Oracle Database 19c: SQL Workshop (5 Days – 40 Hours)

Contents

1 Introduction
Lesson Objectives 1-2
Lesson Agenda 1-3
Course Objectives 1-4
Icons Used in This Course 1-5
Course Roadmap 1-6
Appendixes and Practices Used in the Course 1-13
Lesson Agenda 1-14
Oracle Database 19c: Focus Areas 1-15
Oracle Database 19c 1-16
MySQL: A Modern Database for the Digital Age 1-18
High Scalability with MySQL 1-19
MySQL-Supported Operating Systems 1-20
MySQL Enterprise Edition 1-21
Why MySQL Enterprise Edition? 1-22
Oracle Premier Support for MySQL 1-23
MySQL and Oracle Integration 1-24
Lesson Agenda 1-25
Relational and Object Relational Database Management Systems 1-26
Data Storage on Different Media 1-27
Relational Database Concept 1-28
Definition of a Relational Database 1-29
Data Models 1-30
Entity Relationship Model 1-31
Entity Relationship Modeling Conventions 1-32
Relating Multiple Tables 1-34
Relational Database Terminology 1-35
Lesson Agenda 1-36
Human Resources (HR) Application 1-37
Tables Used in This Course 1-38
Tables Used in the Course 1-39
Lesson Agenda 1-40
Using SQL to Query Your Database 1-41
How SQL Works 1-42
SQL Statements Used in the Course 1-43
 Development Environments for SQL in Oracle 1-44
Introduction to Oracle Live SQL 1-45
Development Environments for SQL in MySQL 1-46
Lesson Agenda 1-47
Oracle Database Documentation 1-48
Additional Resources for Oracle 1-49
Oracle University: Oracle SQL Training 1-50
Oracle SQL Certification 1-51
MySQL Websites 1-52
MySQL Community Resources 1-53
Oracle University: MySQL Training 1-54
MySQL Certification 1-55
Summary 1-56
Practice 1: Overview 1-57

2 Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement

Course Roadmap 2-2
Objectives 2-3
Lesson Agenda 2-4
HR Application Scenario 2-5
Writing SQL Statements 2-6
Basic SELECT Statement 2-7
Selecting All Columns 2-8
Executing SQL Statements with Oracle SQL Developer and SQL*Plus 2-9
Column Heading Defaults in SQL Developer and SQL*Plus 2-10
Executing SQL Statements in MySQL Workbench 2-11
Executing SQL Statements in mysql Command-line Client 2-12
Selecting Specific Columns 2-13
Selecting from dual with Oracle Database 2-14
Selecting Constant Expressions in MySQL 2-15
Lesson Agenda 2-16
Arithmetic Expressions 2-17
Using Arithmetic Operators 2-18
Operator Precedence 2-19
Defining a Null Value 2-20
Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions 2-21
Lesson Agenda 2-22
Defining a Column Alias 2-23
Using Column Aliases 2-24
Lesson Agenda 2-25
Concatenation Operator in Oracle 2-26
 Concatenation Function in MySQL – CONCAT() 2-27
Literal Character Strings 2-28
Using Literal Character Strings in Oracle 2-29
Using Literal Character Strings in MySQL 2-30
Alternative Quote (q) Operator in Oracle 2-31
Including a Single Quotation Mark in a String with an Escape Sequence
in MySQL 2-32
Duplicate Rows 2-33
Lesson Agenda 2-34
Displaying Table Structure by Using the DESCRIBE Command 2-35
Displaying Table Structure by Using Oracle SQL Developer 2-36
Displaying Table Structure by Using MySQL Workbench 2-37
Summary 2-38
Practice 2: Overview 2-39

3 Restricting and Sorting Data

Course Roadmap 3-2
Objectives 3-3
Lesson Agenda 3-4
Limiting Rows by Using a Selection 3-5
Limiting Rows That Are Selected 3-6
Using the WHERE Clause 3-7
Character Strings and Dates 3-8
Comparison Operators 3-9
Using Comparison Operators 3-10
Range Conditions Using the BETWEEN Operator 3-11
Using the IN Operator 3-12
Pattern Matching Using the LIKE Operator 3-13
Combining Wildcard Symbols 3-14
Using NULL Conditions 3-15
Defining Conditions Using Logical Operators 3-16
Using the AND Operator 3-17
Using the OR Operator 3-18
Using the NOT Operator 3-19
Lesson Agenda 3-20
Rules of Precedence 3-21
Lesson Agenda 3-23
Using the ORDER BY Clause 3-24
Sorting 3-25
Lesson Agenda 3-27
SQL Row Limiting Clause 3-28
 Using SQL Row Limiting Clause in a Query in Oracle 3-29
SQL Row Limiting Clause: Example in Oracle 3-30
Using SQL Row Limiting Clause in a Query in MySQL 3-31
SQL Row Limiting Clause: Example in MySQL 3-32
Lesson Agenda 3-33
Substitution Variables in Oracle 3-34
Using the Single-Ampersand Substitution Variable 3-36
Character and Date Values with Substitution Variables 3-38
Specifying Column Names, Expressions, and Text 3-39
Using the Double-Ampersand Substitution Variable 3-40
Using the Ampersand Substitution Variable in SQL*Plus 3-41
Lesson Agenda 3-42
Using the DEFINE Command in Oracle 3-43
Using the VERIFY Command in Oracle 3-44
Using the SET Statement in MySQL 3-45
Summary 3-46
Practice 3: Overview 3-47

4 Using Single-Row Functions to Customize Output

Course Roadmap 4-2
Objectives 4-3
HR Application Scenario 4-4
Lesson Agenda 4-5
SQL Functions 4-6
Two Types of SQL Functions 4-7
Single-Row Functions 4-8
Lesson Agenda 4-10
Character Functions 4-11
Case-Conversion Functions 4-13
Using Case-Conversion Functions in WHERE Clauses in Oracle 4-14
Case-Insensitive Queries in MySQL 4-15
Character-Manipulation Functions 4-16
Using Character-Manipulation Functions 4-17
Lesson Agenda 4-18
Nesting Functions 4-19
Nesting Functions: Example 4-20
Lesson Agenda 4-21
Numeric Functions 4-22
Using the ROUND Function 4-23
Using the TRUNC Function in Oracle 4-24
Using the TRUNCATE Function in MySQL 4-25
 Using the MOD Function 4-26
Lesson Agenda 4-27
Working with Dates in Oracle Databases 4-28
RR Date Format in Oracle 4-29
Using the SYSDATE Function in Oracle 4-30
Using the CURRENT_DATE and CURRENT_TIMESTAMP Functions
in Oracle 4-31
Arithmetic with Dates in Oracle 4-32
Using Arithmetic Operators with Dates in Oracle 4-33
Lesson Agenda 4-34
Working with Dates in MySQL Databases 4-35
Displaying the Current Date in MySQL 4-36
Lesson Agenda 4-37
Date-Manipulation Functions in Oracle 4-38
Using Date Functions in Oracle 4-39
Using ROUND and TRUNC Functions with Dates in Oracle 4-40
Date-Manipulation Functions in MySQL 4-41
Using Date Functions in MySQL 4-42
Extracting the Month or Year Portion of Dates in MySQL 4-43
Summary 4-44
Practice 4: Overview 4-45

5 Using Conversion Functions and Conditional Expressions

Course Roadmap 5-2
Objectives 5-3
Lesson Agenda 5-4
Conversion Functions 5-5
Implicit Data Type Conversion of Strings to Numbers 5-6
Implicit Data Type Conversion of Numbers to Strings 5-7
Lesson Agenda 5-8
Using the TO_CHAR Function with Dates 5-9
Elements of the Date Format Model 5-10
Using the TO_CHAR Function with Dates 5-13
Using the TO_CHAR Function with Numbers 5-14
Using the TO_NUMBER and TO_DATE Functions 5-17
Using TO_CHAR and TO_DATE Functions with the RR Date Format 5-19
Lesson Agenda 5-20
Using the CAST() function in Oracle 5-21
Explicit Data Type Conversion of Strings to Numbers in MySQL 5-22
Explicit Data Type Conversion of Numbers to Strings in MySQL 5-23
Lesson Agenda 5-24
 General Functions 5-25
NVL Function (Oracle) and IFNULL() Function (MySQL) 5-26
Using the NVL Function in Oracle 5-27
Using the NVL2 Function in Oracle 5-28
Using the IFNULL Function in MySQL 5-29
Using the NULLIF Function 5-30
Using the COALESCE Function 5-31
Lesson Agenda 5-33
Conditional Expressions 5-34
CASE Expression 5-35
Using the CASE Expression 5-36
Searched CASE Expression 5-37
DECODE Function in Oracle 5-38
Using the DECODE Function 5-39
Lesson Agenda 5-41
JSON_QUERY Function 5-42
JSON_TABLE Function 5-43
JSON_VALUE Function 5-44
Summary 5-45
Practice 5: Overview 5-46

