From documentation to save all thing about your project

from views, luminaire list, calculation…. etc. as Pdf,

• Documentation→ Show entire doc→ Save as → PDF

• Note: You can choose pages you want to print not all pages.
• From brands if you need more manufacturing or products,

• Note: You can download any catalog for luminaires or furniture or any material in
DIALux from this tab.

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Note,

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Lighting In CAD

Acc.to Egyptian code :

Legend:

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Small power

• Small power electrical equipment includes all the unfixed

devices, products and appliances commonly plugged in to
the electricity network in an office environment.

• Power concept according to load

1. General use:
Such as: the normal use in normal conditions.
2. According to furniture
In places that we can’t but the normal sockets because of
furniture
3. Special uses:
In factories, kitchen, hospitals…...

➢ Sockets
• One of Electrical Outlets (Connection Devices) to connect
the machine into electricity

❖ Firstly, what is the difference between sockets and plug?

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➢ There is more type of sockets:

1. SOCKETS ACCORDING TO INSTALLATION TYPE

• Surface mounted

• Flush mounted

2. SOCKETS ACCORDING TO CONTROLING

• Normal

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• Switched

3. SOCKETS ACCORDING TO PLUGIN TYPE

❖ In Egypt:
I. Past: using type C
II. Nowadays: using type F

4. Normal sockets
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▪ General use sockets

✓ Standard rating of normal socket:10 A, 16 A
✓ Most common rating 16A
✓ Volt Ampere for single socket: 250 VA Acc.to E.C
✓ Mounting height
*30 cm from ground (public use)
*120 cm from ground (Kitchen, laps, mechanical rooms)
✓ Number of Pins
• 2 Pins (line + Neutral)
• -2 Pins with side earth (line + Neutral+ side earth)
• -3 Pins (line + Neutral+ earth
5. GENERAL USE SOCKET WIRING

According to Egyptian code

6. POWER SOCKETS
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✓ It used in power equipment like: A.C, water pump,

Heaters
• Most common rating 20 A
• Mounting height
• 120 cm from ground (Kitchens, labs, ...)
• 120 cm from ground (mechanical rooms)
✓ Number of Pins
• 2 Pins (line + Neutral)
• 2 Pins with side earth (line + Neutral+ side earth)
• 3 Pins (line + Neutral+ earth)
Power sockets: larger than 1 KVA

7. POWER SOCKET WIRING

• We must put one power socket in 1 Linea

Some rule from Egyptian code

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8. INDUSTRIAL SOCKETS

• It used in large power equipment

• Used in factories, IT room
✓ Most common rating 32A-100A-
125A
✓ Number of Pins
They are available in 3, 4 and 5 pin
✓ For 1ph (3 pins) “line, neutral,
earth”
✓ For 3ph (4 pins or 5 pins)
✓ For 4 pins “3ph, neutral”
✓ For 5 pins “3ph, neutral, earth”
9. UPS SOCKETS

• Sockets just like normal socket but

getting it is power from UPS(EMDP)
not from (MDP)

10. WATER SOCKETS

• It used in wet areas like

kitchen, bathrooms, corridors,
outdoor
• It is a normal socket but with a
cover. “IP44”

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11. FLOOR BOX

• It’s a group of sockets and

outlets in one box.
• It used in offices, meeting
rooms ….

12. FURNATURE
BOX

• It is the same as floor box,

but it is on furniture

13. TABLE SOCKETS

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➢ For Special Applications Requirements

14. EXPLOSION PROOF
• Is a special socket used in labs,
gas, or oil stations because this
socket isn’t making any arc
with connect or disconnect?

15. BHU
• It used in a
hospitals

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16. TRUCKING SOCKET

• It is a moveable socket, this kind used in place has a lot of
change in position of the furniture

17. JUNCTION BOX

• It used for Special equipment which required direct
termination with electrical source. And can’t switch on or
off
• Such as” fire alarm control panel, ATM, garage entry”

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Types of switches
1. One way one gang switch
The single pole switch is the general-purpose workhorse of
switches. Single pole switches turn a light, receptacle or device
on and off from a single location. A characteristic of a single
pole toggle switch is that
It has an on and off marking on the switch

2. one way two gang switch

- The double pole switch also has "on" and "off" markings
and functions similar to a single pole but have 2 pole switch
in that it turns something on and off from one
location

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3. Two way one gang switch

- Used To control on only one group of loads (lamps) from

two places

The connection of one way and Two-way switch

The following switches are some types but not used in low
medium voltage but uses in DC current
4. Single pole, single throw switch(SPST)

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5. Single pole double throw switch (SPDT)

6. Double pole single throw switch (DPST)

7. Double pole double throw switch (DPDT)

8. Push button switch

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9. Limit switch pressure switch

Pressure switch

Temperature switch

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Float switch

Disconnect Switch
Any machine needed to switch off the power on it for any reason
to clean it or to fix it, there are so many reasons to turn off power
so that we need to use Switch to connect or disconnect power,
Disconnect Switch (Insulator, Load break switch)
Insulator: mainly used as the main switch in low voltage and
isolating loads during maintenance only
Operation on: no load
No fuse inside it
Rated current: 16, 20, 25, 32, 40, 63, 80, 100, 125, 160A
Load Break Switch
Switches are designed to isolate an electrical circuit from power
source under load condition (can be closed or open on existing
energized line)
As insulator but can be switching from it because operates on
load, have Fused inside it

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➢ THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

✓ Load break switch “LBS”
✓ Isolator switch

Load break switch “LBS” Isolator switch

• It used to isolate an • It mainly used for
electrical circuit from power maintenance because it can
source under load condition Operates on no load so we
• It Can be closed or opened can isolate the electrical
while current is still passing circuit from the power supply
through circuit while no current is passing

• Rated current for both: 16A*-20A* -25A*-32A-40A-63A-

80A-100A-125A-160A

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MEP
• In first, what does MEP refer to?
✓ In the construction world, it refers to “Mechanical,
Electrical, Plumbing”

✓ MEP systems are a building’s central nervous system. It is

responsible for the “creature comfort” features of a
structure, and it makes the building livable.

✓ MEP system consists of:

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1. HVAC SYSTEM
“Heating Ventilation Air Condition”

➢ Compressor: it makes the

pressure of gas increase
According to
P=Volume *Temperature
“Vol: constant “
Then the temperature increase.

➢ Condenser: It reduces the

temperature of the gas that coming from the compressor.

➢ Expansion valve: It causes a sudden drop in pressure and thus

the temperature drops significantly
So, expansion valve is the main component that makes cool
quickly.

➢ Evaporator: it makes heat exchange in room

HVAC consistent of:

1- Cooling & Heating System
2- General Ventilation
3- Fire Scenarios Ventilation

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1.1 cooling & Heating system

1.1.1 DX system
"Direct Expansion Systems"

✓ This one of Cooling & Heating systems in it we control on

the air directly, this type is commonly used in homes
because it used in low rise buildings.

➢ It consists of 3 categories:

- Split unit:
-Its application:

• Used in low rise buildings

• Special require such as UPS rooms
and data center
As we need at all time at low
temperature or same temperature

✓ it consists of 2 units "outdoor & indoor”

➢ electrical feeding:
• From DP to Circuit Breaker (for protection) to Disconnect
Switch (for maintenance) to Outdoor unit to Indoor unit

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- Package unit:

• It is located at the roof; it is a central cooling unit that feeds

the building with air through the duct
• But it has a defect, which is the lack of temperature
control, and to solve this defect, the VAV terminals were
used, which can control the air flow, which is the rate of
flow of cold air in the area

➢ Electrical feeding:

➢ From MDB (Main

Disruption Board) to
Disconnect Switch to
MCC (Motor Control
center) to Unit

- VRF/VRV
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“Variable refrigeration flow/volume”

➢ It is an outdoor unit that feeds indoor units, it seems like

package unit, but these systems provides high level of safe
energy and efficiency and provide flexibility and gives to the
user full control of the environmental
temperatures.

