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T2 Regular

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17 views3 pages

T2 Regular

Uploaded by

f20221516
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Part 2

1. In line coding, what is the difference between RZ and NRZ codes ?


The RZ (Return to Zero) signal transmission will be zero for half of the bit period while in
NRZ (Non Return to Zero) this is not true.
This creates a deliberate transition t the centre of bit duration and helps in clock
synchronization.
However it also increases the bandwidth required.

2. Consider a rectangular pulse of width = 2 sec and height = 0.5 volt. For what values of t are
its Auto-correlation function R(t) non-zero ?
It will be non zero between –T to T, i.e., -2 to +2 or 4 Secs

3. Find the Nyquist sampling rate for the signal g(t) = 2 sinc(400*pi*t) + 4 sinc(200*pi*t) .
400 or 400 pi Samples/sec

4. If a unit impulse signal is passed through a LPF of cut-off frequency fc, what is the essential
bandwidth of the output signal ?
Fc Hz

5. What is the main difference between DPCM and ADPCM modulation ?


Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation (ADPCM) is a variant of differential pulse-
code modulation (DPCM) that varies the size of the quantization step, to allow further
reduction of the required data bandwidth for a given signal-to-noise ratio.

6. An audio signal is passed through a LPF of cut-off frequency = 15 kHz. Then, it is sampled at
a rate of 10% higher than its Nyquist rate. If the samples are encoded with 8 bits per sample,
what is the minimum transmission bandwidth required?

132 Hz [Give 0.5 if 264 is calculated]

7. In a baseband communication link, frequencies up to 3500 Hz are used for signaling. If raised
cosine pulses with 75% excess bandwidth are used, for no inter-symbol interference, what is the
maximum possible signaling rate in symbols per second ?
3500 =[ / 2] x [(1 + 0.75)] Rb= 4000 Symbols/sec
8. What is meant by saying 'The line code is transparent?
Transparency is defined as a line code in which the bit pattern does not affect the accuracy
of the timing and performance of the line code. That is all possible binary sequences can be
transmitted without any problem using an transparent line code.
For instance if the line code is not transparent like ON-OFF code, if there are a long series
of 0's which would cause an error in the timing information
9. A continuous analog signal having amplitude ranging from 0 to 8 V is partitioned into 16
equal levels for converting it to 4-bit digital signal. Find the maximum quantization error in V ?
Quantization error is 0.25 V

10. Bipolar coding has single-error-detection capability. How does it detect the error?
In Bipolar signal alternate 1s (or 0s) are transmitted using pulses of opposite polarity and
0s (or 1s) are transmitted as absence of pulse. So if we get two consecutive pulses of same
sign that means there is an error

Part 3
1. A channel of bandwidth 6 kHz is used to transmit binary data. Calculate the data rate (in bits per
second) that can be transmitted if we use (a) Polar signal with rectangular half-width pulses and
(b) Bipolar signal with rectangular full-width pulses.

(a) 3 kbps (b) 6 kbps

2. Consider pulse p(t) which has a triangular spectrum with non-zero values between -1 MHz and 1
MHz, and zero values at other frequencies. Can such pulses be used for polar signaling to
transmit binary digits ? What will be the bit rate (in bits per second) and the roll-off factor if the
pulses have to satisfy the Nyquist's criterion ?

Yes, Bit rate = 1 Mbps and Roll Off = 1

3. If two signals g1(t) and g2(t) have bandwidths 10 kHz and 15 kHz respectively, what are the
bandwidths of (a) the signal which is the product of g1(t) and g2(t) and (b) the signal which is
the sum of g1(t) and g2(t) ? Explain the answer.

In case of g1(t)*g2(t) the bandwidth will be 25 KHz


In case of g1(t)+g2(t) the bandwidth will be 15 KHz

4. Can delta modulation be used to reduce the bandwidth requirement in speech transmission, as
compared to 8-bit PCM modulation ? Explain you answer.

No, as in DM to avoid slope overload we need to increase the sampling rate much higher
than 8 times the Nyquist rate. Therefore the net rate in DM is much higher than 8-bits
PCM for voice signals and hence the Bandwidth required is also high.
5. Consider a signal g(t) = 2t for t=0 to t=10. The signal is sampled at a rate of 10 samples per
second and transmitted using a 8-bit PCM encoder. Compare the SQR of the transmitted signal
with a system that uses a DPCM encoder, instead of PCM encoder. Is there an improvement or
deterioration in the SQR ? By what extent ? Briefly explain the answer.

Yes, by a factor of 10,000. In DPCM the quantization noise power is reduced by a factor
(dp/mp)2 and the SNR is therefore increased by (mp/dp)2. Where mp is peak values of
signal and dp peak difference between consecutive samples

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