6 Reporting Aggregated Data Using the Group Functions

Course Roadmap 6-2
Objectives 6-3
Lesson Agenda 6-4
Group Functions 6-5
Types of Group Functions 6-6
Group Functions: Syntax 6-7
Using the AVG and SUM Functions 6-8
Using the MIN and MAX Functions 6-9
Using the COUNT Function 6-10
Using the DISTINCT Keyword 6-11
Group Functions and Null Values in Oracle 6-12
Group Functions and Null Values in MySQL 6-13
Lesson Agenda 6-14
Creating Groups of Data 6-15
Creating Groups of Data: GROUP BY Clause Syntax 6-16
Using the GROUP BY Clause 6-17
Grouping by More Than One Column 6-19
Using the GROUP BY Clause on Multiple Columns 6-20
Illegal Queries Using Group Functions 6-21
 Illegal Queries Using Group Functions in a WHERE Clause 6-22
Restricting Group Results 6-23
Restricting Group Results with the HAVING Clause 6-24
Using the HAVING Clause 6-25
Lesson Agenda 6-27
Nesting Group Functions in Oracle 6-28
Summary 6-29
Practice 6: Overview 6-30

7 Displaying Data from Multiple Tables Using Joins

Course Roadmap 7-2
Objectives 7-3
Lesson Agenda 7-4
Why Join? 7-5
Obtaining Data from Multiple Tables 7-6
Types of Joins 7-7
Joining Tables Using SQL Syntax 7-8
Lesson Agenda 7-9
Creating Natural Joins 7-10
Retrieving Records with Natural Joins 7-11
Creating Joins with the USING Clause 7-12
Joining Column Names 7-13
Retrieving Records with the USING Clause 7-14
Qualifying Ambiguous Column Names 7-15
Using Table Aliases with the USING Clause in Oracle 7-16
Creating Joins with the ON Clause 7-17
Retrieving Records with the ON Clause 7-18
Creating Three-Way Joins 7-19
Applying Additional Conditions to a Join 7-20
Lesson Agenda 7-21
Joining a Table to Itself 7-22
Self-Joins Using the ON Clause 7-23
Lesson Agenda 7-24
Nonequijoins 7-25
Retrieving Records with Nonequijoins 7-26
Lesson Agenda 7-27
Returning Records with No Direct Match Using OUTER Joins 7-28
INNER Versus OUTER Joins 7-29
LEFT OUTER JOIN 7-30
RIGHT OUTER JOIN 7-31
FULL OUTER JOIN in Oracle 7-32
 Lesson Agenda 7-33
Cartesian Products 7-34
Generating a Cartesian Product 7-35
Creating Cross Joins 7-36
Summary 7-37
Practice 7: Overview 7-38

8 Using Subqueries to Solve Queries

Course Roadmap 8-2
Objectives 8-3
Lesson Agenda 8-4
Using a Subquery to Solve a Problem 8-5
Subquery Syntax 8-6
Using a Subquery 8-7
Rules and Guidelines for Using Subqueries 8-8
Types of Subqueries 8-9
Lesson Agenda 8-10
Single-Row Subqueries 8-11
Executing Single-Row Subqueries 8-12
Using Group Functions in a Subquery 8-13
HAVING Clause with Subqueries 8-14
What Is Wrong with This Statement? 8-15
No Rows Returned by the Inner Query 8-16
Lesson Agenda 8-17
Multiple-Row Subqueries 8-18
Using the ANY Operator in Multiple-Row Subqueries 8-19
Using the ALL Operator in Multiple-Row Subqueries 8-20
Multiple-Column Subqueries 8-21
Multiple-Column Subquery: Example 8-22
Lesson Agenda 8-23
Null Values in a Subquery 8-24
Summary 8-25
Practice 8: Overview 8-26

9 Using Set Operators

Course Roadmap 9-2
Objectives 9-3
Lesson Agenda 9-4
Set Operators 9-5
Set Operator Rules 9-6
Oracle Server and Set Operators 9-7
 Lesson Agenda 9-8
Tables Used in This Lesson 9-9
Lesson Agenda 9-13
UNION Operator 9-14
Using the UNION Operator 9-15
UNION ALL Operator 9-16
Using the UNION ALL Operator 9-17
Lesson Agenda 9-18
Matching the SELECT Statement: Example in Oracle 9-26
Matching SELECT Statements in MySQL 9-27
Matching the SELECT Statement: Example in MySQL 9-28
Lesson Agenda 9-29
Using the ORDER BY Clause with UNION in MySQL 9-32
Using the ORDER BY Clause with UNION: Example in MySQL 9-33
Summary 9-34
Practice 9: Overview 9-35

10a Managing Tables Using DML Statements in Oracle

Course Roadmap 10a-2
Objectives 10a-3
HR Application Scenario 10a-4
Lesson Agenda 10a-5
Data Manipulation Language 10a-6
Adding a New Row to a Table 10a-7
INSERT Statement Syntax 10a-8
Inserting New Rows 10a-9
Inserting Rows with Null Values 10a-10
Inserting Special Values 10a-11
Inserting Specific Date and Time Values 10a-12
Creating a Script 10a-13
Copying Rows from Another Table 10a-14
Lesson Agenda 10a-15
Changing Data in a Table 10a-16
UPDATE Statement Syntax 10a-17
Updating Rows in a Table 10a-18
Updating Two Columns with a Subquery 10a-19
Updating Rows Based on Another Table 10a-20
Lesson Agenda 10a-21
Removing a Row from a Table 10a-22
DELETE Statement 10a-23
Deleting Rows from a Table 10a-24
 Deleting Rows Based on Another Table 10a-25
TRUNCATE Statement 10a-26
Lesson Agenda 10a-27
Database Transactions 10a-28
Database Transactions: Start and End 10a-29
Advantages of the COMMIT and ROLLBACK Statements 10a-30
Explicit Transaction Control Statements 10a-31
Rolling Back Changes to a Marker 10a-32
Implicit Transaction Processing 10a-33
State of Data Before COMMIT or ROLLBACK 10a-34
State of Data After COMMIT 10a-35
Committing Data 10a-36
State of Data After ROLLBACK 10a-37
State of Data After ROLLBACK: Example 10a-38
Statement-Level Rollback 10a-39
Lesson Agenda 10a-40
Read Consistency 10a-41
Implementing Read Consistency 10a-42
Lesson Agenda 10a-43
FOR UPDATE Clause in a SELECT Statement 10a-44
FOR UPDATE Clause: Examples 10a-45
LOCK TABLE Statement 10a-46
Summary 10a-47
Practice 10a: Overview 10a-48

10b Managing Tables Using DML Statements in MySQL

Course Roadmap 10b-2
Objectives 10b-3
HR Application Scenario 10b-4
Lesson Agenda 10b-5
Data Manipulation Language 10b-6
Adding a New Row to a Table 10b-7
INSERT Statement Syntax 10b-8
Inserting New Rows: Listing Column Names 10b-9
Inserting New Rows: Omitting Column Names 10b-10
Inserting Rows with Null Values 10b-11
Inserting Special Values in MySQL 10b-12
Inserting Specific Date and Time Values in MySQL 10b-13
Inserting and Reformatting Specific Date and Time Values in MySQL 10b-14
Copying Rows from Another Table 10b-15
Lesson Agenda 10b-16
 Changing Data in a Table 10b-17
UPDATE Statement Syntax 10b-18
Updating Rows in a Table 10b-19
Updating Rows Based on Another Table 10b-20
Quiz 10b-21
Lesson Agenda 10b-22
Removing a Row from a Table 10b-23
DELETE Statement 10b-24
Deleting Rows from a Table 10b-25
Deleting Rows Based on Another Table 10b-26
TRUNCATE Statement 10b-27
Lesson Agenda 10b-28
Multiple-statement Transactions 10b-29
Transaction Diagram 10b-30
AUTOCOMMIT and Transaction Control Statements 10b-31
Committing Data in a Transaction 10b-32
Rolling Back Changes 10b-33
Rolling Back Changes to a Marker 10b-34
Lesson Agenda 10b-35
Consistent Reads 10b-36
Lesson Agenda 10b-37
FOR UPDATE Clause in a SELECT Statement 10b-38
FOR UPDATE Clause: Examples 10b-39
Summary 10b-40
Practice 10b: Overview 10b-41

11a Introduction to Data Definition Language in Oracle

Course Roadmap 11a-2
Objectives 11a-3
HR Application Scenario 11a-4
Lesson Agenda 11a-5
Database Objects 11a-6
Naming Rules for Tables and Columns 11a-7
Lesson Agenda 11a-8
CREATE TABLE Statement 11a-9
Creating Tables 11a-10
Lesson Agenda 11a-11
Data Types 11a-12
Datetime Data Types 11a-14
DEFAULT Option 11a-15
Lesson Agenda 11a-16
 Including Constraints 11a-17
Constraint Guidelines 11a-18
Defining Constraints 11a-19
Defining Constraints: Example 11a-20
NOT NULL Constraint 11a-21
UNIQUE Constraint 11a-22
PRIMARY KEY Constraint 11a-24
FOREIGN KEY Constraint 11a-25
FOREIGN KEY Constraint: Keywords 11a-27
CHECK Constraint 11a-28
CREATE TABLE: Example 11a-29
Violating Constraints 11a-30
Lesson Agenda 11a-32
Creating a Table Using a Subquery 11a-33
Lesson Agenda 11a-35
ALTER TABLE Statement 11a-36
Adding a Column 11a-38
Modifying a Column 11a-39
Dropping a Column 11a-40
SET UNUSED Option 11a-41
Read-Only Tables 11a-43
Lesson Agenda 11a-44
Dropping a Table 11a-45
Summary 11a-46
Practice 11a: Overview 11a-47

