Grammar Reference and Practice

Unit 1, Lesson 1A Present and past tenses • experiences during a present period of
We use the Present Simple to talk about: time:
• habits and routines: He often loses touch I’ve sent five thousand text messages so far.
with his colleagues. We use the Present Perfect Continuous to
• permanent situations around the present talk about:
time: • the duration of actions that began in the
He now shares a flat with a friend. past and continue up to the present: I’ve
• states (verbs not usually used in the been waiting here since 9 a.m.
continuous form), e.g. love, like, believe, • past processes with a present relevance/
think (opinion), know, look (appearance): result:
He loves getting traditional letters.
I’ve got better grades because I’ve been
She looks very fit.
studing a lot lately.
Some state verbs change their meaning and
We use the Past Simple to talk about actions
can be used in the continuous form, e.g. think
of/about, see (go out with), look at: or events completed at a specific time in the
past:
What do you think of this message? (opinion)
Neil Papworth sent the first text message in
What are you thinking about?
1992.
I don’t see why you want to stay in touch with
him. (understand) We use the Past Continuous to talk about
actions that were:
I’m seeing Amer these days. (go out with)
• in progress at a specific time in the past
I’d like to establish contact with that company,
(this often provides background to other
but my boss doesn’t look at it that way. (think
in a particular way) past events):
Why are you looking at me that way? While Hani was waiting for us, his mum was
texting.
We use the Present Continuous to talk about: • interrupted by a shorter past action:
• actions in progress at the time of speaking: She was studying when suddenly somebody
He is talking on his mobile.
tossed a brick through the window.
• temporary actions in progress around now:
We use the Past Perfect to show the
He’s thinking of getting a new phone.
relationship between a situation in the past
• changes and developments: and an earlier state or action. The rules are
The news is spreading quickly.
similar to the rules for the Present Perfect:
We also often use the Present Simple and
Before Hassan met his wife, he had been single
Present Continuous to talk about the future.
for a decade.
See Unit 2, page 17.
Present Perfect Simple and Continuous
These link the past and the present.
We use the Present Perfect Simple to talk
about:
• the duration of states that began in the
past and continue up to now: He’s been
stuck here for five years.
• completed past actions with a present
relevance/result:
The lights have gone out. (And now it’s pitch
dark here).
He’s changed dramatically. (He looks very
different now.)

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 Grammar Reference and Practice

Unit 1, Lesson 4A Question tags and echo 1 Unit 1, Lesson 1A Complete the sentences
questions using the correct tense and a time
expression from the box.
A question tag is a short question added to
the end of a sentence. It is formed using do / at the time earlier today ever since for
does / did (in simple tenses) or the auxiliary + from time to time in recent years
a pronoun. once a week right now these days
A positive statement usually has a negative ’ve lost
1 I touch (lose touch) with a few of my
question tag and a negative statement has a
friends in recent . years
positive question tag: makes
2 Dad contact (make contact) with his cousin
You don’t understand, do you?
from time to time, so they’re not close.
She usually comes in late, doesn’t she? has been
3 She chatting(chat) on her mobile for
You are coming to the party, aren’t you?
ages. Can’t they see (see) each other in
They haven’t been to London yet, have they? person?
They went to school, didn’t they? established
4 Icontact (establish contact) with Mr Farley
She had a break, didn’t she? earlier today , but he hasn’t responded yet.
We had met them before, hadn’t we? Are you right
5 using (you / use) the laptop now ? I need
This is an amazing house, isn’t it? to send an email.
Nothing has happend so far, has it? 6 My teacher took my mobile phone off
was
Those are Majeda’s guests, aren’t they? me yesterday – I talking (talk) to my friend
Modal verbs are usually repeated in the tag at the time !
hasn’t stayed ever
questions, just like auxiliaries: I can email my 7 Hein touch(stay in touch) with me since we
CV, can’t I? had that argument.
Exceptions: Let’s go to the cinema, shall we? once a
8 I love (love) going for a regular run week .
Someone has bumped into your car, haven’t 9 Jaber prefers (prefer) to stay in on Saturday
they? nights these days
.
Nobody came to the presentation, did they?
10 Muneer wanted to sit down because he
I’m still employed, aren’t I? had been
standing (stand) all day at work.
Question tags can also be used for:
2 Unit 1, Lesson 1A Complete the sentences
• requests: Buy me the newspaper, could
using the correct tense and the verbs from
you?
the box. Use every verb twice.
You’ll cook the dinner today, won’t you?
• invitations: Come to visit us next summer, appear have look see smell think
won’t you? has been
1 Do you know that man? He lookingat you all
• commands: Write it down, will you? evening.
Don’t make a mess, will you? are you
2 Whysmellingthe milk? Do you think it has
Question tags are also used in echo gone bad?
are
questions. The main use of such questions is 3 We having lunch now. Will you join us,
to show interest or express surprise and make please?
a conversation go smoothly: 4 Just look at his face: I bet he is about
A I used to live in Aqaba. thinking
something amazing!
don’t have / haven’t got
B Did you? I bet is was amazing! 5 Apologies, but I much time at
the moment. I’ll get back to you soon, I
promise.
is appearing in an
6 Monther Rayahneh award-winning
TV show, The Invasion.

