VIKAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(NAAC Accredited)

(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada) Andhra Pradesh

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

CYBER SECURITY LAB MANUAL – Symmetric Key

Encryption

SYLLABUS

1) Perform Encryption and Decryption by using Caesar Cipher Technique.

2) Perform Encryption and Decryption by using Playfair Cipher Technique.

3) Perform Encryption and Decryption by using Hill Cipher Technique.

4) Perform Encryption and Decryption by using Vigenere Cipher Technique.

EXNO: 1 PERFORM ENCRYPTION AND DECRYPTION BY USING
CAESAR CIPHER TECHI

AIM:

To implement the simple substitution technique named Caesar cipher using C language.

DESCRIPTION:

To encrypt a message with a Caesar cipher, each letter in the message is changed using
a simple rule: shift by three. Each letter is replaced by the letter three letters ahead in the
alphabet. A becomes D, B becomes E, and so on. For the last letters, we can think of the
alphabet as a circle and "wrap around". W becomes Z, X becomes A, Y becomesoB, and Z
becomes C. To change a message back, each letter is replaced by the one three before it.

EXAMPLE:

ALGORITHM:

STEP-1: Read the plain text from the user.

STEP-2: Read the key value from the user.
STEP-3: If the key is positive then encrypt the text by adding the key with each
character in the plain text.
STEP-4: Else subtract the key from the plain text.
STEP-5: Display the cipher text obtained above.

PROGRAM: (Caesar Cipher)

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
void main()
{
char plain[10], cipher[10];
int key,i,length;
int result;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter the plain text:");
scanf("%s", plain);
printf("\n Enter the key value:");
scanf("%d", &key);
printf("\n \n \t PLAIN TEXt: %s",plain);
printf("\n \n \t ENCRYPTED TEXT: ");
for(i = 0, length = strlen(plain); i < length; i++)
{
cipher[i]=plain[i] + key;
if (isupper(plain[i]) && (cipher[i] > 'Z'))
cipher[i] = cipher[i] - 26;
if (islower(plain[i]) && (cipher[i] > 'z'))
cipher[i] = cipher[i] - 26;
printf("%c", cipher[i]);
}
printf("\n \n \t AFTER DECRYPTION : ");
for(i=0;i<length;i++)
{
plain[i]=cipher[i]-key;
if(isupper(cipher[i])&&(plain[i]<'A'))
plain[i]=plain[i]+26;
if(islower(cipher[i])&&(plain[i]<'a'))
plain[i]=plain[i]+26;
printf("%c",plain[i]);
}
getch();
}
 OUTPUT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Crack the following plaintext TRVJRI TZGYVIJ RIV HLZKV VRJP KF TIRTB
2. What encryption key was used?
3. Make you own cipher text using the Caesar cipher.
4. Can you crack other people’s ciphertexts?
5. What key do we need to make “CAESAR” become “MKOCKB”?
6. What key do we need to make “CIPHER” become “SYFXUH”?
7. Use the Caesar cipher to encrypt your first name
How can we find the decryption key from the encryption k ey?

RESULT:

Thus the implementation of Caesar cipher had been executed successfully.

EX. NO: 2

PERFORM ENCRYPTION AND DECRYPTION BY USING

AIM: PLAYFAIR CIPHER TECHNIQUE

To write a C program to implement the Playfair Substitution technique.

DESCRIPTION:

The Playfair cipher starts with creating a key table. The key table is a 5×5 grid of letters
that will act as the key for encrypting your plaintext. Each of the 25 letters must be unique and
one letter of the alphabet is omitted from the table (as there are 25 spots and 26 letters in the
alphabet).

To encrypt a message, one would break the message into digrams (groups of 2 letters)
such that, for example, "HelloWorld" becomes "HE LL OW OR LD", and map them out on the
key table. The two letters of the diagram are considered as the opposite corners of a rectangle in
the key table. Note the relative position of the corners of this rectangle. Then apply the following
4 rules, in order, to each pair of letters in the plaintext:

1. If both letters are the same (or only one letter is left), add an "X" after the first letter
2. If the letters appear on the same row of your table, replace them with the letters to their
immediate right respectively
3. If the letters appear on the same column of your table, replace them with the letters
immediately below respectively
4. If the letters are not on the same row or column, replace them with the letters on the same
row respectively but at the other pair of corners of the rectangle defined by the original
pair.

EXAMPLE:
ALGORITHM:

STEP-1: Read the plain text from the user.

STEP-2: Read the keyword from the user.
STEP-3: Arrange the keyword without duplicates in a 5*5 matrix in the row order and fill
the remaining cells with missed out letters in alphabetical order. Note that ‘i’ and
‘j’ takes the same cell.
STEP-4: Group the plain text in pairs and match the corresponding corner letters by forming
a rectangular grid.
STEP-5: Display the obtained cipher text.