11b Introduction to Data Definition Language in MySQL

Course Roadmap 11b-2
Objectives 11b-3
HR Application Scenario 11b-4
Lesson Agenda 11b-5
Creating a Database: Syntax 11b-6
MySQL Naming Conventions 11b-7
Lesson Agenda 11b-8
CREATE TABLE Statement 11b-9
Lesson Agenda 11b-10
Data Types: Overview 11b-11
Numeric Data Types 11b-12
Date and Time Data Types 11b-13
String Data Types 11b-14
Lesson Agenda 11b-15
 Indexes, Keys, and Constraints 11b-16
Table Indexes 11b-17
Primary Keys 11b-18
Unique Key Constraints 11b-19
Foreign Key Constraints 11b-20
Foreign Key Constraint: Example Tables 11b-21
FOREIGN KEY Constraint: Example Statement 11b-22
FOREIGN KEY Constraint: Referential Actions 11b-23
Secondary Indexes 11b-24
Lesson Agenda 11b-25
Column Options 11b-26
Lesson Agenda 11b-27
Creating a Table Using a Subquery 11b-28
Creating a Table Using a Subquery: Example 11b-29
Lesson Agenda 11b-30
ALTER TABLE Statement 11b-31
ALTER TABLE Statement: Add, Modify, or Drop Columns 11b-32
Adding a Column 11b-33
Modifying a Column 11b-34
Dropping a Column 11b-35
ALTER TABLE Statement: Add an Index or Constraint 11b-36
ALTER TABLE to Add a Constraint or Index: Example 11b-37
Creating Indexes by Using the CREATE INDEX Statement 11b-38
Viewing Index Definitions by Using the SHOW INDEX Statement 11b-39
Showing How a Table Was Created with the SHOW CREATE
TABLE Statement 11b-40
Lesson Agenda 11b-41
Dropping a Table 11b-42
Summary 11b-43
Practice 11b: Overview 11b-44

12 Introduction to Data Dictionary Views

Course Roadmap 12-2
Objectives 12-3
Lesson Agenda 12-4
Why Data Dictionary? 12-5
Data Dictionary 12-6
Data Dictionary Structure 12-7
How to Use Dictionary Views 12-9
USER_OBJECTS and ALL_OBJECTS Views 12-10
USER_OBJECTS View 12-11
 Lesson Agenda 12-12
Table Information 12-13
Column Information 12-14
Constraint Information 12-16
USER_CONSTRAINTS: Example 12-17
Querying USER_CONS_COLUMNS 12-18
Lesson Agenda 12-19
Adding Comments to a Table 12-20
Summary 12-21
Practice 12: Overview 12-22

13 Creating Sequences, Synonyms, and Indexes

Course Roadmap 13-2
Objectives 13-3
Lesson Agenda 13-4
E-Commerce Scenario 13-5
Database Objects 13-6
Referencing Another User’s Tables 13-7
Sequences 13-8
CREATE SEQUENCE Statement: Syntax 13-9
Creating a Sequence 13-11
NEXTVAL and CURRVAL Pseudocolumns 13-12
Using a Sequence 13-14
SQL Column Defaulting Using a Sequence 13-15
Caching Sequence Values 13-16
Modifying a Sequence 13-17
Guidelines for Modifying a Sequence 13-18
Sequence Information 13-19
Lesson Agenda 13-20
Synonyms 13-21
Creating a Synonym for an Object 13-22
Creating and Removing Synonyms 13-23
Synonym Information 13-24
Lesson Agenda 13-25
Indexes 13-26
How Are Indexes Created? 13-27
Creating an Index 13-28
CREATE INDEX with the CREATE TABLE Statement 13-29
Function-Based Indexes 13-31
Creating Multiple Indexes on the Same Set of Columns 13-32
Creating Multiple Indexes on the Same Set of Columns: Example 13-33
 Index Information 13-34
USER_INDEXES: Examples 13-35
Querying USER_IND_COLUMNS 13-36
Removing an Index 13-37
Summary 13-38
Practice 13: Overview 13-39

14 Creating Views
Course Roadmap 14-2
Objectives 14-3
Lesson Agenda 14-4
Why Views? 14-5
Database Objects 14-6
What Is a View? 14-7
Advantages of Views 14-8
Simple Views and Complex Views 14-9
Lesson Agenda 14-10
Creating a View 14-11
Retrieving Data from a View 14-14
Modifying a View 14-15
Creating a Complex View 14-16
View Information 14-17
Lesson Agenda 14-18
Rules for Performing DML Operations on a View 14-19
Rules for Performing Modify Operations on a View 14-20
Rules for Performing Insert Operations Through a View 14-21
Using the WITH CHECK OPTION Clause 14-22
Denying DML Operations 14-23
Lesson Agenda 14-25
Removing a View 14-26
Summary 14-27
Practice 14: Overview 14-28

15 Managing Schema Objects

Course Roadmap 15-2
Objectives 15-3
Lesson Agenda 15-4
Adding a Constraint Syntax 15-5
Adding a Constraint 15-6
Dropping a Constraint 15-7
Dropping a Constraint ONLINE 15-8
 ON DELETE Clause 15-9
Cascading Constraints 15-10
Renaming Table Columns and Constraints 15-12
Disabling Constraints 15-13
Enabling Constraints 15-14
Constraint States 15-15
Deferring Constraints 15-16
Difference Between INITIALLY DEFERRED and INITIALLY IMMEDIATE 15-17
DROP TABLE … PURGE 15-19
Lesson Agenda 15-20
Using Temporary Tables 15-21
Temporary Table 15-22
Temporary Table Characteristics 15-23
Creating a Global Temporary Table 15-24
Creating a Private Temporary Table 15-25
Lesson Agenda 15-26
External Tables 15-27
Creating a Directory for the External Table 15-28
Creating an External Table 15-30
Creating an External Table by Using ORACLE_LOADER 15-32
Querying External Tables 15-33
Creating an External Table by Using ORACLE_DATAPUMP: Example 15-34
Summary 15-35
Practice 15: Overview 15-36

16 Retrieving Data by Using Subqueries

Course Roadmap 16-2
Objectives 16-3
Lesson Agenda 16-4
Retrieving Data by Using a Subquery as a Source 16-5
Lesson Agenda 16-7
Multiple-Column Subqueries 16-8
Column Comparisons 16-9
Pairwise Comparison Subquery 16-10
Nonpairwise Comparison Subquery 16-11
Lesson Agenda 16-12
Scalar Subquery Expressions 16-13
Scalar Subqueries: Examples 16-14
Lesson Agenda 16-15
Correlated Subqueries 16-16
Using Correlated Subqueries: Example 1 16-18
 Using Correlated Subqueries: Example 2 16-19
Lesson Agenda 16-20
Using the EXISTS Operator 16-21
Find All Departments That Do Not Have Any Employees 16-23
Lesson Agenda 16-24
WITH Clause 16-25
WITH Clause: Example 16-26
Recursive WITH Clause 16-27
Recursive WITH Clause: Example 16-28
Summary 16-29
Practice 16: Overview 16-30

17 Manipulating Data by Using Subqueries

Course Roadmap 17-2
Objectives 17-3
Lesson Agenda 17-4
Using Subqueries to Manipulate Data 17-5
Lesson Agenda 17-6
Inserting by Using a Subquery as a Target 17-7
Lesson Agenda 17-9
Using the WITH CHECK OPTION Keyword on DML Statements 17-10
Lesson Agenda 17-12
Correlated UPDATE 17-13
Using Correlated UPDATE 17-14
Correlated DELETE 17-16
Using Correlated DELETE 17-17
Summary 17-18
Practice 17: Overview 17-19

18 Controlling User Access

Course Roadmap 18-2
Objectives 18-3
Lesson Agenda 18-4
Controlling User Access 18-5
Privileges 18-6
System Privileges 18-7
Creating Users 18-8
User System Privileges 18-9
Granting System Privileges 18-10
Lesson Agenda 18-11
What Is a Role? 18-12
 Creating and Granting Privileges to a Role 18-13
Changing Your Password 18-14
Lesson Agenda 18-15
Object Privileges 18-16
Granting Object Privileges 18-18
Passing On Your Privileges 18-19
Confirming Granted Privileges 18-20
Lesson Agenda 18-21
Revoking Object Privileges 18-22
Summary 18-24
Practice 18: Overview 18-25

19 Manipulating Data Using Advanced Queries

Course Roadmap 19-2
Objectives 19-3
Lesson Agenda 19-4
Explicit Default Feature: Overview 19-5
Using Explicit Default Values 19-6
Lesson Agenda 19-7
E-Commerce Scenario 19-8
Multitable INSERT Statements: Overview 19-9
Types of Multitable INSERT Statements 19-11
Multitable INSERT Statements 19-12
Unconditional INSERT ALL 19-14
Conditional INSERT ALL: Example 19-15
Conditional INSERT ALL 19-16
Conditional INSERT FIRST: Example 19-18
Conditional INSERT FIRST 19-19
Pivoting INSERT 19-20
Lesson Agenda 19-23
MERGE Statement 19-24
MERGE Statement Syntax 19-25
Merging Rows: Example 19-26
Lesson Agenda 19-29
FLASHBACK TABLE Statement 19-30
Using the FLASHBACK TABLE Statement 19-32
Lesson Agenda 19-33
Tracking Changes in Data 19-34
Flashback Query: Example 19-35
 Flashback Version Query: Example 19-36
VERSIONS BETWEEN Clause 19-37
Summary 19-38
Practice 19: Overview 19-39