78
 7 Sheappearsto be highly intelligent, but she’s 5 Unit 1, Lesson 4A Complete the questions
awfully lazy too. What a waste! with the correct question tag.
does
8 I see what you mean, but I can’t agree 1 He doesn’t come across very well, he ?
with you. can
thinks / 2 You can’t let it drop, you ?
9 My mum doesn’t it’s the best idea. aren't
think 3 You’re going to Amman, you ?
10 Malek looks much better with his hair cut. have
smelled/ 4 You haven’t seen my mobile, you ?
11 When I got home, the flat smelt of smoke. 5 I should pay her a compliment when we
12 Are you seeing anybody these days, first meet, ? shouldn't I
Faisal? 6 He’s not going to take to you if you insist
3 Unit 1, Lesson 1A Complete the text using on having the last word, is he ?
the correct tense and the verbs from the box. 7 The room looks different … Someone has
haven't
moved the sofa, they ?
agree be (×3) read send (×2) tell shall
work write 8 Let’s get some ice cream, we ?
won't
9 Come sit with us, you ?
Software programmer Neil Papworth 1 sent 10 Parents need to teach children not to drop
the first text message in 1992. It 2 read don't
was litter, they ?
a greeting. Papworth 3workingfor a phone will
11 Pick it up, you ?
company at the time. Since the time of that did
have been
very first message, people 4 writing really long 12 Nobody helped her, they ?
messages, so it 5 is so easy to forget that 13 I’m having lunch with them, aren't I ?
will
there 6 was a limit of 160 characters per 14 Don’t go out tonight, you ?
message back then! Papworth said that he
only recently 7 told his children that it was
6 Unit 1, Lesson 4A Complete the
conversation with question tags or
he who 8 ’d sent the very first text message.
have echo questions.
Since then, there 9 been many innovations in
agrees/ Majeda It’s Nadia’s birthday party tomorrow.
phone technology, but Papworth 10 agreedthat
this was perhaps a key moment in mobile Lubna 1 Is it ? Oh, no! I haven’t bought her a
history. present yet!
Majeda Well, you only need to buy a little
4 Unit 1, Lesson 4A Match the sentence halves. don’t
something, 2 you ?
1 Let’s go to the party, c we’re
Lubna I suppose so – 3 not that close, are
2 Sorry, I’m putting you on the spot, b we? What have you bought her?
3 Somebody told you, h Majeda Some earrings – they’re silver.
Are
4 Nobody gave you the message, f Lubna 4 they ? That’s nice. You’ve been
5 Don’t forget, g friends for a long time now … Well,
6 He’ll turn the laptop off, e I’ll have to think of something too.
7 You couldn’t help me, a Let’s go to the party together, 5
shall
we ?
8 Come to the party, d
Majeda Good idea! 7 p.m. at mine? Don’t be
a could you? will
late, 6 you ?
b aren’t I?
c shall we?
d won’t you?
e won’t he?
f did they?
g will you?
h didn’t they?