➢ System Components:
• Roof top condensing unit
• Indoor units
• Piping

➢ Electrical feeding:

1.1.2 chilled water system

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➢ Instead of using Freon cooling, water cooling is done,

because the water efficiency is better, and it can keep its
temperature for long distance

➢ there are two types for

chillers:
1-Electric driven

• Air cooled
• Water cooled
2-Absorption chillers (Gas Driven)
A) Air cooled:
The same cooling cycle but with the heat out of the condenser

➢ System components:
• Chiller

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• Water pump
• FCU or AHU for large space
➢ Electrical feeding:

B) Water cooled
• Same as air cooled but with
additional cooling tower to
increase system efficiency

➢ System components:
• Chiller

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• Water pump
• FCU or AHU for large space
• Cooling tower

➢ Electrical feeding:

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1.2 VENTILATION
• A general ventilation system may also be used to control
temperate and humidity within the workplace. General
ventilation is sometimes called dilution ventilation or fresh
air ventilation.

1.2.1 Basement ventilation

• Fans are made in various places such as garages to remove
car exhaust and fumes and control of indoor air quality

Jet fan Exhaust fan Fresh

air fan

➢ Electrical feeding:

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1.2.2 Kitchen ventilation

➢ Components:
✓ Individual small fans
✓ Central ducted roof top fans
✓ Hood for smoke extraction above ovens

1.2.3 Toilet ventilation

➢ Components:
✓ Individual small fans
✓ Central ducted roof top fans

1.3 FIRE SCINARIO

• A building is divided into several smoke zones
• When supposing a fire happen in zone No. 2
• Pressure fans start operating and increase the pressure, thus
preventing the transfer of smoke to other zones because
smoke moves from the lowest pressure to the highest
• So, the smoke comes out through the exhaust fan without
affecting the other zones.

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In cable in this system must be fire resistance cable

(LSF0H)

2. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

2.1 water
system
• Sprinklers: it detects
heat and then increase
pressure and it works
on the exit of water
and extinguishing the
fire.

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➢ System Components
• Primary pump (operation)
• Secondary pump (stand by)
• Jockey pump

➢ Electrical feeding:

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2.2 Gas system

• Used in Electric & Low current
rooms to avoid destroying
Sensitive equipment
• Gases (FM200, CO2)
• Co2: is a cheap gas but it causes
suffocation, so it is used in places
where no one can be such as:
generator and electrical rooms

• FM200: it is safe, so it uses at offices and indoor building

3. Plumping system
3.1 Domestic water supply
• we use it mostly for residential buildings and there are two
types of it:

3.1.1 normal water:

• To pump
regular water
into the
building

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3.1.2 Hot water

• this for water heaters to pump hot water and its load is
very small so we usually but it on DB panels

3.2 Drainage
Drainage pump:

• They are Submersible Water pumps where they

compress the wastewater and then take it out during low
levels such as bathrooms in pumps where they compress the
wastewater and then take it out during low levels such as
bathrooms in the basement of the building
• Always is connected to emergency panels due to its
important role in any building, we use industrial socket for it

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3.3 Irrigation

4. Low current
• It is a small current for some special systems inside
the building as

4.1 fire alarm control panels

• it is a panel for fire alarm has a detector for smoke and
heat

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4.2 Access control panel

4.3 CCTV
It is a “closed circuit television”

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➢ Practical on Revit:
✓ Distribute sockets as you see as a designer and
according to NEC code (single socket 180 VA, duple
socket 360 VA), furniture.
✓ Then call the circuit as (1R, 1Y, 1B, 2R, 2Y, 2B, and so
on) for single phase.
✓ Then call the circuit as (1R Y B, 2R Y B, and so on) for
three phases.
✓ Remember, according to the Egyptian code, that one
circuit is 2000 VA
✓ Remember; draw the legend on cad by symbol’s
definitions.
✓ MEP loads is feeding from LBS (normal, Emergency,
UPS according to other sections required)
✓ Then create the panel schedule and consider the
unbalanced percentage.
✓ Light current loads are feeding from power socket
(UPS).
✓ Pressurized fan, exhaust fan is feeding from
(Emergency).
✓ Fire pump is feeding from (Normal, Emergency by
ATS).
✓ Smoke fan is feeding from (Emergency).

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Practical on CAD:
1. Small power
1. We distribute sockets according to furniture, whether the sockets
are double or single.
According to NEC code (single socket 180 VA, duple
socket 360 VA), furniture.

LEGEND:

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End of Ch.4

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Ch.5
Power Cable & Circuit Breaker
1. Circuit Breaker:
• An electrical circuit breaker is a switching device that can be
operated automatically or manually for protecting and
controlling the electrical power system .it prevent situations
which simply cut off the remaining circuit such as short
circuit and overload

➢ What is the importance of C.B?

✓ Protect the circuit from:
• Overload current,
• short circuit current,
✓ Protect the Machine & people
➢ circuit breaker has two types of tripping unit:
Thermal Tripping Unit: the thermal tripping unit is
used for protection against overloading. It uses a bi-
metallic material that bends with a change in temperature.
The rate of bending of the bi-metallic strip depends on the

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amount of current. The greater the overloading current,

faster the circuit breaker trips.

Magnetic Tripping Unit: The magnetic trip unit is

used for protection against short circuit current. it includes
a solenoid that produced a strong magnetic field due to
high short circuit current to instantly trip the circuit break

❖ Trip curve.

• The horizontal X-axis represents the

current flowing through the circuit
breaker. While the Y-axis represents the
tripping time of the circuit breaker.
• The thermal region shows the response of
the bimetallic contact trip unit during
overcurrent. The curve shows that the
circuit breaker’s tripping time reduces
with an increase in the current.
• While the magnetic region shows the response of the short
circuit current, and the thermal region shows the response of
the overload current.

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❖ Types of circuit breaker:

1- High voltage
• Sf6 C.B,

• Vacuum C.B,

• Oil C.B,

• Air C.B.

2- Low voltage
• MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker),

• MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker),

• Air C.B.

1.1 Low voltage circuit breaker

1- MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)
• This type used for low-energy requirements, like home
applications, lighting, or small electronic circuits

• Normally not adjustable

• Location (Final Branch

Panels)

• Rating current (16:125) A

• Short circuit capacity may be

up to 25 kA

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• Have (1:4) poles

• Available for three phase and single phase.