20 Managing Data in Different Time Zones

Course Roadmap 20-2
Objectives 20-3
Lesson Agenda 20-4
E-Commerce Scenario 20-5
Time Zones 20-6
TIME_ZONE Session Parameter 20-7
CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, and LOCALTIMESTAMP 20-8
Comparing Date and Time in a Session’s Time Zone 20-9
DBTIMEZONE and SESSIONTIMEZONE 20-11
TIMESTAMP Data Types 20-12
TIMESTAMP Fields 20-13
Difference Between DATE and TIMESTAMP 20-14
Comparing TIMESTAMP Data Types 20-15
Lesson Agenda 20-16
INTERVAL Data Types 20-17
INTERVAL Fields 20-18
INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH: Example 20-19
INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND Data Type: Example 20-21
Lesson Agenda 20-22
EXTRACT 20-23
TZ_OFFSET 20-24
FROM_TZ 20-26
TO_TIMESTAMP 20-27
TO_YMINTERVAL 20-28
TO_DSINTERVAL 20-29
Daylight Saving Time (DST) 20-30
Summary 20-32
Practice 20: Overview 20-33

21 Conclusion
Course Goals 21-2
Oracle University: Oracle SQL Training 21-3
Oracle University: MySQL Training 21-4
Oracle SQL References 21-5
MySQL Websites 21-6
 Your Evaluation 21-7
Thank You 21-8
Q&A Session 21-9

A Table Descriptions

B Using SQL Developer

Objectives B-2
What Is Oracle SQL Developer? B-3
Specifications of SQL Developer B-4
SQL Developer 17.4.1 Interface B-5
Creating a Database Connection B-7
Browsing Database Objects B-10
Displaying the Table Structure B-11
Browsing Files B-12
Creating a Schema Object B-13
Creating a New Table: Example B-14
Using the SQL Worksheet B-15
Executing SQL Statements B-18
Saving SQL Scripts B-19
Executing Saved Script Files: Method 1 B-20
Executing Saved Script Files: Method 2 B-21
Formatting the SQL Code B-22
Using Snippets B-23
Using Snippets: Example B-24
Using the Recycle Bin B-25
Debugging Procedures and Functions B-26
Database Reporting B-27
Creating a User-Defined Report B-28
External Tools B-29
Setting Preferences B-30
Data Modeler in SQL Developer B-31
Summary B-32

C Using SQL*Plus
Objectives C-2
SQL and SQL*Plus Interaction C-3
SQL Statements Versus SQL*Plus Commands C-4
SQL*Plus: Overview C-5
Logging In to SQL*Plus C-6
Displaying the Table Structure C-7
 SQL*Plus Editing Commands C-9
Using LIST, n, and APPEND C-11
Using the CHANGE Command C-12
SQL*Plus File Commands C-13
Using the SAVE and START Commands C-14
SERVEROUTPUT Command C-15
Using the SQL*Plus SPOOL Command C-16
Using the AUTOTRACE Command C-17
Summary C-18

D Commonly Used SQL Commands

Objectives D-2
Basic SELECT Statement D-3
SELECT Statement D-4
WHERE Clause D-5
ORDER BY Clause D-6
GROUP BY Clause D-7
Data Definition Language D-8
CREATE TABLE Statement D-9
ALTER TABLE Statement D-10
DROP TABLE Statement D-11
GRANT Statement D-12
Privilege Types D-13
REVOKE Statement D-14
TRUNCATE TABLE Statement D-15
Data Manipulation Language D-16
INSERT Statement D-17
UPDATE Statement Syntax D-18
DELETE Statement D-19
Transaction Control Statements D-20
COMMIT Statement D-21
ROLLBACK Statement D-22
SAVEPOINT Statement D-23
Joins D-24
Types of Joins D-25
Qualifying Ambiguous Column Names D-26
Natural Join D-27
Equijoins D-28
Retrieving Records with Equijoins D-29
Additional Search Conditions Using the AND and WHERE Operators D-30
Retrieving Records with Nonequijoins D-31
 Retrieving Records by Using the USING Clause D-32
Retrieving Records by Using the ON Clause D-33
Left Outer Join D-34
Right Outer Join D-35
Full Outer Join D-36
Self-Join: Example D-37
Cross Join D-38
Summary D-39

E Generating Reports by Grouping Related Data

Objectives E-2
Review of Group Functions E-3
Review of the GROUP BY Clause E-4
Review of the HAVING Clause E-5
GROUP BY with ROLLUP and CUBE Operators E-6
ROLLUP Operator E-7
ROLLUP Operator: Example E-8
CUBE Operator E-9
CUBE Operator: Example E-10
GROUPING Function E-11
GROUPING Function: Example E-12
GROUPING SETS E-13
GROUPING SETS: Example E-15
Composite Columns E-17
Composite Columns: Example E-19
Concatenated Groupings E-21
Concatenated Groupings: Example E-22
Summary E-23

F Hierarchical Retrieval
Objectives F-2
Sample Data from the EMPLOYEES Table F-3
Natural Tree Structure F-4
Hierarchical Queries F-5
Walking the Tree F-6
Walking the Tree: From the Bottom Up F-8
Walking the Tree: From the Top Down F-9
Ranking Rows with the LEVEL Pseudocolumn F-10
Formatting Hierarchical Reports Using LEVEL and LPAD F-11
Pruning Branches F-13
Summary F-14
G Writing Advanced Scripts
Objectives G-2
Using SQL to Generate SQL G-3
Creating a Basic Script G-4
Controlling the Environment G-5
The Complete Picture G-6
Dumping the Contents of a Table to a File G-7
Generating a Dynamic Predicate G-9
Summary G-11

H Oracle Database Architectural Components

Objectives H-2
Oracle Database Architecture: Overview H-3
Oracle Database Server Structures H-4
Connecting to the Database H-5
Interacting with an Oracle Database H-6
Oracle Memory Architecture H-8
Process Architecture H-10
Database Writer Process H-12
Log Writer Process H-13
Checkpoint Process H-14
System Monitor Process H-15
Process Monitor Process H-16
Oracle Database Storage Architecture H-17
Logical and Physical Database Structures H-19
Processing a SQL Statement H-21
Processing a Query H-22
Shared Pool H-23
Database Buffer Cache H-25
Program Global Area (PGA) H-26
Processing a DML Statement H-27
Redo Log Buffer H-29
Rollback Segment H-30
COMMIT Processing H-31
Summary of the Oracle Database Architecture H-33
Summary H-34

I Regular Expression Support

Objectives I-2
What Are Regular Expressions? I-3
Benefits of Using Regular Expressions I-4
Using the Regular Expressions Functions and Conditions in SQL and PL/SQL I-5
What are Metacharacters? I-6
Using Metacharacters with Regular Expressions I-7
Regular Expressions Functions and Conditions: Syntax I-9
Performing a Basic Search by Using the REGEXP_LIKE Condition I-10
Replacing Patterns by Using the REGEXP_REPLACE Function I-11
Finding Patterns by Using the REGEXP_INSTR Function I-12
Extracting Substrings by Using the REGEXP_SUBSTR Function I-13
Subexpressions I-14
Using Subexpressions with Regular Expression Support I-15
Why Access the nth Subexpression? I-16
REGEXP_SUBSTR: Example I-17
Using the REGEXP_COUNT Function I-18
Regular Expressions and Check Constraints: Examples I-19
Quiz I-20
Summary I-21
 Oracle Database 19c: Administration Workshop (5 Days – 40 Hours)

Contents

1 Introduction to Oracle Database

Objectives 1-2
Oracle Database Server Architecture: Overview 1-3
Oracle Multitenant Container Database: Introduction 1-4
Oracle Multitenant Container Database: Architecture 1-5
Oracle Database Instance Configurations 1-6
Database Sharding: Introduction 1-7
Oracle Database Server: Interactive Architecture Diagram 1-8
Summary 1-9

2 Accessing an Oracle Database

Objectives 2-2
Connecting to an Oracle Database Instance 2-3
Oracle Database Tools 2-5
Database Tool Choices 2-6
SQL*Plus 2-7
Oracle SQL Developer 2-9
Oracle SQL Developer: Connections 2-10
Oracle SQL Developer: DBA Actions 2-11
Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) 2-12
Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Express 2-13
Enterprise Manager Cloud Control 13c Features 2-15
Oracle Enterprise Manager Component Overview 2-17
Single Pane of Glass for Enterprise Management 2-18
Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Management 2-19
Summary 2-21

3 Creating an Oracle Database by Using DBCA

Objectives 3-2
Planning the Database 3-3
Choosing a Database Template 3-4
Choosing the Appropriate Character Set 3-5
How Are Character Sets Used? 3-7
Setting NLS_LANG Correctly on the Client 3-8
Using the Database Configuration Assistant 3-9
 Using DBCA in Silent Mode 3-10
Summary 3-11
Practice Overview 3-12