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 Grammar Reference and Practice

Unit 2, Lesson 1A Future forms for Will you have finished it by then?
predictions
If we want to focus on a duration of an action
We use will: which is still ongoing at some point in the
• to make predictions based on our opinions future, we use the form will + have + been
or expectations. We often use will with + verb -ing (it is sometimes reffered to as
phrases like I think, I’m sure, I expect, or Future Perfect Continuous):
adverbs like possibly, probably, definitely: I will have been living in Berlin for three years
He’ll probably be late, as usual. in July.
I’m sure you won’t have any problems with
The Future Continuous, the Future Perfect and
it.
the Future Perfect Continuous are often used
• to express a decision made at the moment with by (2050, next year, then, the time, etc.)
of speaking: and in (ten years, two months).
On second thoughts, I think I’ll leave it till the
weekend. Other modal verbs can be used instead of will
with Future Continuous and Future Perfect
We use going to: forms to show different degrees of certainty
• to talk about existing plans or intentions (might, may, could ) (see also Unit 6).
for the future: We can use certain phrases with the structure
I’m going to study Architecture at college. be + adjective + infinitive to talk about how
• to make a prediction based on evidence you probable it is that a future prediction will
have now: actually happen:
You are going to have a busy weekend! (I • be bound/certain/sure to (this is almost
know all the things my friend has to do at definite)
the weekend.) • be likely to (this is probable)
We use the form will + be + Present Participle, • be unlikely to (this is improbable)
sometimes referred to as the Future
Continuous: Unit 2, Lesson 6A Future forms for plans
and hopes
• to talk about an action that will be in
progress at a particular time in the future: We can also use other phrases to talk about
the future.
By the end of the century, more people will
be living in the country than in cities. • For plans, we can use be planning/hoping
Will you be working on it at 5.30? to + infinitive or be thinking of + gerund:
• to talk about events that will happen as I’m planning to get someone to fix my car.
part of the normal course of events, or They’re hoping to do it soon.
routine: I’m thinking of creating a website.
She’ll be visiting her family at the weekend. • When something is happening very soon
(She does it every weekend.) we can use be about to + infinitive:
As with other continuous forms, we do not They’re about to announce a new
use state verbs (be, believe, forget, like, want, competition.
etc.) with the Future Continuous. • For timetabled events we can use be due to
We use the form will + have + Past Participle, + infinitive:
sometimes referred to as the Future Perfect It’s due to go on display next week.
Simple, to talk about an action that will • For formal or official arrangements,
be completed before a particular time in instructions or commands we can use be to
the future: + infinitive:
In 100 years’ time half the world’s languages The prince is to visit the new hospital and
will have disappeared. talk to the patients.

80
1 Unit 2, Lesson 1A Choose the correct tense 2 Unit 2, Lesson 1A Kyle Giersdorf is a world
to complete the sentences. champion of one of the most popular
computer games. Write what he thinks he
1 Will we be living / have lived longer in the
will have done and what he will be doing
future?
in the future.
2 I won’t be finishing / have finished this
essay in time to hand it in by Friday.
3 We will have had / have this computer for
four years this year.
4 My dad won’t be / won’t have been eating
meat for 10 years today.
5 They‘ll be presenting / present their ideas
tomorrow at 5 p.m.
6 It’s probable that I’ll be buying / have
bought my first driverless car by 2050. By the time he’s 25 … go to every e-sport
7 3D printing is going to / will become tournament he can.
immensly popular in 20 years, time. By the time I’m 25, I’ll be going to every
e-sport tournament I can.
8 In the near future, it’s likely that Artificial
Intelligence will become so widespread … beat top players in the world.
that the technology will be making / will By the time I’m 25, I’ll have beaten top players
have made legal decisions in court or in the world
diagnosing illnesses. 1 During the weekend … celebrate his
victory with family and friends.
9 By that time, I will have moved / will have
… I’ll be celebrating my victory with family and friends.
been moving to another planet in the Solar
System. 2 By Monday … buy a new desk for his giant
trophy.
10 I can’t see you at 6 tomorrow. I will be
… I’ll have bought a new desk for my giant trophy.
playing / will have played basketball as
usual. 3 By the end of October … get a driving
licence.
11 If you decide to come by this afternoon,
… I’ll have got a driving licence.
don’t knock as I will probably be sitting /
will sit in the back garden so I won’t hear / 4 By the end of November … drive a new car.
am not going to hear you. … I’ll be driving a new car.

12 When you come back home tonight, 5 By the end of this year … invest the money
please try to be quiet as everybody else wisely.
will have already gone / will be going … I’ll have invested the money wisely.
to bed. 6 In the next 5 years …. improve his hand-
eye coordination.
… I’ll have improved my hand-eye coordination.