Types of MCB:

2- MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker)

• This type is higher capacity than MCB
about (16: 1600) A and used as main
C.B in high power equipment

• The possibility of adjustable current to

suit the nature of the load

• The short-circuit current is up to

(100KA)

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• The separation arm has three positions ON – OFF –

TRIPPED

• (3:4) poles

• The CB current has two values

✓ Frame Size Rating: is the maximum current which the

breaker will withstand for a long time

✓ Trip current: it is the current set to trip the circuit

3- ACB (AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER)

• Rating capacity (630 :6300)

• Location: after transformer

• The separation arm has three positions ON – OFF

- TRIPPED

• May be adjustable

• The short-circuit current is up to (150KA)

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- ELCB (Earth Leakage CB)

• The main purpose of the Earth leakage circuit

breaker (ECLB) is to protect humans &
animals from electric shock

• ELCB is designed to detect current difference

between Phase (Live) and Neutral

• the most widely used ELCB are 30mA and 100

mA
✓ 30 mA for humans
✓ 100 mA for equipment
✓ 300 mA

❖ In case of three phase system the ELCB compare the

difference between the three-line phase and the neutral with
the adjusted setting Val

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Sizing “according to Egypt Code”

1- Calculate the Load Current (Ib).
❖ For Single Phase Loads:
𝑝=𝑉∗𝐼𝑏∗𝑝.𝑓
𝑆=𝑉∗𝐼𝑏
❖ For 3Phase Loads:
𝑝=𝑠𝑞𝑟𝑡 (3) ∗𝑉∗𝐼𝑏∗𝑝. 𝑓
S=𝑠𝑞𝑟𝑡 (3) ∗𝑉∗𝐼𝑏
Where P. F= 0.8 or 0.85

2- Take the next standard

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❖ Selectivity:
➢ If selectivity is provided:
When a fault occurs (Overload or Short-circuit) The protection
device closes to the fault open,
➢ If selectivity is NOT provided:
When a fault occurs (Overload or Short-circuit) Both the
upstream & downstream protection devices could open.

According to IEC60947-2
• Total selectivity: over-current selectivity where, in the
presence of two over-current protective devices in series,
the protective device on the load side effects the protection
without causing the other protective device to operate,
•
• Partial selectivity: over-current selectivity where, in the
presence of two over-current protective devices in series,
the protective device on the load side effects the protection
up to a given level of over-current, without causing the
other protective device to operate.

Note: When choosing between an MCB and an MCCB,

it is important to consider the amount of power that will
be coursing through the device. As mentioned above,
MCCB is more suited for higher energy due to its better
capacity. Of course, when it comes to home use, the
MCB is usually the circuit breaker of choice. For heavier
power requirements that go beyond the 2,500 amps
ceiling of the MCCB, medium or high-voltage circuit
breakers are the next best choice.
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2. Power Cable:
The function of Cable is
• Transmit power
• Distribute power
❖Classification of power cables

➢ Classification of MV cables:

✓ Conductor:
• AL
• CU

✓ Conductor screen / shield

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• Thin semi-conductor material which is used to make

best equal field distribution between the conductor &
the insulation (not to be concentrated in one point and
break the insulation.)
✓ Insulation or dielectric
• PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)- “Thermoplastic”
• XLPE (Cross linked polyethylene) – “Thermoset”
✓ Insulation screen/ shield
• Thin semi-conductor material which is used to make best
equal field distribution between the insulation and
metallic sheath (not to be concentrated in one point and
break the insulation.)
✓ Metallic sheath or Tap shield
• Cu or Al with 0.1 mm width, is used for the protection of
cable from humidity and to keep electromagnetic radiation
in and provide a path for fault and leakage currents, means
sheath are earthed
✓ Assembly or filler
• PVC or polypropylene to fill spaces between cores to make
the round form of cable
✓ Bedding (inner jacket) (inner sheath)
• PVC bedding, are mandatory in case of armored cables
• Used under cable armoring to protect the laid-up cores and
as a separation sheath
✓ Armoring
• Is used for protection of cable against mechanical stresses
• Steal Tap or Steal Wire

✓ Outer jacket or outer sheath

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• PVC, its contains & protect all cable layers and its
metallic part from corrosion

Classification of LV cables:

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✓ Conductor:
• AL
• CU
✓ Insulation or dielectric
• PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)- “Thermoplastic”
• XLPE (Cross linked polyethylene) – “Thermoset”

✓ Assembly or filler
• PVC or polypropylene to fill spaces between cores to make
the round form of cable
✓ Bedding (inner jacket) (inner sheath)
• PVC bedding, are mandatory in case of armored cables
• Used under cable armoring to protect the laid-up cores and
as a separation sheath
✓ Armoring
• Is used for protection of cable against mechanical stresses
• Steal Tap or Steal Wire
✓ Outer jacket or outer sheath
• PVC, its contains & protect all cable layers and its metallic
part from corrosion

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➢ Conventional cable classification:

1. According to conductor type
• AL
• CU
2. According to number of conductors
• Single core
• Multi core (2 or 3 or 4 or 5)

3. Neutral type “regarding multi cores cables:

• Full Neutral
• Half Neutral
4. According to inner insulation types
• PVC
• XLPE
5. According to insulation voltage level:

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6. According to insulation (outer):

✓ PVC (Thermo-plastic)
• Lower cost
• Max. Operating temp. = 70 or 85 °C
• Max. Short circuit temp. = 160 °C
• Softens at high temperatures
✓ XLPE (Thermo-Setting)
• Higher cost
• Max. Operating temp. = 90 °C
• Max. Short circuit temp. = 250 °C
• Highly resistant against humidity
• Rigid, doesn’t Soften at high temperatures
• Superior electrical properties (XLPE Cables provides
higher current rating than PVC cables for same C.S.A
• Superior Moisture resistance capability than PVC cables.
• Longer service life compared to PVC Cables
• XLPE Cable is environment friendly compared with PVC
insulated Cable while burning
7. According to Armoring
➢ Armored:
• STA (Steel Tape Armoring)
• SWA (Steel Wire Armoring)
• DST (Double Steel Tape Armoring)
• ATA (Aluminum Tape Armoring)
• AWA (Aluminum Wire Armoring)
 Non-Armored

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General Hints about cables

✓ Skin effect:

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• is one of the biggest problems in transmitting and

conducting the electricity. The description of this effect
is that the current capacity on conductor’s surface is
Maximum, and it minimizes as we get closer to the center
of conductor until the current value becomes zero in a
specific depth of conductor as shown in the following
figure.
• This effect appears only in AC conductors. It isn’t existed
in DC conductors because its magnetic field is constant and
its frequency is equal to zero, so the current flows in all the
cross section of DC conductors regularly.

✓ Why does skin effect occur?

- According to faraday’s law, when current flows in a
conductor, a magnetic field is generated through it. This
magnetic field depends on the type of current, so while
passing AC current during a conductor, a variable magnetic
field is generated and then an induced emf is generated in the
core of conductor which prevents passing electrons. As a
result, electrons are pushed to the outer surface of conductor
(current flows near surface only). So, the cross-section area
decreases, and resistance increases. As a result, the voltage
drops, and power losses increase.
✓ Factors which affect skin effect
i. Frequency
•The greater frequency is, the more growing skin effect is.
So, in case of high frequency like more than 50 HZ, the
area which current passes through it will decrease and the

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resistance increases according to the following

relation:

ii. Type of material:

• Increasing permeability of material for generating magnetic
field makes skin effect increase.
iii. Shape of material:
• Shape affects skin effect. If the material is solid, skin effect
increases. But in stranded shape, skin effect becomes less.
iv. Diameter:
• The larger diameter is, the greater skin effect will be
❖How to decrease skin effect?
✓ Skin effect can decrease by making conductor in stranded
shape (like small tubes). This way makes outer surface larger
as shown in the following figure, so current passes through
larger area. As a result, the most of conductor is taken
advantage and the area which current passes through it
becomes greater, so resistance decreases.

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➢ Stranded conductors are preferable than solid conductors

due to skin effect.