PROGRAM: (Playfair Cipher)

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#define MX 5
void playfair(char ch1,char ch2, char key[MX][MX])
{
int i,j,w,x,y,z;
FILE *out;
if((out=fopen("cipher.txt","a+"))==NULL)
{
printf("File Currupted.");
}
for(i=0;i<MX;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<MX;j++)
{
if(ch1==key[i][j])
{
w=i;
x=j;
}
else if(ch2==key[i][j])
{
y=i;
z=j;
}}}

//printf("%d%d %d%d",w,x,y,z);
if(w==y)
{
x=(x+1)%5;z=(z+1)%5;
printf("%c%c",key[w][x],key[y][z]);
fprintf(out, "%c%c",key[w][x],key[y][z]);
}
else if(x==z)
{
 w=(w+1)%5;y=(y+1)%5;
printf("%c%c",key[w][x],key[y][z]);
fprintf(out, "%c%c",key[w][x],key[y][z]);
}
else
{
printf("%c%c",key[w][z],key[y][x]);
fprintf(out, "%c%c",key[w][z],key[y][x]);
}

fclose(out);
}
void main()
{
int i,j,k=0,l,m=0,n;
char key[MX][MX],keyminus[25],keystr[10],str[25]={0};
char
alpa[26]={'A','B','C','D','E','F','G','H','I','J','K','L'
,'M','N','O','P','Q','R','S','T','U','V','W','X','Y','Z'}
;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter key:");
gets(keystr);
printf("\nEnter the plain text:");
gets(str);
n=strlen(keystr);
//convert the characters to uppertext
for (i=0; i<n; i++)
{
if(keystr[i]=='j')keystr[i]='i';
else if(keystr[i]=='J')keystr[i]='I';
keystr[i] = toupper(keystr[i]);
}
//convert all the characters of plaintext to uppertext
for (i=0; i<strlen(str); i++)
{
if(str[i]=='j')str[i]='i';
else if(str[i]=='J')str[i]='I';
str[i] = toupper(str[i]);
}
j=0;

for(i=0;i<26;i++)
{
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
if(keystr[k]==alpa[i])
break;
else if(alpa[i]=='J')
break;
}
if(k==n)
{
keyminus[j]=alpa[i];j++;
}
}
 //construct key keymatrix
k=0;
for(i=0;i<MX;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<MX;j++)
{
if(k<n)
{
key[i][j]=keystr[k];
k++;}
else
{
key[i][j]=keyminus[m];m++;
}
printf("%c ",key[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
printf("\n\nEntered text :%s\nCipher Text :",str);
for(i=0;i<strlen(str);i++)
{
if(str[i]=='J')str[i]='I';
if(str[i+1]=='\0')
playfair(str[i],'X',key);
else
{
if(str[i+1]=='J')str[i+1]='I';
if(str[i]==str[i+1])
playfair(str[i],'X',key);
else
{
playfair(str[i],str[i+1],key);i++;
}}
}
getch();
}
 OUTPUT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is difference between a monoalphabetic and a polyalphabetic cipher?

2. What are stream cipher and block cipher and how are they different?
3. How many possible keys does the playfair cipher have?
4. How to find the keyword of playfair cipher, given the plain text and cipher text?
5. Construct a table for the Playfair Cipher with the keyword EFFECTIVENESS?

RESULT:
Thus the Playfair cipher substitution technique had been implemented successfully.
EX. NO: 3
PERFORM ENCRYPTION AND DECRYPTION BY USING
AIM: HILL CIPHER TECHNIQUE

To write a C program to implement the hill cipher substitution techniques.

DESCRIPTION:

Each letter is represented by a number modulo 26. Often the simple scheme A = 0, B
= 1... Z = 25, is used, but this is not an essential feature of the cipher. To encrypt a message,
each block of n letters is multiplied by an invertible n × n matrix, against modulus 26. To
decrypt the message, each block is multiplied by the inverse of the m trix used
a for
encryption. The matrix used for encryption is the cipher key, and it sho uld be chosen

randomly from the set of invertible n × n matrices (modulo 26).

EXAMPLE:

ALGORITHM:

STEP-1: Read the plain text and key from the user.
STEP-2: Split the plain text into groups of length three.
STEP-3: Arrange the keyword in a 3*3 matrix.
STEP-4: Multiply the two matrices to obtain the cipher text of length three.
STEP-5: Combine all these groups to get the complete cipher text.

