CELLBIOLOGY | Answer Marks Describe the advantages 2 advantages and relatively cheap, can be used almost anywhere, magnification up to disadvantages of light | ound *2000 microscopes disadvantages limited magnification and resolution Describe the advantages 2 advantages and high magnification (up to around x2 000 000), high resolution, can give disadvantages of 3D images electron microscopes _| disadvantages expensive, can only be used in temperature, pressure, and humidity-controlled rooms Evaluate the uses of an |* Electron microscopes 6 electron and light + magnify up to around x2 000 000 microscope + have a resolving power of about 10 nm (scanning electron microscope) or 0.2 nm (transmission electron microscope) + may be used to examine subcellular structures (e.g., chromosomes during cell division) + light microscopes + magnify up to around x2 000 + have a resolving power of about 200 nm + may be used to look at cells dividing (e.g,, stained onion cells) How can you prepare __| Indicative content: é and view a specimen _|*_Use tweezers to peel the epidermal tissue from an onion Using a microscope? _|* Adda drop of water to a clean slide, place the epidermal tissue on the slide and add an iodine stain to ensure that the structures can be observed + Slowly place the cover slip over the epidermal tissue, ensuring that no air bubbles become trapped + Place slide under a microscope onto the stage and ensure that the lowest powered objective lens is used first + Adjust using the coarse focus until the sub-cellular structures start to become viewable + Look down the eyepiece and move to the highest-powered objective lens + Adjust the fine focus until an image of high resolution is produced Name 3 structures that /* Cell wall 3 are found in plant cells |* chloroplasts but not animal cells * permanent vacuole Why are the nucleus + Nucleus 4 and mitochondria so —|*_ controls all cell activities important in cells? + contains instructions for making new cells or new organisms + mitochondria + site of aerobic respiration + releasing energy for the cell Give two similarities any two from: (both have) 2 between the prokaryotic cell and the eukaryotic cells + cytoplasm + (cell) membrane + DNA/genetic materialQuestion ‘Answer Marks Give three differences |* any three from: 3 between the prokaryotic |" 7 prokaryotic cel is smaller Calland the cukayaic. |* * prokaryotic cell has no mitochondria calle my ++ prokaryotic cell has no nucleus + or DNAis free in the cytoplasm + or genetic material is free in the cytoplasm + +” prokaryotic cell has a single loop of DNA + or prokaryotic cell has a single loop of genetic material + + prokaryotic cell has plasmids How is anerve cell Tots of dendrites — to make connections to other nerve cells 3 adapted for its function? |* long axons — to carry nerve impulse + synapses — to pass impullse to another cell or between nerve cell and muscle using transmitter chemicals. + Fatty sheath as insulation to speed up nerve impulses Howisamuscie cell |* Special proteins — that slide over each other to contract fibres 3 adapted for its function? |* Many mitochondria — to produce energy for movement + glycogen storage — for cellular respiration. How is a sperm cell + Tong tail — to move sperm towards egg 3 adapted for its function? |* many mitochondria — to produce energy for moverent + acrosome — stores digestive enzymes for breaking down outside layers of egg + large nucleus — to contain genetic material to be passed on. Describe how a root hair |" increased surface area — to promote water uptake 3 cell is adapted for its |* large permanent vacuole — to speed up movement of water by function osmosis + many mitochondria — to produce energy for active transport of minerals. How is a xylem cell + cells die forming long hollow tubes — to allow water and mineral ions | adapted for its function? | to move easily through them + lignin spirals formed — to help cells withstand pressure of water moving up plant and to support plant stem, How isa phioem cell | _ cell walls break down to form sieve plates — to enable water and | 3 adapted for its function? dissolved food to pass through + companion cells ~ to support phloem cells and provide energy to move substances up and down in phloem. How is a photosynthetic |* chloroplasts — contain chlorophyll to trap light needed for 3 cell adapted for its function? photosynthesis + positioned in leaves and outer layers of stem - to absorb