➢ Armoring enhances Cable’s mechanical strength but reduces

cable’s flexibility.
➢ In case of armored single core cables, ATA or AWA shall be
used instead of STA or SWA.
➢ Core shape types:

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➢ How to write Conventional cables on SLD

✓ Cables:
• (4x240) CU/XLPE/PVC+(1x120) CU/PVC
• (3x240+1X120) CU/PVC/PVC+(1x120) CU/PVC
• 2//(4x240) CU/XLPE/PVC+(1x240) CU/PVC
• 4//(4x240) CU/XLPE/PVC+2//(1x240) CU/PVC
✓ Wires:
• 3X(1X6) CU/PVC

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3. Fire Cables
❖ INTRODUCTION:
• In a fire accident some people die because of the fire,
but the majority dies because of the smoke.
• Halogen is added to the plastics used in conductor’s
insulation to give it the property of self-extinguish
such as PVC which contain chlorine atom. Chlorine is
one of halogens as Fluorine, Bromide, and Iodine.
But, in case of fire, halogens produce great amount of
smoke which contains that hamper visibility required for
escaping from a dangerous places or trying to find an exit
out.
• (HCI, CO & CO2) which are produced while a
conventional cable is burning out, dissolves in the fluids of
the human body organs like lungs, nose and eye causing
cell damage, shortage of oxygen and suffocation.

LS0H (LSHF) Cables:

Why to use LSHF cables?
• Doesn’t contain halogen: hydrochloric acid isn’t formed
during the fire so there is no threat of suffocation.
• Reduces smoke to the minimum: reducing the confusion,
panic and suffocation ratio.

When to use LSHF cables?

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• In theaters, hotels, hospitals, underground tunnels and all

closed public places where we can’t afford losing people
by suffocation.

➢ LSFH VS PVC:

➢ How to Write LS0H on SLD?

✓ For cables:
• (4 x70) CU/XLPE/LSHF
✓ For wires:
• 3X(1X6) CU/LS0H
✓ Note: LS0H cables have Flame Retardancy properties
according to most of cables manufacturers.

➢ What is meant be:

❖ Fire retardant cable?
• Cables which don’t spread fire rapidly according to test
certificates IEC / BS.
• Cables which are self-extinguishing.

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• According to BS EN / IEC60332 There are 3 Categories

of flame retardant cables A, B & C.

✓ For Example: BS EN / IEC 60332-3-22 (CAT A): is the

most severe test:
• Sample of cables of length of 3.5m at least, fixed
vertically on a ladder, then to be exposed to a flame of
70.000 Btu/h for a period of (40) minutes.
• Length of the damage will be measured, the length of
charred position on the test sample should not have
reached a height exceeding 2.5 m above the bottom
edge of the burner

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4. Flame Resistance Cables

➢ Why to use Fire Resistant cables?
• Designed to maintain circuit integrity of those vital
emergency services during the fire for certain time (fire
safety loads).
• The individual conductors are wrapped with a layer of fire
resisting mica/glass tape which prevents phase to phase and
phase to earth contact even after the insulation has been
burnt away
➢ Where to use Fire Resistant cables?
• Feeding all fire safety loads at any type of buildings where
the integrity of the circuit is required during the fire
conditions , for example:
a. Fire pumps.
b. EMCCs feeding loads related to life safety like:
smoke fans & pressurization fans ...etc.

➢ IEC 60331 Fire Resistance Test:

• A sample is connected to an electrical supply at its rated
voltage from one end with indicator lamps at the other end.

• Fire is applied for a period of 90 minutes with temperature

on the cable equals to 750°C ✓ the fire shall be
extinguished but the cable sample shall remain energized for
a further 15 min. The cable sample must maintain its circuit
integrity after the total period of test (105 minutes).

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➢ BS 6387 Fire Resistance Test (more stringent

than IEC 60331-21):
 Fire resistant test (Fire Alone):
▪ Cables are tested by gas burner flame while a current is
passing at its rate voltage Four categories are defined:
• Category A: Cables are subjected to fire at 650°C for 3
hours.
• Category B: Cables are subjected to fire at 750°C for 3
hours.
• Category C: Cables are subjected to fire at 950°C for 3
hours.
• Category S: Cables are subjected to fire at 950°C for 20
minutes.
 Resistance to fire with water:
• Category W: Cables are subjected to fire at 650°C for 15
minutes, then at 650°C with water spray for a further 15
minutes.

 Resistance to fire with Mechanical shock:

• Category X: Cables are subjected to fire at 650°C with

mechanical shock each 30 seconds for 15 minutes.
• Category Y: Cables are subjected to fire at 750°C with
mechanical shock each 30 seconds for 15 minutes.
• Category Z: Cables are subjected to fire at 950°C with
mechanical shock each 30 seconds for 15 minutes.
“The highest category for BS 6387 is CWZ where the three
tests are performed on the three samples of the same cable.”

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➢ Planning & Design aspects to use Fire Cables:

Planning an electrical safety system means finding
answers to these questions:
• Which electrical system must be supplied for how long?
• Which circuits are involved (safety circuits)?
• Which is the best cable routing for these circuits?
• Are there restrictions concerning fire load (like fire pump)?
• How many hours required to evacuate the building acc. to
evacuation plan

▪ How to Write Fire Cables on SLD:

✓ Regarding LS0H Cables:
• For cables: (3 x70 + 1 x 35) CU/XLPE/LSHF
• For wires: 3X(1X6) CU/LS0H
✓ Regarding Fire Resistant Cables:
• For cables: (3 x70 + 1 x 35) CU/Mica/XLPE/LSHF
• For wires: 3X(1X6) CU/LS0

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❖ Old Code for color cable vs. New Code:

Old
R red
S YELLOW
T BLUE
N BLACK
P. E YELLOW AND GREEN

New
R BROWN
S BLACK
T GREAY
N BLUE
P. E YELLOW AND GREEN

➢ Some important definition:

• Nominal Value: the actual value which it is designed.
• Approximate Value: it is not accurate value but it close to
it.
• Median Value: is the middle number in a sorted,
ascending or descending.
➢ Tests applied on Power Cables:
• Routine Test.
• Sample Test.
• Type Test and Test After installation.
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Sizing of Cable:
You should apply this equation,

Where:
: load current at normal conditions.

: rated current (the maximum current passing continuously

through C.B without any trip)
: The maximum current passing continuously through cable at
normal conditions.
Note:
● C.B importance is to protect the cable from overheating so,
the rated current for C.B must be smaller than the maximum
current passing through cable.
● Must be smaller than to make load operate with out C.B
trip.
As we mentioned earlier, sizing of cables depends on the
surrounding conditions such as air temperature, ground
temperature, burial depth and grouping factor.

Again C.B Sizing

• According to IEC, Egyptian code and British standard

1. To get load current (Ib)

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From these formulas for 3ph:

2. To get the rated current for C.B (In)

In is obtained by selecting the rated current which is
directly greater than
3. To get the current passing continuously through cable

Then we select the direct greater value from catalog and

select the cross section area of cable as shown in the
following figure.

• According to NEC
The steps are same as IEC but this standard considers any load,
which is operated 3 hours or more daily, is a continuous load so,
it is necessary to load C.B with 80% by multiply the load current
by 1.25
So, we show now the summary of feeder sizing and voltage
drop calculations:
1. Calculate load current (Ib)

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2. Calculate C.B rated current

And select the rated current which is directly greater this value.

3. Calculate cable current

Then we select the direct greater value from catalog ( )

and select the cross section area of cable

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Panel schedule:

A panel schedule is a diagram used by electricians or engineers

to display information regarding a panel and the circuits
connected to the panel along with their corresponding loads.