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 Grammar Reference and Practice
3 Unit 2, Lesson 1A Complete the second 3 Talal is going to start / will be starting
sentence using the word in bold so that it walking to school instead of getting the
means the same as the first one. Use no more bus.
than three words in each gap. 4 The programme on global warming starts /
1 We’re sure that we will find a cure for cancer is due to go on at 6.30 p.m.
in the future. BOUND 5 Dad’s picking up / about to pick up his new
We are bound to find a cure for cancer in the electric car tonight at 7 p.m.
future. 6 The professor is due / about to start the
2 I don’t think he will stop eating meat. research next week.
UNLIKELY 7 My sister is / is about to paint her room.
He is unlikely to stop eating meat. 8 They’re thinking to donate / of donating
3 Oil prices will definitely rise next year. most of their clothes to charity.
CERTAIN 9 The King is planning / is to open the new
Oil prices are certain to rise next year. bridge in Zarqa.
4 Violence and crime in our town will 6 Unit 2, Lesson 6A Complete the
probably drop. LIKELY conversation with the phrases from
Violence and crime in our town are the box.
likely to drop . due to speak going to ’ll be compensating
5 Global warming will get worse. SURE ’ll see ’s hoping to will be trying
Global warming is sure to get worse. won’t return
6 We’ll have to change our eating habits in going
Lama What’s your dad 1 to do about his
the future without a doubt. DEFINITELY car? He can’t just leave it like that.
will definitely have/ due to
We need to change our eating Nada Well, he’s 2 speak to the sales manager
habits in the future. tomorrow.
will be
4 Unit 2, Lesson 1A What do you think the Lama I expect that lots of people 3 trying to
future will be like in 50 years’ time? Write return their cars too. You can’t say
your own predictions. Use the Future Perfect that the car you produced has low
and the Future Continuous. Use the topics emissions when it doesn’t.
won’t
below. (students' answers will vary) Nada Dad 4 return the car because he loves
’s hoping to
it. He 5 get some compensation
food housing population travel though.
technology the environment ’ll be
Lama Really? I don’t think they 6 compensating
We will be eating more vegan food in 50 everybody, will they?
years’ time. Nada We 7 ’ll see …
7 Unit 2, Lesson 6A Finish the sentences so
that they are true for you. (students' answers
will vary)
1 I’m hoping to .
2 My mum is thinking of .
3 My teacher is due to .
5 Unit 2, Lesson 6A Choose the correct option 4 I’ll be .
to complete the sentences. 5 I’m going to .
1 I’m hoping / thinking of doing my 6 tomorrow at 7.30 a.m.
presentation on endangered species. 7 My best friend by Friday.
2 We’re hoping of having / to have a wind
turbine installed this year.

82
Unit 3, Lesson 1A Past and present habits There was a wire which attached the phone
• We use the Present or Past Continuous + to the wall. = There was a wire attaching the
always / constantly / forever to talk about a phone to the wall.
habit which is repeated more than usual, • We use a past participle to replace a
which the speaker finds unexpected or relative clause with a passive verb, e.g.
annoying: The copy which was made by the carbon
She’s always complaining about the paper was called the carbon copy. = The copy
weather. (present) made by the carbon paper was called the
She was forever arguing with her parents carbon copy.
when she was younger. (past)
Unit 3, Lesson 5A Relative clauses
• We use will/would + infinitive to talk about
behaviour which is typical or characteristic We use who(m), which, that, whose, where,
of the person. They can describe both when in relative clauses. We use them
pleasant and annoying habits: after nouns, or noun phrases, to describe
She’ll turn up at 11 o'clock and act as if or give information about a person, thing,
nothing’s wrong. (present) possessions, places and time.
We’d spend the afternoons reading. (past) There are two kinds of relative clauses:
defining and
• We use used to + infinitive to talk about a
non-defining.
past state or repeated past actions:
I used to feel very negative about my job. Defining clauses are necessary to give
essential information about exactly which
At our old house I used to spend a lot of time
with my friends. person/thing is being talked about in the
sentence. Commas are never used.
Would is not used to talk about past states.
We can use that instead of who/which in
• We can introduce new topics with used to
defining clauses:
and we do not need to specify a time:
The person who/that designed the house is a
I used to eat a lot of chips and burgers, but
now I eat healthy food. (NOT I’d eat …) world-famous architect.
We use would when the topic has been The land where the house is built is extremely
established and we usually specify the time: picturesque.
My dad used to work nights. He would come When the relative pronoun is the object of the
home at six in the morning and we ’d have relative clause, you can omit who/which/that:
breakfast together, then he used to take me to The house (which/that) the family has built is
school. unique.
Most texts describing habits contain a mixture When the relative pronoun is the subject of
of these forms. the relative clause, you cannot omit who/
which/that:
Unit 3, Lesson 5A Participle clauses
It was the woman who/that had arrived earlier
We use a present participle clause for an
that day.
action or state that happened at the same time
or after an event in the story: There are two kinds of non-defining clauses:
His system transformed their lives, enabling • to give extra, non-essential information
them to read and write. (because it enabled about the person or thing being talked
them) about in the sentence:
Participle and main clauses must have the He had just arrived home with his wife, who
same subject. had been working that afternoon.
A present (starting) or past (started) participle The building, which many considered ugly
is often used to replace a relative clause: at first, is today a UNESCO World Heritage site.
• We use a present participle to replace a • to add a comment about the first part of
relative clause with an active verb, e.g. the sentence. We always use which in these
83
 Grammar Reference and Practice