4 Creating an Oracle Database by Using a SQL Command

Objectives 4-2
Creating a Container Database (CDB) 4-3
Creating a CDB by Using a SQL Command: Example 4-4
Using the SEED FILE_NAME_CONVERT Clause 4-5
Using the ENABLE PLUGGABLE DATABASE Clause 4-6
Summary 4-7
Practice Overview 4-8

5 Starting Up and Shutting Down a Database Instance

Objectives 5-2
Starting the Oracle Database Instance 5-3
Shutting Down an Oracle Database Instance 5-4
Comparing SHUTDOWN Modes 5-6
Opening and Closing PDBs 5-8
Configuring PDBs to Automatically Open 5-9
Summary 5-10
Practice Overview 5-11

6 Managing Database Instances

Objectives 6-2
Working with Initialization Parameters 6-3
Initialization Parameters 6-5
Modifying Initialization Parameters 6-7
Viewing Initialization Parameters 6-9
Working with the Automatic Diagnostic Repository 6-11
Automatic Diagnostic Repository 6-12
Viewing the Alert Log 6-13
Using Trace Files 6-14
Administering the DDL Log File 6-16
Querying Dynamic Performance Views 6-17
Considerations for Dynamic Performance Views 6-18
Data Dictionary: Overview 6-19
Querying the Oracle Data Dictionary 6-20
Summary 6-22
Practice Overview 6-23
7 Oracle Net Services: Overview
Objectives 7-2
Connecting to the Database Instance 7-3
Oracle Net Services: Overview 7-4
Defining Oracle Net Services Components 7-5
Tools for Configuring and Managing Oracle Net Services 7-6
Oracle Net Listener: Overview 7-7
The Default Listener 7-8
Comparing Dedicated and Shared Server Architecture 7-9
Summary 7-10

8 Configuring Naming Methods

Objectives 8-2
Establishing Oracle Network Connections 8-3
Connecting to an Oracle Database Instance 8-4
Name Resolution 8-5
Establishing a Connection 8-6
User Sessions 8-7
Naming Methods 8-8
Easy Connect 8-9
Local Naming 8-10
Directory Naming 8-11
Using Database Services to Manage Workloads 8-12
Creating Database Services 8-13
Summary 8-14
Practice Overview 8-15

9 Configuring and Administering the Listener

Objectives 9-2
Review: Oracle Net Services Overview 9-3
Oracle Net Listener: Overview 9-4
The Default Listener 9-5
Configuring Dynamic Service Registration 9-6
Configuring Static Service Registration 9-8
Summary 9-10
Practice Overview 9-11

10 Configuring a Shared Server Architecture

Objectives 10-2
Shared Server Architecture: Overview 10-3
Comparing Dedicated and Shared Server Architecture: Review 10-4
 Enabling Shared Server 10-5
Controlling Shared Server Operations 10-6
SGA and PGA Usage 10-7
Shared Server Configuration Considerations 10-8
Summary 10-9
Practice Overview 10-10

11 Configuring Oracle Connection Manager for Multiplexing and Access Control

Objectives 11-2
Oracle Connection Manager: Overview 11-3
Oracle Connection Manager Processes 11-4
Oracle Connection Manager: Architecture 11-5
Using Filtering Rules 11-6
Implementing Intranet Access Control 11-7
Implementing Internet Access Control 11-8
Using Session Multiplexing 11-9
Configuring Oracle Connection Manager 11-10
Configuring the cman.ora File 11-11
Example of a cman.ora File 11-12
Configuring Clients 11-13
Configuring the Database Server 11-14
Configuring the Database Server for Multiplexing (Optional) 11-15
Using the Oracle Connection Manager Control Utility 11-16
Review of Oracle Connection Manager Features 11-17
Summary 11-18

12 Creating PDBs from Seed

Objectives 12-2
Provisioning New Pluggable Databases 12-3
Tools 12-4
Creating a New PDB from PDB$SEED 12-5
Using the FILE_NAME_CONVERT Clause 12-6
Using OMF or the PDB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT Parameter 12-7
Summary 12-8
Practice Overview 12-9

13 Using Other Techniques to Create PDBs

Objectives 13-2
Cloning Regular PDBs 13-3
Migrating Data from a Non-CDB into a CDB 13-4
Plugging a Non-CDB into CDB Using DBMS_PDB 13-5
 Replicating a Non-CDB into a CDB by Using GoldenGate 13-6
Cloning a Non-CDB or Remote PDB 13-7
Using DBCA to Clone a Remote PDB 13-8
Plugging an Unplugged Regular PDB into CDB 13-9
Plugging in a PDB Using an Archive File 13-10
Cloning Remote PDBs in Hot Mode 13-11
Near-Zero Downtime PDB Relocation 13-12
Using DBCA to Relocate a Remote PDB 13-14
Proxy PDB: Query Across CDBs Proxying Root Replica 13-15
Creating a Proxy PDB 13-16
Summary 13-17

14 Managing PDBs
Objectives 14-2
Changing the PDB Mode 14-3
Modifying PDB Settings 14-4
Impact of Changing Initialization Parameters 14-5
Changing Initialization Parameters: Example 14-6
Using the ALTER SYSTEM Command in a PDB 14-7
Configuring Host Name and Port Number per PDB 14-8
Dropping PDBs 14-9
Summary 14-10
Practice Overview 14-11

15 Database Storage Overview

Objectives 15-2
Database Storage Architecture 15-3
Logical and Physical Database Structures 15-5
Segments, Extents, and Blocks 15-7
Tablespaces and Data Files 15-8
Default Tablespaces in a Multitenant Container Database 15-9
SYSTEM and SYSAUX Tablespaces 15-10
Types of Segments 15-11
How Table Data Is Stored 15-12
Database Block Content 15-13
Understanding Deferred Segment Creation 15-14
Controlling Deferred Segment Creation 15-15
Monitoring Tablespace Space Usage 15-16
Oracle Database Storage Structures: Interactive Architecture Diagram 15-17
Summary 15-18
16 Creating and Managing Tablespaces
Objectives 16-2
Creating Tablespaces 16-3
Creating a Tablespace: Clauses 16-4
Creating Permanent Tablespaces in a CDB 16-7
Defining Default Permanent Tablespaces 16-8
Temporary Tablespaces 16-9
Altering and Dropping Tablespaces 16-10
Viewing Tablespace Information 16-12
Implementing Oracle Managed Files (OMF) 16-13
Enlarging the Database 16-15
Moving or Renaming Online Data Files 16-16
Examples: Moving and Renaming Online Data Files 16-17
Summary 16-18
Practice Overview 16-19

17 Improving Space Usage

Objectives 17-2
Space Management Features 17-3
Block Space Management 17-4
Row Chaining and Migration 17-5
Free Space Management Within Segments 17-6
Allocating Extents 17-7
Using Unusable Indexes 17-8
Using Temporary Tables 17-9
Creating Global Temporary Tables 17-10
Creating Private Temporary Tables 17-11
Table Compression: Overview 17-12
Table Compression: Concepts 17-13
Compression for Direct-Path Insert Operations 17-14
Advanced Row Compression for DML Operations 17-15
Specifying Table Compression 17-16
Using the Compression Advisor 17-17
Resolving Space Usage Issues 17-18
Reclaiming Space by Shrinking Segments 17-19
Shrinking Segments 17-20
Results of a Shrink Operation 17-21
Managing Resumable Space Allocation 17-22
Using Resumable Space Allocation 17-23
Resuming Suspended Statements 17-25
What Operations Are Resumable? 17-27
 Summary 17-28
Practice Overview 17-29

18 Managing Undo Data

Objectives 18-2
Undo Data: Overview 18-3
Transactions and Undo Data 18-5
Storing Undo Information 18-6
Comparing Undo Data and Redo Data 18-7
Managing Undo 18-8
Comparing SHARED Undo Mode and LOCAL Undo Mode 18-9
Configuring Undo Retention 18-10
Categories of Undo 18-11
Guaranteeing Undo Retention 18-12
Changing an Undo Tablespace to a Fixed Size 18-13
Temporary Undo: Overview 18-14
Temporary Undo Benefits 18-15
Enabling Temporary Undo 18-16
Monitoring Temporary Undo 18-17
Summary 18-18
Practice Overview 18-19

19 Creating and Managing User Accounts

Objectives 19-2
Database User Accounts 19-3
Oracle-Supplied Administrator Accounts 19-5
Creating Oracle Database Users in a Multitenant Environment 19-6
Creating Common Users in the CDB and PDBs 19-7
Creating Schema Only Accounts 19-8
Authenticating Users 19-9
Using Password Authentication 19-10
Using Password File Authentication 19-11
Using OS Authentication 19-12
OS Authentication for Privileged Users 19-14
Assigning Quotas 19-15
Summary 19-17
Practice Overview 19-18