• We all have that panel in the house containing the breakers

and other circuitry that control power in the house or building.
Upon opening such panel, one can immediately notice at the
back of the cover, a diagram of sorts containing a jumble of
words, lines, and numbers. This is your panel schedule.
• The panel schedule is mainly there for two basic things:

1. Is to serve as a basic notion of the breakers in the house and

which of the breaker turns off what. It also gives
information regarding the total demand load of all

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equipment and furniture in the house and the

corresponding circuit numbers assigned to each circuit
breaker.
2. As a design engineer, panel schedules are helpful in
performing load calculations and the overall electrical
circuit design of the house or building. This works well
with new buildings and should be equally important during
major renovations of a house or building.

- There is a lot of information shown in a panel. The

following are a few of which commonly seen information
on a panel schedule:
• Panel ratings
• Panel name and location
• Main breaker rating
• Phases and current rating for each breaker
• Demand load in KVA and amps.

- There are multiple benefits to designing panel board

schedules. Some of them are listed as follows:

• A load-schedule can provide a good estimation of the

electrical load during peak or normal hours.

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• It enables the design to consider provisions regarding

extra loads or it can advise the owner about the
requirements of expansion.
• The schedule can enable proper management and brings
down the electricity cost even during peak hours and
consume less energy.
• The design enables the engineers to take care of future
loads.
• It also enables the engineers to choose the right size of
conduits, conductors, and C.B and control systems.
• Solve unbalance between phases.

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Cable Tray & Cable Routing

➢ Installation of cable
• Free in air (Cables are installed on cable trays)
• Laid in ground (directly buried in ground, inside conduit or
inside duct bank)
• In Conduits

➢ Types of Routing
✓ Cable tray:
• Used for power cables above false ceiling in corridors and
entrances but can also be exposed in service places like
electric rooms and garages.
✓ Cable Ladder:
• Used for large power cables and at building risers. More
stronger than trays, can hold more cables and also used for
heavu=y cable like MV cables from RMU to Transformer
✓ Wire basket:
• Keep cables cool by allowing air to flow freely, and
dissipate heat.Also known as datacenter trays.
✓ Cable trunk:
• Used for power and data cables above false ceiling at free
return HVAC system or under raised floor.

Cable Ladder Perforated Cable Tray

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Wire basket Cable Trunk

✓ Cable Accessories:

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✓ Cable tray Sizing

✓ There are 2 ways to calculate width of cable tray:
1. Consultant design (90%accuracy):
W=(D1+D2+D3) * 2 mm
2. Shop drawing:
W>= (D1/2+D1+D1+D2+D3+D3+D3/2) * 1.2

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*And then choose the width acc. To

supplier*

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❖ According to Egyptian code:

✓ Important notes
✓ Height is equal to the largest cable diameter in the tray, in
the last example height equal to D1. (25 mm and higher
acc. To supplier)
✓ if a cable in the tray is 240 mm2 and higher the height
should be 100 mm
✓ To know the diameter of each cable (let’s say we have 16
mm2 cable + other information like XLPE/PVC insulation)
then we go to the power cables tables to get the overall

diameter for the cable which is 17.9 mm.

✓ After calculating the width and height for the cable tray, we
need to check a standard for the suppliers and get the next
value for my needs. As an example, if the width calculated
is 520 mm so I get a cable tray its width is 600mm and so
on.

✓ But what if I have 960 mm width and I need a cable tray fit
with it? Commonly width up to 800 mm but here I need

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1000m tray. The solution is to get 2 layers of trays 500

mm and distribute the cables between them.

➢ Cable Trenches (laid in ground)

• Sizing trenches acc. To E.C (like the trench coming to
RMU)

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➢ Duct Banks-Infrastructure works

• Power & Light Current Cables can be laid in conduits
for mechanical stress protection.
• These conduits are called duct bank. For any conduit free
area should be 60%.
• For land Escape &Sleeves Conduit should be 4 or 6 bar.

For Roads & Streets

Conduits should be 10 bar.

➢ Conduit Types
a. (UPVC) unrecycled Poly Vinyl Chloride: Used for
embedded routes or above false ceiling at ducted return
HVAC system.

b. EMT - Electrical Metallic Tube: Used for exposed routes or

above false ceiling at free return HVAC system or under
raised floor.

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c. RGS -
Rigid Galvanized Steel: Used for exposed routes at damp or
wet areas like Electrical, Machine, water rooms

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PRACTICAL ON CAD
First after making sure that all bulk and switchgear in their final
location in the building and check the block diagram for SLD, we start to
predict and imagine the route of trays and ladders in building.

By using “ML” (multi line) to draw a line routing

- first with the trenches coming from utility to RMU (orange arrow)
then continue to the transformer and take the cable up on a cable
ladder to the trans terminations (red arrow).

Do the same thing and check SLD to make a full vision for cable routing
for the whole building to know how many cables walk together in the
same tray and what accessories you need… and so on.

- SLD sample

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Ex: in this figure shows the route and

sections of a cable tray.

Note yellow arrows for possible places

for a reducer

- Next move is to start doing your

calculations to reach the final stage of cable routing,
Like that sample using the lisp of ‘CTRAY
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Rl5Ou12VeaIjuCJLVSGwAIbpUS0

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pw2tv/view?usp=sharing

It’s very important to mention cable (tray- ladder- trench) dimensions

& details (no. of layers, what panels heading for), as an example

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Voltage Drop

• Voltage drop is the decrease of electrical potential along the

path of a current flowing in an electrical circuit.
• Voltage drops in the internal resistance of the source,
across conductors, across contacts, and
across connectors are undesirable because some of the
energy supplied is dissipated.
• The voltage drops across the electrical load is proportional
to the power available to be converted in that load to some
other useful form of energy.
• For example, an electric space heater may have a resistance
of ten ohms, and the wires that supply it may have a
resistance of 0.2 ohms, about 2% of the total circuit
resistance. This means that approximately 2% of the
supplied voltage is lost in the wire itself. An excessive
voltage drop may result in the unsatisfactory performance
of a space heater and overheating of the wires and
connections
or

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• According to the European standard EN 50160 a voltage

drop is a sudden lowering of the effective voltage value
to a value of between 90% and 1% of the stipulated nominal
value, followed by the “immediate” recovering of this
voltage. The duration of a voltage drop lies between a half
period (10 ms with 50 Hz grids) and one minute.
• If the effective value of the voltage does not drop below
90% of the stipulated nominal value, then this is normal
operating conditions. If the voltage drops below 1% of the
nominal value, then this is considered a voltage
interruption.
• A voltage drop should therefore not be confused with an
interruption. An interruption arises, for example, after a
circuit breaker has tripped (typ. 300 MS). The mains power
failure is propagated throughout the remaining distribution
network as a voltage drop.
➢ What Happens When Voltage Drops?
• When the voltage drops in your electrical system, you lose
energy as heat in the wiring. The result is that your wires
heat up and the voltage at your devices is lower than the
voltage at the source. Neither of these are serious concerns
if you can minimize the drop.

• Most electronics can operate within a small range around

their rated voltage. For example, a 24-volt inverter doesn’t
necessarily need exactly 24 volts. However, an excessive
voltage drop will cause your devices to stop working or
malfunction and could even cause damage. An inverter will
most likely shut down prematurely when under load if this
occurs even if the batteries are not drained.

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• Since the voltage lost in the wires dissipates as heat, an

excessive voltage drop is also a safety concern. If your
wires get too hot, the insulation can melt and cause a fire.
To ensure the safety of your system, it is critical to
minimize your voltage drop to an acceptable level.