clauses: People from all over the world visit 2 Unit 3, Lesson 1A Complete the second
the museum, which shows how deeply they sentence using the word in bold so that
are interested in learning about science. it means the same as the first one. Use no
more than three words in each gap.
Non-defining clauses always need commas:
1 She winds me up all the time. ALWAYS
on either side if it’s in the middle of the
sentence, or before if it’s at the end. She ’s always winding me up.
We never use that in non-defining clauses. 2 He talks behind my back and then denies
it. WILL
Prepositions in relative clauses
He will talk behind my back and
Prepositions usually go at the end of the
then deny it.
clause in conversational English. In more
formal written and spoken contexts, they can 3 She used to burst into tears just to get
go at the beginning, but must be followed by attention. WOULD
which (for things) or whom (for people): She would burst into tears just to get
This house is more modern than the last house attention.
(which/that) they lived in. = This house is more 4 I made fun of my sister about her hair.
modern than the last house in which they USED
lived. I used to make fun of my sister about
The architect knew the couple (who/that) he her hair.
had designed the house for. = The architect 5 You let me down all the time. CONSTANTLY
knew the couple for whom he had designed You’re constantly letting me down.
the house.
6 He always blew things out of proportion.
1 Unit 3, Lesson 1A Complete the sentences FOREVER
with the words from the box. He was forever blowing things out of
proportion.
didn’t use to is always ‘ll used to go
used to live would 3 Unit 3, Lesson 5A Complete the sentences
used with a relative pronoun or a relative
1 We to go to Aqaba every year.
is pronoun + preposition. In which sentences
2 Halima always showing off! pronouns which can be
can you omit the pronoun? omitted
used to are in brackets.
3 He live in Amman when he was young. (which/
1 The town that) we relocated to was in the
4 I would argue with my sister every day south.
when we were young.
2 Her fiancée, who she split up with last
5 He ’ll mess about and then blame it month, wasn’t very trustworthy.
on me. for/with
didn’t 3 The man whom I used to work was always
6 I use to like getting a compliment. complaining.
4 The house, where I live, is charming.
(who/
5 She’s the lady that) I had the row with.
in
6 That’s the programme which they compete
for money.
4 Unit 3, Lesson 5A Look at the pairs of
sentences and decide which one matches
with the meaning given.
1 a His cousin who was born in Argentina is a
teacher.
b His cousin, who was born in Argentina, is
a teacher.
b He’s got only one cousin.
84
 2 a The windows, which overlooked the
Unit 4, Lesson 1A Narrative tenses; Past
garden, were open.
Perfect Simple and Continuous
b The windows which overlooked the
When we are telling a story about the past,
garden were open.
we usually use the Past Simple for the main
a All of the windows were open.
events and the Past Perfect Simple and Past
3 a The students who took a test had a hard Perfect Continuous to provide background
time. information to those events.
b The students, who took a test, had a hard
Past Perfect Simple
time.
subject + had (not) + past participle
b All the students had a hard time.
We use the Past Perfect Simple to talk about:
4 a The fans who came to the concert were
• the duration of states before a specific point
wearing the official band t-shirts.
in the past:
b The fans, who came to the concert, were
She had been blind for 12 years when she
wearing the official band t-shirts.
started her journey.
a Only some of the fans were wearing the
• completed earlier actions with a relevance
official band t-shirts.
to the time of the story: He wrote about a
5 Unit 3, Lesson 5A Rewrite the sentences spot that he had discovered on the surface of
using a present or past participle clause. Venus.
1 Who’s the girl who is crying over there? • experiences that happened before a
Who’s the girl crying over there ? specific point in the past: By the time he
2 Most of my friends who were invited to the died, he had written a lot of letters.
party arrived on time. Past Perfect Continuous
Most of my friends invited to the party arrived . had (not) + been + present participle
on time
3 I live in a house which was built in 1910. We use the Past Perfect Continuous to talk
I live in a house built in 1910 . about:
4 Anyone who wants to go online should • the duration of actions that began earlier
enter a password. in the past and continued to the time of the
story:
Anyone wanting to go online should enter .
a password He had been studying bird migration for
5 Those students who have flunked the
years.
exam will need to retake it.
• earlier past processes with a relevance to
Those students flunking / having flunked the .
exam will need to retake it the main events in the story:
6 The story which was reported in the news
He had an accident with a pair of scissors
blew things out of proportion.
that he had been playing with.
The story reported in the news blew things out of . We often use linking words or time phrases
proportion
6 Unit 3, Lesson 5A Complete the sentences so with the Past Perfect tenses, e.g. when, after,
they are true for you. (students' answers will vary) because, as, before, by, by the time.
By the age of 15, he had completed his system.
1 is a place where I can .
He missed that event because he had been in
2 for whom I would .
hospital for two weeks.
3 is a city that .
• We use the Past Perfect Continuous when
4 , who’s a bit of a joker, . we want to focus on the duration of an
5 , where I live, . activity or when we are explaining a past
6 , whose music I like, . result: She was tired because she had been
flying for hours.