PROGRAM: (Hill Cipher)

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main(){
unsigned int a[3][3]={{6,24,1},{13,16,10},{20,17,15}};
unsigned int b[3][3]={{8,5,10},{21,8,21},{21,12,8}};
int i,j, t=0;
unsigned int c[20],d[20];
char msg[20];
clrscr();
printf("Enter plain text\n ");
scanf("%s",msg);
for(i=0;i<strlen(msg);i++)
{ c[i]=msg[i]-65;
 printf("%d ",c[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{ t=0;
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
t=t+(a[i][j]*c[j]);
}
d[i]=t%26;
}
printf("\nEncrypted Cipher Text :");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
printf(" %c",d[i]+65);
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
t=0;
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
t=t+(b[i][j]*d[j]);
}
c[i]=t%26;
}
printf("\nDecrypted Cipher Text :");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
printf(" %c",c[i]+65);
getch();
return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
 VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Name the aspects to be considered of information security.

2. What is meant by deciphering?

3. What are the two different uses of public key cryptography related to key distribution?

4. How many bit keys are used in S-DES algorithm?

5. What are the parameters are include the certificate request message?

6. What is S/MIME?

7. What is the purpose of dual signature?

8. What are the two common techniques used to protect a password file?

9. What is the size of the key for substitution block cipher?

10. Define Stream Cipher.

RESULT:

Thus the hill cipher substitution technique had been implemented successfully in C.
EX. NO: 4
PERFORM ENCRYPTION AND DECRYPTION BY USING
VIGENERE CIPHER TECHNIQUE
AIM:

To implement the Vigenere Cipher substitution technique using C program.

DESCRIPTION:

To encrypt, a table of alphabets can be used, termed a tabula recta, Vigenère square,
or Vigenère table. It consists of the alphabet written out 26 times in differ ent rows, each

alphabet shifted cyclically to the left compared to the previous alphabet, corresponding to the
26 possible Caesar ciphers. At different points in the encryption process, the cipher uses a
different alphabet from one of the rows. The alphabet used at each point depends on a
repeating keyword.

Each row starts with a key letter. The remainder of the row holds the letters A to Z.
Although there are 26 key rows shown, you will only use as many keys as there are unique letters
in the key string, here just 5 keys, {L, E, M, O, N}. For successive letters of the message, we are
going to take successive letters of the key string, and encipher each message
letter using its corresponding key row. Choose the next letter of the key, go al ong that row to
find the column heading that matches the message character; the letter at the intersection of
[key-row, msg-col] is the enciphered letter.

EXAMPLE:
ALGORITHM:

STEP-1: Arrange the alphabets in row and column of a 26*26 matrix.

STEP-2: Circulate the alphabets in each row to position left such that the first letter is
attached to last.
STEP-3: Repeat this process for all 26 rows and construct the final key matrix.
STEP-4: The keyword and the plain text is read from the user.
STEP-5: The characters in the keyword are repeated sequentially so as to match with
that of the plain text.
STEP-6: Pick the first letter of the plain text and that of the keyword as the row indices
and column indices respectively.
STEP-7: The junction character where these two meet forms the cipher character.
STEP-8: Repeat the above steps to generate the entire cipher text.

PROGRAM: (Vigenere Cipher)

#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
void encipher();
void decipher();
void main()
{
int choice;
clrscr();
while(1)
{
printf("\n1. Encrypt Text");
printf("\t2. Decrypt Text");
printf("\t3. Exit");
printf("\n\nEnter Your Choice : ");
scanf("%d",&choice);
if(choice == 3)
exit(0);
else if(choice == 1)
encipher();
else if(choice == 2)
decipher();
else
printf("Please Enter Valid Option.");
}
}
void encipher()
{
unsigned int i,j;
char input[50],key[10];
printf("\n\nEnter Plain Text: ");
 scanf("%s",input);
printf("\nEnter Key Value: ");
scanf("%s",key);
printf("\nResultant Cipher Text: ");
for(i=0,j=0;i<strlen(input);i++,j++)
{
if(j>=strlen(key))
{ j=0;
}
printf("%c",65+(((toupper(input[i])-65)+(toupper(key[j])-
65))%26));
}}
void decipher()
{
unsigned int i,j;
char input[50],key[10];
int value;
printf("\n\nEnter Cipher Text: ");
scanf("%s",input);
printf("\n\nEnter the key value: ");
scanf("%s",key);
for(i=0,j=0;i<strlen(input);i++,j++)
{
if(j>=strlen(key))
{ j=0; }
value = (toupper(input[i])-64)-(toupper(key[j])-64);
if( value < 0)
{ value = value * -1;
}
printf("%c",65 + (value % 26));
}}
 OUTPUT:

VIVA QUESTIONS (PRELAB and POSTLAB):

1. What is convert channel?

2. Give the principle advantages of elliptical curve cryptography.

5. How secure is DES?

6. What is the necessity of firewalls?

7. Between symmetric Vs Public Key cryptography, which method is more convenient?

10. What is Kerberos?

RESULT:

The Vigenere Cipher substitution technique had been implemented successfully.