❖ Where:
• V.D = Voltage Drop (v
• (mv/A/m) = specific voltage drops
• L = cable length (m)
• Ib = Base current or load current (A)
❖ NOTE:
✓ The previous lows are for individual V.D
✓ Accumulated V.D = Individual V.D + Up stream voltage
drop

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✓ Accumulated V.D % = 5 % according to NEC

➢ Accumulated V.D % = 2.5 % according to EGY. CODE

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Short Circuit
• A short circuit is an abnormal condition in an electrical
circuit where the electrical current flows through an
unintended, shorter pathway instead of following the
circuit.
➢ What Causes Short Circuits
Short circuits can be caused by:

• vermin or pests chewing through wires

• water or other fluids coming into contact with electrical
wiring
• loose connections in an electrical box
• old or damaged outlets, switches, lights, appliances, or
other electrical devices
• nails or screws piercing through walls and coming into
contact with wires
• deterioration of electrical cable sheathing

Types of Short Circuits

✓ Normal Short Circuit
In a normal short circuit, a powered or hot wire touches a
•
neutral wire. Immediately, resistance drops, and current
begins to move in another path.
✓ Ground Fault Short Circuit
• In a ground fault short circuit, a powered or hot wire
touches a grounded section of a box, device,
appliance, outlet, bare ground wire, or anything else
supplied by the electrical circuit

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➢ The negative effects of short-circuits on

installations:
• Thermal effects temperature rises in conductors.
• Mechanical effects High electrodynamics forces, High risk
of electrical contacts or bus bars being deformed or broken.
• Electromagnetic effects Disturbances for measuring
devices located near electrical circuits.

❖ Where:
• Vn.L = No load (L-N) secondary voltage of distribution
transformer (V)
• Zt = Total impedance contributing to s.c level (m.Ω)

➢ How to calculate Ztotal?

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➢ Cable Impedance:

❖ Where:
• Rc = Cable resistance (Ω)
• ρ = Resistivity constant of conductor material (mΩ.mm2
/M)
• 𝜌𝑐𝑢 = 23.69 mΩ.mm2 /M
• 𝜌𝐴𝑙 = 37.65 mΩ.mm2 /M
• L = Cable length (M)
• A = Cross sectional area (mm2)
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➢ Motors Contribution in Short circuit Value:

➢ Short circuit Rating of M.V network acc. To Egy.

Code:

➢ Solved Example:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kBOOZTmClDwIL3WaRR0_tE
FGAMGIK-dm/view?usp=sharing

Dangerous of short circuit video:

https://youtu.be/ZNfedRe6dd0

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ETAP
To create a new project:
1. Select “NEW”
2. Name the project and enter its location, and select
Metric system

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To solve this example

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1. Draw the power grid

2. Click double on the symbol to edit it
3. From “info”, can name the grid

4. Enter the rated of grid

5. Enter short circuit rated:
-for 22KV, MVAsc=750
-for 11KV, MVAsc=500
6. the x/R value = 10-12

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7. draw the TR.

8. Click double on the symbol to edit it

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9. Create a Busway and edit it:

10. enter its rated and impedance

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11. Create the Bus “it refers to MDB”

12. Create a cable and edit it:

13. Enter the length of cable and no. of parallel conductor ,

and enter library to select the cable sizing:

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14. Filter your search acc. To the type of cable , and

select its size

15. On capacity:
-select the cable on tray or buried
- The operating temperature
NO. of circuit

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Repeat this step to create SMDB &DB

16. To create the load : select lumped load if you don’t
know the type of your load and enter its rated

To calculate short circuit:

•select the tap of Short Circuit

• then select the bag
• select all Buses
Fault then OK

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• then , select duty

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the calculation:

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To calculate voltage drop:

• select the tap of Voltage Drop
• select Run Load Flow

the calculation:

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Infrastructure - electrical work

➢ Infrastructure work:
• system serving a country, city, or area, including the
services and facilities necessary for its economy to
function, such as roads, bridges, tunnels, water supply,
sewers, electric grids, telecommunication and so forth.
➢ What is the difference between infrastructure and
indoor design?
• In indoor the first thing we learn is how to distribute
lighting and small power and how to coordinate and other
disciplines to achieve an integrated design, the same thing
performed in infrastructure but in wide range with different
disciplines.

Electric network distribution system

• First step is generation at medium voltage (13.8, 15, 24

KV) and raise it by step up transformer to high voltage
(220 KVA) or extra high voltage (500 KV), then we can
Transmit electricity for long distances.
• Then we step down voltage from 220/66 KV (for heavy
industry)
• Again, we step down voltage from 66 to 22KV
(commonly new cities) or 11KV (old cities).
• Then we fed the distributor from two stations 66/22KV or
66/11KV (to increase reliability), Now we are in MV stage.
• There are 2 Tie-in According to Egyptian distribution
company,
✓ if your loads above 250KVA then your building will feed
from MV Tie -in (you need to get your own substation

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inside the building) but if your loads lower than

250KVA then you’re feeding from LV Tie-in.

➢ NOTE: in New Administrative Capital, electric networks
give you to 300 KVA and less to have Tie-in LV, and from

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300 KVA to 500 KVA they negotiate with you if it’s able for
you to prepare the room and they get you the bulk equipment.
More than 500 KVA you will feed from MV tie-in.

➢ Important Definitions:

- Connected load: sum of ratings of electrical equipment in a

building
- Demand load: connected load multiplied by demand factor
to describe the maximum load of the building during the peak
loading period
- Diversified load: sum of demand loads multiplied by
diversity factor

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- Most common to be followed by Egyptian electrical

companies:

➢ Feeding Connection Schemes

Radial Ring
To speak about electrical equipment in infrastructure works,
we will highlight on each equipment.

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A. Coffret (for LV tie-in):

- 3 fuses + bus bar (2+1 way) 2 fuses in
rated 250A
- 4 types acc. To Ampere of load estimated
63A-100A-160A-200A (for feeder of the
coffree)
- Located at buildings, villas & palaces. (If
suitable for tie-in LV)

B. Feeder Pillar (equivalent to

Sub MDB’s):
- Feeds many coffrets in a loop
- Needs coordination for locate it to be
easily accessible and takes in
consideration to minimize the service
cable length as possible, also not be
located next to any water source like
sewerage system?
- 2 types acc. To KVA 100KVA-
200KVA, normally (2+4) 2 fuses in
rated 400A and 4 fuses rated 250A represents 2 loops (2
fuses for one loop) to feed no. of coffrets, but in 200kva type
there are 2 cables coming from MDB to Feeder Pillar and
another cable to connect with another Feeder pillar fed from
another MDB (high reliability).

C. Main substations:
There are 3 types of substations to be mentioned.
1. Unit substation:

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Transformer + LV in cabinet together, RMU in cabinet next

to them to connect RMU with Trans.
2. Package
substation

(KIOSK):
RMU + Transformer +
LV
3. Room substation:
• Separate indoor substation (3 or 2 rooms) each room 5*4m
• It’s important about location to take
it in consideration, locate it in the
middle of zone, located in a main
road not less than 7 m.
D. RMU:
Connect the transformer on the MV loop.
- 2+1 way (most common)
- 2 incoming (LBS 630A) and 1 feeder
(LBS 630A + H.R.C.F) for Trans
*If transformer rating is higher
than 1.5 MVA it will be C.B
instead of fuse. *

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E. MV Distributer
(primary):
- 2 types (16 cell-14 cell)
- 22KV→30MVA ...
11KV→15MVA
- Distributer can have 5 loops

maximum each loop (6MVA)

- Need a large room space can reach 20 m width and 7 or 6 m
depth

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Coordination with other departments

✓ Urban department:
• Urban engineer start planning for plot of land so I can know
through it the initial estimate of electricity for that land and
how many distributors needed for it.
• Collect some lands to be fed from transformer and start
placing it in the middle of them.