20 Configuring Privilege and Role Authorization

Objectives 20-2
Privileges 20-3
 System Privileges 20-4
System Privileges for Administrators 20-6
Object Privileges 20-7
Granting Privileges in a Multitenant Environment 20-8
Granting Privileges: Example 20-9
Using Roles to Manage Privileges 20-10
Assigning Privileges to Roles and Assigning Roles to Users 20-11
Oracle-Supplied Roles 20-12
Granting Roles in a Multitenant Environment 20-13
Granting Roles: Example 20-14
Making Roles More Secure 20-15
Revoking Roles and Privileges 20-16
Granting and Revoking System Privileges 20-17
Granting and Revoking Object Privileges 20-18
Summary 20-19
Practice Overview 20-20

21 Configuring User Resource Limits

Objectives 21-2
Profiles and Users 21-3
Creating Profiles in a Multitenant Architecture 21-4
Creating Profiles: Example 21-5
Profile Parameters: Resources 21-6
Profile Parameters: Locking and Passwords 21-8
Oracle-Supplied Password Verification Functions 21-10
Assigning Profiles in a Multitenant Architecture 21-11
Summary 21-12
Practice Overview 21-13

22 Implementing Oracle Database Auditing

Objectives 22-2
Database Security 22-3
Monitoring for Compliance 22-5
Types of Activities to be Audited 22-6
Mandatorily Audited Activities 22-7
Understanding Auditing Implementation 22-8
Administering the Roles Required for Auditing 22-9
Database Auditing: Overview 22-10
Configuring Auditing 22-11
Creating a Unified Audit Policy 22-12
Creating an Audit Policy: System-Wide Audit Options 22-13
 Creating an Audit Policy: Object-Specific Actions 22-14
Creating an Audit Policy: Specifying Conditions 22-15
Enabling and Disabling Audit Policies 22-16
Auditing Actions in the CDB and PDBs 22-17
Modifying a Unified Audit Policy 22-19
Auditing Top-Level Statements Only 22-20
Viewing Audit Policy Information 22-21
Value-Based Auditing 22-22
Fine-Grained Auditing 22-24
FGA Policy 22-25
Audited DML Statement: Considerations 22-27
FGA Guidelines 22-28
Archiving and Purging the Audit Trail 22-29
Purging Audit Trail Records 22-30
Summary 22-31
Practice Overview 22-32

23 Introduction to Loading and Transporting Data

Objectives 23-2
Moving Data: General Architecture 23-3
Oracle Data Pump: Overview 23-4
Oracle Data Pump: Benefits 23-5
SQL Loader: Overview 23-7
Summary 23-9

24 Loading Data
Objectives 24-2
SQL Loader: Review 24-3
Creating the SQL*Loader Control File 24-4
SQL*Loader Loading Methods 24-6
Protecting Against Data Loss 24-7
SQL*Loader Express Mode 24-8
Using SQL*Loader to Load a Table in a PDB 24-9
Summary 24-10
Practice Overview 24-11

25 Transporting Data
Objectives 25-2
Data Pump Export and Import Clients 25-3
Data Pump Interfaces and Modes 25-4
Data Pump Import Transformations 25-6
 Using Oracle Data Pump with PDBs 25-7
Exporting from a Non-CDB and Importing into a PDB 25-8
Exporting and Importing Between PDBs 25-9
Full Transportable Export/Import 25-10
Full Transportable Export/Import: Example 25-12
Transporting a Database Over the Network: Example 25-13
Using RMAN to Transport Data Across Platforms 25-14
RMAN CONVERT Command 25-15
Transporting Data with Minimum Down Time 25-16
Transporting a Tablespace by Using Image Copies 25-17
Determining the Endian Format of a Platform 25-18
Transporting Data with Backup Sets 25-19
Transporting a Tablespace 25-20
Transporting Inconsistent Tablespaces 25-22
Database Transport: Data Files 25-23
Transporting a Database 25-24
Transporting a Database: Conversion 25-25
Transporting a Database: Example 1 25-26
Transporting a Database: Example 2 25-27
Transporting a Database: Considerations 25-28
Transporting a Database with Backup Sets 25-29
Summary 25-31
Practice Overview 25-32

26 Using External Tables to Load and Transport Data

Objectives 26-2
External Tables 26-3
External Tables: Benefits 26-4
ORACLE_LOADER Access Driver 26-5
ORACLE_DATAPUMP Access Driver 26-6
External Tables 26-7
Viewing Information About External Tables 26-8
Summary 26-9
Practice Overview 26-10

27 Automated Maintenance Tasks: Overview

Objectives 27-2
Proactive Database Maintenance Infrastructure 27-3
Automated Maintenance Tasks: Components 27-4
Predefined Automated Maintenance Tasks 27-5
Maintenance Windows 27-6
 Predefined Maintenance Windows 27-7
Viewing Maintenance Window Details 27-8
Automated Maintenance Tasks 27-9
Summary 27-10

28 Automated Maintenance Tasks: Managing Tasks and Windows

Objectives 28-2
Configuring Automated Maintenance Tasks 28-3
Enabling and Disabling Maintenance Tasks 28-4
Creating and Managing Maintenance Windows 28-5
Resource Allocations for Automated Maintenance Tasks 28-6
Changing Resource Allocations for Maintenance Tasks 28-7
Summary 28-8
Practice Overview 28-9

29 Database Monitoring and Tuning Performance Overview

Objectives 29-2
Performance Management Activities 29-3
Performance Planning Considerations 29-4
Database Maintenance 29-6
Automatic Workload Repository (AWR) 29-7
Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor (ADDM) 29-8
Configuring Automatic ADDM Analysis at the PDB Level 29-9
Advisory Framework 29-10
Performance Tuning Methodology 29-12
Summary 29-13

30 Monitoring Database Performance

Objectives 30-2
Server-Generated Alerts 30-3
Setting Metric Thresholds 30-4
Reacting to Alerts 30-5
Alert Types and Clearing Alerts 30-6
Database Server Statistics and Metrics 30-7
Performance Monitoring 30-8
Viewing Statistics Information 30-9
Monitoring Wait Events 30-11
Monitoring Sessions 30-12
Monitoring Services 30-13
Summary 30-14
31 Analyzing SQL and Optimizing Access Paths
Objectives 31-2
SQL Tuning Process 31-3
Oracle Optimizer 31-4
Optimizer Statistics 31-5
Optimizer Statistics Collection 31-6
Setting Optimizer Statistics Preferences 31-8
Optimizer Statistics Advisor 31-10
Optimizer Statistics Advisor Report 31-11
Executing Optimizer Statistics Advisor Tasks 31-12
SQL Plan Directives 31-13
Adaptive Execution Plans 31-14
SQL Tuning Advisor: Overview 31-16
SQL Access Advisor: Overview 31-18
SQL Performance Analyzer: Overview 31-19
Managing Automated Tuning Tasks 31-21
Summary 31-22
 Oracle Database 19c: Backup and Recovery (5 Days – 40 Hours)

Contents

1 Backup and Recovery: Overview

Objectives 1-2
DBA Responsibilities 1-3
Separation of DBA Duties 1-4
Assessing Your Recovery Requirements 1-5
Categories of Failure 1-7
Statement Failure 1-8
User Process Failure 1-9
Network Failure 1-10
User Error 1-11
Instance Failure 1-12
Media Failure 1-13
Data Failures 1-14
Instance Recovery 1-15
The Checkpoint (CKPT) Process 1-16
Redo Log Files and the Log Writer (LGWR) Process 1-17
Database Log Mode 1-18
Automatic Instance Recovery or Crash Recovery 1-19
Phases of Instance Recovery 1-20
Tuning Instance Recovery 1-21
Using the MTTR Advisor 1-22
Restoring and Recovering 1-23
Comparing Complete and Incomplete Recovery 1-24
The Complete Recovery Process 1-25
The Point-in-Time Recovery Process 1-26
Oracle Data Protection Solutions 1-28
Flashback Technology 1-29
Summary 1-30

2 Backup and Recovery Configuration

Objectives 2-2
Configuring for Recoverability 2-3
Configuring the Fast Recovery Area 2-4
Monitoring the Fast Recovery Area 2-5
Multiplexing Control Files 2-6
Redo Log Files 2-8
 Multiplexing the Redo Log 2-9
Creating Archived Redo Log Files 2-10
Archiver (ARCn) Process 2-11
Archived Redo Log Files: Naming and Destinations 2-12
Configuring ARCHIVELOG Mode 2-13
Summary 2-14
Practice Overview 2-15

3 Using Recovery Manager (RMAN)

Objectives 3-2
Integrated Oracle Recovery Manager (RMAN) 3-3
Connecting to RMAN and a Target Database 3-4
Using SQL in RMAN 3-5
Types of RMAN Commands 3-6
Job Commands: Example 3-7
Configuring Persistent Settings for RMAN 3-8
Viewing Persistent Settings 3-9
Managing Persistent Settings 3-10
Specifying a Retention Policy 3-11
Recovery Window Retention Policy: Example 3-13
Summary 3-14
Practice Overview 3-15