85
 Grammar Reference and Practice
did we
3 At no time claim (we/claim) we were
• We do not use the Past Perfect Continuous
right.
with repeated actions when we say how she
many times something happened: She had 4 Never had seen (she/see) seen such a
been visiting him regularly. NOT She had weird story.
did he
been visiting him three times. 5 Rarely get (he/get) so much attention.
did he
6 In no way agree (he/agree) to give an
Unit 4, Lesson 3A Negative inversion interview.
We use negative inversion to add emphasis
(special meaning) to a sentence:
3 Unit 4, Lesson 3A Rewrite the second
sentence using the words in bold so that it
negative adverbial + auxiliary verb + subject
means the same as the first one.
+ clause
I had never felt so afraid. → Never had I felt so 1 The story was false, but it went viral. NOT
afraid. ONLY
Not only was the story false, but it also went viral.
Some common adverbs and adverbial phrases
are: 2 I have never heard such a heart-warming
seldom/rarely never/at no time story. SELDOM
hardly/barely/scarcely … when … Seldom have I heard such a heart-warming story.

under no circumstances/in no way no sooner 3 I clicked on the headline and I knew it was
not only … but also … little (did I/they know/ fake. HARDLY
imagine …) Hardly had I clicked on the headline when I knew it was
fake.
Negative inversion can sound quite formal, 4 He didn’t realise the problems he’d
but it is also used in more informal contexts caused. LITTLE
for dramatic effect. Little did he realise the problems he'd caused.
5 We revealed the truth and then we
1 Unit 4, Lesson 1A Complete the sentences uncovered more lies. NO SOONER
with the Past Perfect Simple or Continuous
No sooner had we revealed the truth than we
and the verbs in brackets. uncovered more lies.
had 6 You can never expose the truth.
1 Ichecked(check) the website twice before I
UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES
went to school.
been Under no circumstances can you expose the truth.
2 Had Amelia Earhart visiting (visit) Bangkok
when she disappeared?
had recorded
3 Elvis (record) 24 studio albums
before he died.
had been learning
4 Paul McCartney (learn) to play the
trumpet before he was given a guitar.
hadn’t
5 We known (not know) about the hoax at the
time.
had been watching
6 She was tired because (watch) the
news for hours.
2 Unit 4, Lesson 3A Complete the sentences
with the correct form of the words in
brackets.
had we
1 No sooner eaten (we/eat) dinner than he
got up and left.
had I
2 Scarcely opened (I/open) the newspaper
when I saw a sensational story.