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• Start gathering them in a loop with their RMU; finally

continue the cycle to the final stages either coffree or pillar
or whatever depends on the estimated load of the facility.

• Roads department:
- Signage and Road section with street lighting

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• Infra department:
- a coordination between all trades for the underground
corridors to divide it between them each section has his own
infrastructure need like utility, street lighting, irrigation, and

sewerage system.

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• Landscape department:
- Hardscape (sidewalk and walkway(
- Soft cape (trees and buried cables)

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Ch_6
EARTHING PROTECTION SYSTEM
&
LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM

1. EARTHING
- What is the meaning of earthing?
The process in which the instantaneous discharge of the
electrical energy takes place by transferring charges directly to
the earth through low resistance wire. Performed by a
connection of metal objects to a ground network through an
electrode and cable to provide a path for the leakage current
(caused by breakdown of insulation) and protect people from
electrical shock.

- What is the difference between earthing and

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ground?
- Importance of Earthing System:
• Provide a path for leakage current and protect people from
electric shock.
• Provide a path for the short circuit current to return to the
source and protect the equipment windings.
• It prevents the risk of fire hazards that could otherwise be
caused by the current leakage.
• Create a point with zero voltage (voltage of earthing
system).
• Protection against faults (Indirect Contact-Direct contact-
Over Current- Under Voltage-Over Voltage-Thermal
effects).
➢ Types of Electrical Shocks:
• Direct (touch line without insulation).
• Indirect (touch machine have electric charges ‘leakage’ on
it)
• Step (The difference in surface potential experienced by a
person bridging a distance of 1 meter with the feet without
contacting any other grounded object)

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➢ Electric shocks depend on 2 factors:

1. How much current will pass through human’s body.

2. How much time this current will pass through human’s body.

➢ Definitions:
1. Step Voltage:
The difference in surface potential experienced
By a person bridging a distance of 1 M with the feet with
out
Contacting any other grounding object.
2. Touch Voltage:
The potential difference between the mesh and
A point in the surface. The grounded metallic masses are at
Mesh voltage, since they are jointed through connections
of

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Great section.
3. Metal to Metal Touch Voltage: The difference in
potential between metallic objects or structures within the
substation site that can be bridged by direct hand-to-hand
or hand-to-feet contact.
4. Transferred Voltage:
A special case of the touch voltage where a voltage is transferred
into the substation from a remote point external to the substation
site (through any metallic conductor).

➢ Factors affecting on ground resistance:

• Resistivity of soil (best soil have lower resistivity

is clay soil)
But how to measure this Resistivity? – there are 3 ways
to measure
1. Resistivity meter in the location (only in normal
condition for soil ‘nothing added like water’)
2. Getting the average value from codes & standards
after knowing soil in location
3. Get resistivity from geothermal report of the
structural engineer
• Number of electrodes
• Length of electrode (standards in markets 3m ‘3 rods
connecting together 1m each‘ or 3.6m ‘3 rods connecting together
1.2m each ‘)
• Length of main cable
❖ Those factors which have more effect in ground resistance but
there are other factors like:
• Diameter of rod (electrode) (standard 15 or 20 mm)
• Diameter of Main conductor which connects the rods
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• Burial depth of rod (common 0.8m)

So, what if I have a high soil resistivity? Should I get more
electrodes or lengthen it to have a lower resistance in the
earthing system?

- There is a special material called “GEM (Ground

Enhancement Material)”, this material aims to reduce the
“roh” resistivity of soil by putting it around the rod, so the rod
now reads a low resistance ground. It’s like creating artificial
soil for digging the rod in it. And that is the target to have
the lowest ground resistance with minimum number of
cables and rods.
- In gulf countries, they dig just one rod, but its length is 30 m to make
the rod reach the underground water so that the resistivity will be very
low, and they made an earthing system with low ground resistance by
just one rod.
- Types of earthing conductors:
• Main earthing conductor (connects rods together ‘bare conductor’ –
connects earthing network with MDB ‘with insulation CU/PVC)
Now, we have 2 types of equipment: current carrying equipment (motors)
- noncurrent carrying equipment (metal windows and ladders – trays –
conduits – enclosures of panels).

Here comes a question, why we earthing the

noncurrent carrying equipment?

- Don’t forget that earthing not only to make a path with low
resistance for leakage current but also to make an
equipotential between equipment either it carries current or
not
• Circuit protective conductor

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For current carrying equipment (leakage & short circuit

current)
• Bonding protective conductor
For noncurrent carrying equipment (aiming for
equipotential point at Main Earth Bar at MBD)

➢ Earthing Conductors Sizing:

• Sizing CPC & BPC
We size acc. To cross section area ‘CSA’ of the phase of load
(the cable feeding load or power cable).

So, first we check the CSA of the power cable and then follow the
next tables:

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➢ Sizing Main Earth Conductor

According to BS 7430

A: cross section area of main

earth cable
Is.c: three phase short circuit
current
K: constant
t: fault current duration (tripping
time)

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Is.c: Max. s.c can happen in transformer

To get t: clearance fault time for new C.B

is 0.2, but we use 0.4sec as a worst case
acc. To BS 7430 code.

Now, I can calculate CSA of main earth conductor in mm^2 by evaluating

the Area and then select the next rating standard from SWEDEY
CABLES.

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Protection of roof equipment:

According to NFPA 780

The equipment is connected to the mesh system at the roof.

According to BS/EN 62305:

An air terminal rod is put next to every collection of equipment and check
that the

conical shape covers this area.

According to NFC102:

It is not necessary to put any additional rods, but at least the early steamer
must be

higher than the highest equipment by 2 m.

Notes

• According to NFPA 780 & NFC102, protective earth for lightning

is separated from the other protection systems.
• According to BS/EN 62305, all protection systems can be
combined.
• Protective earthing for lightning mustn’t be exceeded 10 ohms.
• NFC102 is commonly used in Egypt.

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The higher the class is, the higher size of cone is. The
size of conical shape can be increased by lengthening
the rod or using two rods instead of one.

- Rods are put at all sides of the roof. The distance

between rods is 7.6 m if the rod’s height is greater
than 0.6 m. the distance between rods is 6 m if the
rod’s height is smaller than 0.6 m. If the building’s
width exceeds 15 m, we made a cross run (cable) per
15 m. if the building’s length exceeds 45 m, we
made a cross run per 45 m & put termination rods on
the cross run per 15 m.

According to BS/EN 62305

In this code, the mesh system is made on the roof and their slabs’
dimensions are determined according to the class of protection as shown
at the following figure:

It can be put air terminal rods on the mesh network and the distance between them is
15 m, if the rods’ height is 30 cm. The distance between them is 20 m, if the rods’
height is 50 cm. This system most used in gulf countries.

According to NFC102:
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In this code, one rod is used with a device at the top of the rod there is
a sensor sense the lightning and attract it. This rod covers the building
in a conical shape to protect all of the area under this conical shape
(zone of protection) as shown at the following figure.

Table 3. Structure contents (C3).

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By comparing (Nd) the environmental factors (yearly expected

lightning) & (Nc) the tolerable risk
factors (possibility of lightning acc to
location). If the calculated ratio is 1.0
or greater, then a lightning protection system is required but if the
calculated ratio is less than 1.0, then a lightning protection system is
not required.

The environmental factors consist of the collective area of the facility

(Ae), its surrounding environment (C1) and the lightning flash density
(Ng) of the area, L is the length of the structure, W is the width of the
structure, and H is the height of the structure.

Earthing Systems:

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There are 2 kinds of earthing systems (Power – Safety)

• Power Earthing
It is the grounding of the transformer's neutral point to provide a path for
the leakage current to return to the source and single line to ground current
fault.