4 Backup Strategies
Objectives 4-2
Understanding Types of Backups 4-3
Backup Terminology 4-4
Understanding Types of Backups 4-5
RMAN Backup Types 4-6
Backup Solutions: Overview 4-8
Balancing Backup and Restore Requirements 4-9
Comparing Backup Strategies 4-11
Option 1: Full and Incremental Backups 4-12
Option 2: Incrementally Updated Disk Backups 4-13
Option 3: Offloading Backups to Physical Standby Database in Data
Guard Environment 4-14
Backing Up Read-Only Tablespaces: Considerations 4-15
Data Warehouse Backup and Recovery: Best Practices 4-16
Summary 4-17
5 Creating Database Backups
Objectives 5-2
Using RMAN Commands to Create Backups 5-3
Syntax and Clauses in RMAN 5-4
Creating Backup Sets 5-5
Creating Image Copies 5-6
Creating a Whole Database Backup 5-7
CDB Backup: Whole CDB Backup 5-8
CDB Backup: Partial CDB Backup 5-9
PDB Backup: Partial PDB Backup 5-10
Review: RMAN Backup Types 5-11
Incrementally Updated Backups 5-13
Incrementally Updated Backups: Example 5-14
Fast Incremental Backup 5-15
Maintaining the Block Change Tracking File 5-16
Monitoring Block Change Tracking 5-17
Automatic Disk-to-Disk Backup and Recovery 5-18
Oracle-Suggested Backup 5-19
Backing Up the Control File to a Trace File 5-20
Cataloging Additional Backup Files 5-22
Reporting on Backups 5-23
Using Dynamic Views 5-24
Summary 5-25
Practice Overview 5-26

6 Using Optional Backup Features

Objectives 6-2
Saving Backup Space with Unused Block Compression 6-3
Compressing Backups 6-4
Using RMAN Backup Compression 6-5
Using a Media Manager 6-6
Configuring Backup and Restore for Very Large Files 6-8
Backing Up and Restoring Very Large Files 6-9
Creating RMAN Multisection Backups 6-10
Creating Proxy Copies 6-11
Creating Duplexed Backup Sets by Using BACKUP COPIES 6-12
Creating Backups of Backup Sets 6-13
Archival Backups: Concepts 6-14
Creating Archival Backups with RMAN 6-16
Managing Archival Database Backups 6-17
Backing Up Recovery Files 6-18
 Summary 6-19
Practice Overview 6-20

7 Tuning RMAN Backup Performance

Objectives 7-2
Is There a Problem? 7-3
Diagnosing Performance Bottlenecks 7-4
Diagnosing Performance Bottlenecks: Read Phase 7-5
Is There a “Write” Problem? 7-6
Diagnosing Performance Bottlenecks: Write or Copy Phase 7-7
Using Dynamic Views to Diagnose RMAN Performance 7-8
Monitoring RMAN Job Progress 7-9
Identifying Backup and Restore Bottlenecks 7-11
Asynchronous I/O Bottlenecks 7-12
Synchronous I/O Bottlenecks 7-13
Tuning RMAN Backup Performance 7-14
Parallelization of Backup Sets 7-15
RMAN Multiplexing 7-17
Summary 7-19
Practice Overview 7-20

8 Recovery Catalog Overview

Objectives 8-2
RMAN Repository Data Storage: Comparison of Options 8-3
Storing Information in the Recovery Catalog 8-4
Reasons to Use a Recovery Catalog 8-5
Summary 8-6

9 Creating a Recovery Catalog

Objectives 9-2
Creating the Recovery Catalog: Three Steps 9-3
1. Configuring the Recovery Catalog Database 9-4
2. Creating the Recovery Catalog Owner 9-5
3. Creating the Recovery Catalog 9-6
Summary 9-7
Practice Overview 9-8

10 Managing Target Database Records

Objectives 10-2
Managing Target Database Records in the Recovery Catalog 10-3
Registering a Database in the Recovery Catalog 10-4
 Unregistering a Target Database from the Recovery Catalog 10-5
Recovery Catalog Resynchronization: Concepts 10-6
Manually Resynchronizing the Recovery Catalog 10-8
Summary 10-9
Practice Overview 10-10

11 Using Stored Scripts

Objectives 11-2
Using RMAN Stored Scripts 11-3
Executing RMAN Stored Scripts 11-4
Maintaining RMAN Stored Scripts 11-5
Summary 11-6
Practice Overview 11-7

12 Creating and Using Virtual Private Catalogs

Objectives 12-2
Creating and Using Virtual Private Catalogs 12-3
Creating a Virtual Private Catalog 12-4
Managing Virtual Private Catalogs 12-6
Upgrading Virtual Private Catalogs 12-7
Summary 12-8
Practice Overview 12-9

13 Restore and Recovery Concepts

Objectives 13-2
File Loss 13-3
Data Repair Techniques 13-4
Restoring and Recovering 13-5
Using RMAN RESTORE and RECOVER Commands 13-6
Instance Failure 13-7
Instance Recovery 13-8
Phases of Instance Recovery 13-9
Media Failure 13-10
Comparing Complete and Incomplete Recovery 13-11
Complete Recovery Process 13-12
Point-in-Time Recovery Process 13-13
Recovery with the RESETLOGS Option 13-15
Restore and Recovery Performance: Best Practices 13-16
Summary 13-17
14 Diagnosing Failures
Objectives 14-2
Reducing Problem Diagnosis Time 14-3
Automatic Diagnostic Workflow 14-4
Automatic Diagnostic Repository 14-5
ADR Command-Line Tool (ADRCI) 14-6
V$DIAG_INFO View 14-7
Data Recovery Advisor 14-8
Data Failure: Examples 14-11
Data Recovery Advisor RMAN Command-Line Interface 14-12
Listing Data Failures 14-13
Advising on Repair 14-15
Executing Repairs 14-16
Classifying (and Closing) Failures 14-17
Data Recovery Advisor Views 14-18
Summary 14-19
Practice Overview 14-20

15 Performing Complete Recovery

Objectives 15-2
Ensuring Backups Are Available 15-3
Restoring in NOARCHIVELOG Mode 15-4
Recovery with Incremental Backups in NOARCHIVELOG Mode 15-5
Performing Complete Recovery 15-6
Review: Recovering Image Copies 15-8
Recovering Image Copies: Example 15-9
Performing a Fast Switch to Image Copies 15-10
Using SET NEWNAME for Switching Files 15-11
Using Restore Points 15-12
PDB Tempfile Recovery 15-13
PDB SYSTEM or UNDO Tablespace Recovery 15-14
PDB Non-SYSTEM Tablespace Recovery 15-15
Summary 15-16
Practice Overview 15-17

16 Performing Point-in-Time Recovery

Objectives 16-2
Point-in-Time Recovery 16-3
PITR Terminology 16-4
Performing Point-in-Time Recovery 16-5
When to Use TSPITR 16-7
 Tablespace Point-in-Time Recovery: Architecture 16-8
Preparing for TSPITR 16-10
Determining the Correct Target Time 16-11
Determining the Tablespaces for the Recovery Set 16-12
Identifying Objects That Will Be Lost 16-13
Performing RMAN TSPITR 16-14
Performing Fully Automated TSPITR 16-15
Improving TSPITR Performance 16-16
Performing RMAN TSPITR with an RMAN-Managed Auxiliary Instance 16-17
Performing RMAN TSPITR by Using Your Own Auxiliary Instance 16-18
Troubleshooting RMAN TSPITR 16-19
PITR of PDBs 16-20
Recovering Tables from Backups 16-21
Table Recovery: Graphical Overview 16-22
Prerequisites and Limitations 16-23
Specifying the Recovery Point in Time 16-24
Process Steps of Table Recovery 16-25
Summary 16-27
Practice Overview 16-28

17 Performing Block Media Recovery

Objectives 17-2
What Is Block Corruption? 17-3
Block Corruption Symptoms: ORA-01578 17-4
How to Handle Corruption 17-5
Setting Parameters to Detect Corruption 17-6
Block Media Recovery 17-7
Prerequisites for Block Media Recovery 17-8
Recovering Individual Blocks 17-9
Best Practice: Proactive Checks 17-10
Checking for Block Corruption 17-11
Summary 17-12
Practice Overview 17-13

18 Performing Additional Recovery Operations

Objectives 18-2
Recovery from Loss of Server Parameter File 18-3
Restoring the Server Parameter File from the Control File Autobackup 18-4
Loss of a Control File 18-5
Recovering from the Loss of All Control File Copies: Overview 18-6
Restoring the Control File from Autobackup 18-7
 Restoring the SPFILE and the Control File 18-8
Recovering NOLOGGING Database Objects 18-9
Loss of a Redo Log File 18-10
Log Group Status: Review 18-11
Recovering from the Loss of a Redo Log Group 18-12
Clearing a Log File 18-13
Re-creating a Password Authentication File 18-14
Summary 18-16
Practice Overview 18-17

19 Oracle Flashback Technology: Overview

Objectives 19-2
Flashback Technologies Error Detection and Correction 19-3
Review: Transactions and Undo 19-4
Flashback Technology 19-5
Summary 19-7