as much light as possible + large permanent vacuole — to keep cell rigid and support leaf and stem to capture lightQuestion ‘Answer Marks Describe how a scientist | Pre-inoculation : 4 could prepare an uncontaminated culture | * Petri dish and agar sterilised before use using aseptic technique, | * © kill unwanted bacteria + inoculating loop passed through flame / sterile swab + to sterilise / kill (other) bacteria Inoculation Inoculation: + loop/swab used to spread/streak bacterium onto agar + lid of Petri dish opened as little as possible + to prevent microbes from air entering Post-inoculation Post.inoculation + sealed with tape + to prevent microbes from air entering + incubate to allow the growth of bacteria Why what process do |*_ Binary fission 1 bacteria divide? Specialization is also + Differentiation 4 known as what Define the term + Structures made of DNA found in pairs in the nucleus of cells that | 4 ‘chromosome’ contain inherited material Define the term ‘gene’ | Small packet of information (section of DNA) that controls a 7 characteristic, or part of a characteristic, of your body. Define the term ‘DNA’ _|*_ Unique chemical that makes up genetic material 7 Describe what happens |* — Stage 1: 3 inthe three stages of | [+ chromosomes replicated and all sub-cellular structures such as the cell cycle mitochondria and ribosomes reproduced + stage 2: (mitosis) + nucleus divides to form two identical daughter nuclei + stage 3: + cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to make two + independent cells. Explain why mitosis is |* New cells needed for growth and development, and wom out or 3 so important in the body | damaged cells must be replaced with identical cells. + Mitosis produces cells with same chromosomes and identical genetic material, which fulfil same function as original cells Define the term > Process by which cells become specialised and adapted to carry out | 4 ‘differentiation’ a particular function Describe why > All calls in an early animal or plant embryo are unspecialised (stem | > differentiation is so important to living organisms calls). + Differentiation fulfils organisms’ requirements for different cells to carry out different roles (e.g., muscle cells, sperm cells, gut lining cells).Question ‘Answer Marks Expiain how + In animals, differentiation occurs during embryo development 4 differentiation differs in |* aNd is permanent. animal and plant cells |* In plants, it occurs throughout life + and can be reversed or changed. Explain how the >In planis differentiation can be reversed and mitosis induced 6 difference in Conditions can be changed to induce more mitosis. differentiation patterns _|* Cells redifferentiate into different plant tissues needed to form a new affects our ability to clone plant, clone plants and + so plants can be cloned relatively easily. animals + Inanimals differentiation cannot be reversed (cells differentiate permanently), + so clones cannot be made easily. + In order to make animal clones, embryos have to be cloned. Identify the differences |* Stem cell: 4 between a stem cell and |* undifferentiated cell a normal body cell + with potential to divide by mitosis, differentiate, and form different specialised cells in the body + normal body cell: + specialised for a specific function + division by mitosis can only form cells with same specialisation. Give three sources of _ |* bone marrow 3 stem cells + embryos + plant meristems Identify the advantages _[* Embryonic stem cells can make any type of adult cell 4 ofusing stem cells to _|* t© repair or replace damaged tissues. treat disease + Could grow organs for transplants as needed, + Organs grown from stem cells could cause fewer rejection issues if right techniques are used. Give three examples _| Any three from: 3 where the use of stem _| * Spinal cord damage cells could provide new |* diabetes treatments + heart damage after heart attack + eyesight in the blind + bone and cartilage repair + growing organs for transplant. Evaluate the + for: 5 advantages and disadvantages of stem cell use in medical research + potential to cure many currently untreatable diseases! injuries + grow new organs for transplant + prevent organ rejection + against: + use of human embryos problematic for some + tisk of side effects (e.g., cancer, viral infection) + patients may need immunosuppressant drugs + development of treatments slow and expensive + difficult to control stem cells