And we have 4 different ways or we can say only 3 to provide power

earthing

1. Solidly: earthing the neutral point of transformer with just the main
earthing cable CU/PVC, this way is done in distribution transformers
(22KV/0.4KV or 11KV/0.4KV)
Keeps the Voltage of healthy phases of trans (for consumers in the
Y connection) is the same in case of line to ground fault happened then no V is
Changed in Neutral point when the fault current return to the source because

no resistance in earthing cable (Vn= I * 0).

Safe for consumers cause if voltage exists in neutral voltage of healthy
phases going to feed consumers will increase and harm the loads. Also, when
using only solidly u will have to get a cable withstand the Is.c rating returning
in the earthing cable.
2. Through resistance: earthing the neutral point of transformer with
resistance series with the main earthing cable CU/PVC, this way is done in
power transformers because if fault happens the I s.c will be very high then the
function of resistance is damping this high S.C.

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In this way u will find that (Vn= I*R) voltage exist in neutral will
cause that voltage of healthy phases increase.

3. Through reactance: earthing the neutral point

of transformer with inductor series with the main
resistance) but cheaper.
4. Isolator: no power earthing for the source

• Protective(safety) Earthing
First, we need to know some key letters to
understand how to describe the earthing system in the
source side and costumer side following this simple picture:
We have 5 different ways to provide safety
earthing

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1. TN-S
Source is earthed solidly and going from source to the consumer
with separate neutral plus protective earth (CPC). High cost because
you will get for each power cable a cable for earth.

2. TN-C
Source is earthed solidly and going from source to the consumer
with combined neutral and protective earth (PEN=N+CPC).
Neutral do the function of protective earth (it’s dangerous for the
neutral to have a leakage current in it but they do it for cost).
Also, BS7671 code forbids the use of RCDs in TN-C systems.
This is because the PEN conductor which in a TN-C system
would go through the RCD, so the RCD would not detect an
earth fault because the earth fault current would return down the
PEN and would not cause an imbalance in the RCD. The result
of this means that the RCD would not provide any protection.

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3. TN-C-S
Source is earthed solidly and going from source to the consumer with
combined neutral and protective earth (PEN), but get separated in the
consumer ‘having PE from neutral in building’s boundary’. This can be
done if the consumer wants more safety for the building and it’s also
economical.

4. TT
Source is earthed solidly but the consumer has his own earthing
network.

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5. IT
Best safety earthing because it’s almost having no leakage current (there
is open circuit in IT system). Used in airports and hospitals cause some
loads shouldn’t be off.

Building Earthing Network:

First, we know that we do protective earthing in consumer
side. Now we have different types of earthing to do acc. to
American code we have:
Metal parts R<=5 ohm (power)
Medical Eq. R<=0.2 ohm
Low current R<=0.5 ohm
Lightning R<=10 ohm
But acc. to BS/ES code says we can combine them in some
way in one earthing network like (power+low current) in one
earthing system. But the lightning system has its own
earthing system.

Steps:

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1. Calculate soil resistivity of location (by one of the 3

ways we mentioned).
2. Get the sizing main earth cable ( )
and choose the next rating from SWEDEY catalog table of

bare copper conductors.

3. Assume specific number of rods throwing it around the

building and make sure that the distance between each rod
and the other rod at least twice its length (‫)أقل مسافة‬.
4. Length of rod (3 or 3.6)m. (standards in markets 3m ‘3
rods connecting together 1m each‘ or 3.6m ‘3 rods
connecting together 1.2m each ‘)
5. Diameter of rod (15 or 20mm).
6. Get Rrod & RCable to get RG= then check RG .

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getting R rod

getting R cable

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And don’t forget if you did not achieve the desired R ground,
there are some factors you can edit to reach a good earthing
system for your boundaries:
- Increase the length of the ground rod
- Increasing the diameter of the grounding rod
- Increasing the number of ground electrodes
Also if you have sandy soil or rocky with high resistivity, why
don’t you use the ‘GEM’?
BS7430 EARTHING CODE:
https://karbaladha.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/BS-
7430.pdf

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2. LIGHTNING
- What is the meaning of lightning and what causes it?
Lightning is a natural electrostatic discharge that forms during a thunderstorm,
electrical spark(bolt) forms as the electrons move from one object to another
discharging the excess electrons (ex: clouds to ground).
This occurs by the electric field which occurs by accumulation of negative
static
charges on clouds and positive static charges on buildings, so an electric field
occurs between them because of the difference of voltage. This represents a
capacitor. When the electric field exceed 30 KV, air is converted to be a
conductor and then the current, passing from the clouds to the building, appears
in a lightning form and the air temperature raises to 30000⸰c.

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This bolt carries a lot of electric energy

that can set a building on fire or causes a
serious damage to its structure, so we
should create a protection system to
avoid it.

- What is the function of protection

system and its elements?
Its function is to protect structures from fires and keep people in
the building safe, this system must be done or can be optional. This
is determined by an equation called risk assessment calculation,
these calculations differ from one code to another.
Lightning protection contains two types of protection:
• External (lightning protection)
• Internal (surge protection)
External protection system intercepts the direct lightning strikes via an air
termination system and provide a safe discharge of this lightning current
to an earthing network in the ground by a down conductors.

Internal protection system prevents dangerous sparking and reduces

potential differences that caused by lightning currents by surge protection
devices.

Acc. To standards, a lightning protection elements are:

• Air-termination system
• Down conductor
• Earth-termination system

- When should we go for protection from lightning?

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Many factors must be taken in consideration and a risk assessment

should be done to determine if a lightning protection system must be
installed.

-Risk Assessment
Calculations (Acc. To
NFC102-NFPA780):

The (C1) coefficient that sees if

the building surrounded by
structures or trees in the same height or higher or small structures and if it
was isolated on top of a hill.

Table 1. Coefficients of surrounding environment

(C1).

To obtain Ng, you must know (lightning flashes/year/km) by getting back

to the Meteorological Authority and check the flash density map also
know the annual average thunders days (Td). In Egypt, there are
approximately 10 days/year, so Ng=0.5 according to the Egyptian code.

To calculate the tolerable risk factor (Nc):

The (C2) coefficient that sees the type of

structure and roof.

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Table 2. Structure type(C2).

The (C3) coefficient that sees the contents within the structure.

The (C4) coefficient that sees the occupancy of the structure.

Table 4. Structure contents(C4).

The (C5) coefficient that sees the consequence of the loss of operations of
the structure.

Table 5. Structure contents(C5).

And the result will show whether the LPS should be installed or not.

- What are the classes of LPS and how many?

set of construction rules based on the corresponding lightning protection
level (I, II, III, IV) and we know which class we face acc. To Efficiency
E=1-(Nc/Nd).

Air termination network design:

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Acc. to NFPA 780

site captures:

Down conductor design:

According to NFPA 780

Down conductor is put from

roof to ground per 30 m, so the
number of down conductors can
be calculated by dividing the
perimeter of the roof by 30 m.

According to BS/EN 62305

The number of down

conductors can be determined
according to the class of
protection. If the class of
protection is 1 or 2, a down
conductor is put from roof to ground per 10 m. If the class of protection is
3, the down conductor is put from roof to ground per 15 m. If the class of
protection is 4, the down conductor is put from roof to ground per 20 m.

According to NFC102:

At every early steamer, the down conductor is put from roof to an earthing
equilateral

triangle.

Note:

● putting 2 down conductors at every early steamer is recommended.

● Earthing rods are connected by cables which cross section is 70 mm2 in

all codes.

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Captured from a project:

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