20 Using Logical Flashback Features

Objectives 20-2
Using Flashback Technology to Query Data 20-3
Flashback Query 20-4
Flashback Version Query 20-5
Flashback Table: Overview 20-6
Flashback Table 20-7
Flashback Table: Considerations 20-8
Flashback Transaction Query 20-9
Flashback Transaction Query: Considerations 20-10
Flashback Transaction Backout 20-11
Flashing Back a Transaction 20-12
Best Practices: Undo-Based Flashback Query, Flashback Table 20-13
Flashback Drop and the Recycle Bin 20-14
Recycle Bin 20-15
Bypassing the Recycle Bin 20-16
Using Flashback Data Archives 20-17
Creating a Temporal History and Enabling Archiving 20-18
How the Flashback Data Archive Works 20-19
Collecting User Context in Temporal History 20-20
Transparent Schema Evolution 20-21
Full Schema Evolution 20-22
Temporal Validity and History 20-23
Using the PERIOD FOR Clause 20-24
 Filtering on Valid-Time Columns: Example 1 20-25
Filtering on Valid-Time Columns: Example 2 20-26
Using DBMS_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE 20-27
Summary 20-28
Practice Overview 20-29

21 Using Flashback Database

Objectives 21-2
Preparing Your Database for Flashback 21-3
Guaranteeing Undo Retention 21-4
Flashback Database: Continuous Data Protection 21-5
Flashback Database 21-6
Flashback Database Architecture 21-7
Configuring Flashback Database 21-8
Flashback Database: Examples 21-9
CDB and PDB Flashback 21-10
Flashback Database Considerations 21-11
Monitoring Flashback Database Information 21-12
Guaranteed Restore Points 21-14
Flashback Database and Guaranteed Restore Points 21-15
PDB Flashback and Clean Restore Point 21-16
Best Practices: Flashback Database 21-17
Summary 21-19
Practice Overview 21-20

22 Using PDB Snapshots

Objectives 22-2
PDB Snapshot Carousel 22-3
Creating PDB Snapshots 22-4
Creating PDBs by Using PDB Snapshots 22-5
Dropping PDB Snapshots 22-6
Flashing Back PDBs by Using PDB Snapshots 22-7
Summary 22-8

23 Database Duplication Overview

Objectives 23-2
Using a Duplicate Database 23-3
Choosing Database Duplication Techniques 23-4
Duplicating an Active Database with “Push” 23-5
Comparing the “Push” and “Pull” Methods of Duplication 23-6
Duplicating a Database with a Target Connection 23-7
 Duplicating a Database with a Recovery Catalog 23-8
Duplicating a Database Without a Recovery Catalog or Target Connection 23-9
Summary 23-10

24 Creating a Backup-Based Duplicate Database

Objectives 24-2
Creating a Backup-Based Duplicate Database 24-3
Creating an Initialization Parameter File for the Auxiliary Instance 24-4
Specifying New Names for Your Destination 24-5
Using the SET NEWNAME Clauses 24-6
Substitution Variables for SET NEWNAME 24-7
Specifying Parameters for File Naming 24-8
Starting the Instance in NOMOUNT Mode 24-9
Ensuring That Backups and Archived Redo Log Files Are Available 24-10
Allocating Auxiliary Channels 24-11
Understanding the RMAN Duplication Operation 24-12
Specifying Options for the DUPLICATE Command 24-14
Using Additional DUPLICATE Command Options 24-15
Duplicating Selected PDBs in a CDB 24-16
Cloning an Active PDB into an Existing CDB 24-17
Example: Duplicating PDB1 from CDB1 to CDB2 as PDB1 24-18
Example: Duplicating PDB1 from CDB1 to CDB2 as PDB2 24-19
Summary 24-20
Practice Overview 24-21
 Oracle Database 19c: Multitenant Architecture (4 Days – 32 Hours)

Course Practice Environment: Security Credentials ................................................................... 7

Course Practice Environment: Security Credentials ...................................................................... 8
Practices for Lesson 1: CDB Basics .............................................................................................. 9
Practices for Lesson 1: Overview ................................................................................................... 10
Practice 1-1: Discovering Practices Environment .......................................................................... 12
Practice 1-2: Setting and Validating OEMCC Named Credentials ................................................. 13
Practice 1-3: Exploring CDB and PDB using Enterprise Manager Cloud Control.......................... 18
Practice 1-4: Using Enterprise Manager Express .......................................................................... 31
Practices for Lesson 2: CDB and Regular PDBs .......................................................................... 39
Practices for Lesson 2: Overview ................................................................................................... 40
Practice 2-1: Exploring CDB Architecture and Structures .............................................................. 41
Practice 2-2: Creating a New CDB ................................................................................................. 52
Practice 2-3: Creating a New PDB ................................................................................................. 60
Practices for Lesson 3: Application PDBs and Application Installation .................................... 69
Practices for Lesson 3: Overview ................................................................................................... 70
Practice 3-1: Installing an Application in an Application Container ................................................ 71
Practice 3-2: Upgrading an Application in an Application Container .............................................. 80
Practice 3-3: Querying Data Across Application PDBs in CDB...................................................... 86
Practices for Lesson 4: PDB Creation ........................................................................................... 103
Practices for Lesson 4: Overview ................................................................................................... 104
Practice 4-1: Cloning Remote PDBs in Hot Mode .......................................................................... 105
Practice 4-2: Cloning an Application Container .............................................................................. 112
Practice 4-3: Unplugging and Plugging Application Containers ..................................................... 119
Practice 4-4: Converting a Regular PDB to an Application PDB ................................................... 126
Practice 4-5: Relocating PDBs ....................................................................................................... 133
Practice 4-6: Querying Data Across CDBs by Using Proxy PDBs ................................................. 141
Practice 4-7: Dropping Unnecessary PDBs ................................................................................... 152
Practices for Lesson 5: CDB and PDB Management ................................................................... 157
Practices for Lesson 5: Overview ................................................................................................... 158
Practice 5-1: Starting Up and Shutting Down a CDB ..................................................................... 159
Practice 5-2: Opening and Closing PDBs ...................................................................................... 164
Practice 5-3: Renaming a PDB ...................................................................................................... 170
Practice 5-4: Setting Parameter Values for PDBs .......................................................................... 173
Practice 5-5: Renaming PDB Services........................................................................................... 177
Practices for Lesson 6: Storage ..................................................................................................... 183
Practices for Lesson 6: Overview ................................................................................................... 184
 Practice 6-1: Managing Permanent and Temporary Tablespaces ................................................. 185
Practice 6-2: Managing UNDO Tablespaces ................................................................................. 192
Practices for Lesson 7: Security .................................................................................................... 195
Practices for Lesson 7: Overview ................................................................................................... 196
Practice 7-1: Managing Common and Local Users, Privileges, and Roles.................................... 197
Practice 7-2: Managing Common and Local Objects in Application Containers ............................ 243
Practice 7-3: Enabling Common Users to View Information About PDB Objects .......................... 254
Practice 7-4: Managing PDB Lockdown Profiles ............................................................................ 258
Practice 7-5: Auditing Operations in PDBs .................................................................................... 261
Practice 7-7: Unplugging and Plugging Encrypted PDBs .............................................................. 281
Practices for Lesson 8: Backup and Duplicate ............................................................................. 287
Practices for Lesson 8: Overview ................................................................................................... 288
Practice 8-1: RMAN Whole CDB Backup ....................................................................................... 289
Practice 8-2: RMAN PDB Backup .................................................................................................. 296
Practice 8-3: Duplicating a PDB into an Existing CDB ................................................................... 301
Practice 8-4: Duplicating an On-Premises CDB for Cloud ............................................................. 306
Practices for Lesson 9: Recovery and Flashback ........................................................................ 325
Practices for Lesson 9: Overview ................................................................................................... 326
Practice 9-1: RMAN Recovery from SYSTEM PDB Data File Loss ............................................... 327
Practice 9-2: RMAN Recovery from Nonessential PDB Data File Loss ......................................... 343
Practice 9-3: PDB PITR .................................................................................................................. 346
Practice 9-4: Recovering a Plugged PDB by Using Preplug-in Backups ....................................... 351
Practice 9-5: Flashing Back an Application Upgrade by Using Restore Points ............................. 372
Practices for Lesson 10: Performance .......................................................................................... 379
Practices for Lesson 10: Overview ................................................................................................. 380
Practice 10-1: Monitoring Performance at the CDB and PDB Levels ............................................ 381
Practice 10-2: Getting Performance ADDM Recommendations at CDB and PDB Levels ............ 388
Practice 10-3: Monitoring SQL Executions at PDB Level .............................................................. 407
Practices for Lesson 11: Resources Allocation ........................................................................... 419
Practices for Lesson 11: Overview ................................................................................................. 420
Practice 11-1: Managing PDB Performance Profiles ..................................................................... 421
Practice 11-2: Managing Resource Allocation Between PDBs ...................................................... 430
Practice 11-3: Avoiding Excessive Session PGA Memory Usage in PDBs ................................... 436
Practices for Lesson 12: Data Movement ...................................................................................... 441
Practices for Lesson 12: Overview ................................................................................................. 442
Practice 12-1: Performing a Full Transportable Export/Import from a 12c Non-CDB into an 18c PDB
........................................................................................................................................................ 443
Practice 12-2: Performing a Full Transportable Export/Import from a 18c PDB into an 19c PDB . 447
Practices for Lesson 13: Upgrade Methods .................................................................................. 451
Practices for Lesson 13: Overview ................................................................................................. 452
Practice 13-1: Upgrading an 18c Regular PDB to a 19c Application PDB ..................................... 453
Practice 13-2: Plugging Remote PDBs Through XTTS.................................................................. 487
Practice 13-3: Upgrading an 18c CDB to a 19c CDB ..................................................................... 494