86
Unit 5, Lesson 1A Gerunds and infinitives (The situation is unfamiliar to me and I am not
comfortable with it.)
Infinitives
I’m getting used to doing more exercise.
We use an infinitive with to:
(The situation is becoming more familiar,
• to explain the purpose of an action:
but I am not comfortable with it yet.)
You should eat them to reduce your risk of
heart failure. Infinitive or gerund
Sugar is added to make the bread rise. The following verbs can be followed by the
infinitive with to or the gerund, with no
• after certain verbs:
difference in meaning: begin, continue, hate,
You need to make sure you drink a lot of
love and start.
water.
We use prefer + infinitive with to for a specific
They often fail to notice all the details.
situation: I’d prefer to stay in tonight.
Other verbs: agree, allow, appear, attempt,
We use prefer + gerund to talk about general
encourage, expect, force, help*, persuade, plan,
preferences: I prefer staying in to going out.
promise, refuse.
*Help can also be followed by the infinitive Unit 5, Lesson 3A Verbs with gerunds and
without to: infinitives (change in meaning)
They may help your brain (to) grow. Verbs followed by an infinitive or a gerund,
• after certain adjectives: with a change in meaning:
They’re quick and easy to cook. remember + infinitive (to remember
It’s important to remember that … something, then do it):
Other examples: difficult, easy, helpful, likely. I always remember to take a sandwich with
me.
• after first, second, third, last, etc.:
remember + gerund (to do something and
I’d be the last to help him!
remember it later): I remember thinking that I
Infinitive without to needed to find a system.
We use an infinitive without to after let and
forget + infinitive (to forget about something,
make:
so you don’t do it): I forgot to mention that …
They may make you feel happier.
forget + gerund (to do something and (not)
Let your heart slow down.
forget it later):
Gerunds I’ll never forget failing that exam.
We use a gerund (-ing form) in the same way forget + gerund is usually used in the
as a noun: negative.
• as the subject of the sentence:
try + infinitive (to make an effort to do
Jogging is good for you.
something difficult):
Making bread involves …
I always try to plan it so that …
• after certain verbs:
try + gerund (to do something and see what
You should also avoid stopping suddenly. happens):
It involves taking a test. You should try working in the library.
Other verbs taking a gerund: can’t stand, try + gerund is often used for giving advice.
consider, don’t mind, enjoy, fancy, imagine,
risk, suggest. stop + infinitive (to stop something in order
• after prepositions: to do something else): I keep stopping to
make a cup of tea.
… your risk of having a heart attack.
stop + gerund (to no longer do something):
… to prevent it from rising too much.
I don’t stop studying till I’ve finished.
• after be used to and get used to
I’m not used to pushing my body to the limit.

87
 Grammar Reference and Practice
6 My mum can’t stand to listen / listening to
like + infinitive (to do something because it is a
loud music.
good idea):
7 I was surprised hearing / to hear that he’s
I like to spend at least three hours a day in the
colour-blind.
library.
like + gerund (to enjoy something): I like 8 When communicating / to communicate
working at home. with children, keep your language simple.
9 I’m used to be / being short-sighted – it
• To talk about a completed action after the
doesn’t bother me.
verbs:
feel, hear, listen to, see and watch, we 10 Laith used having / to have a sensitive
use object + infinitive without to: I saw palate, but he eats anything now.
somebody fall in the water. 11 Eventually, I will get used to wear /
• To talk about an action in progress after wearing glasses.
those verbs, we use object + gerund: I saw 2 Unit 5, Lesson 1A Complete the
him talking to the lifeguard. conversation with a verb from the box
• After the verbs need, deserve and require the using a gerund or an infinitive.
gerund has a passive sense: needs cleaning =
be change go listen look
needs to be cleaned.
sound stand walk
Unit 5, Lesson 6A Would rather, would
sooner Maher Do you fancy 1 going to that concert
next Saturday? It’s the first big one
• We use an infinitive without to after would 2
to be held there.
rather and would sooner:
Mazen I don’t know. I’m going into town
I’d rather go to the club. 3
to look for some new clothes so my
We could eat later if you would rather do feet will hurt after
that. 4walking
around town all day.
My sister would rather not go to Italy. It’s too sounding
Maher Talk about 5 old?! Why don’t
hot there. you consider 6 changing
the day?
I’d rather dive than lie on the beach. 7
listening
Mazen I could, but to loud music
She said she’d sooner die than live in the makes my ears hurt …
countryside. standing
Maher Well, I’m used to 8 at loud
Note: I’d sooner is more formal than I’d concerts, so my ears and feet will be
rather. fine!
• We use would rather + subject + past tense
to say that we don’t want somebody to do 3 Unit 5, Lesson 1A Write two sentences using
something: the infinitive and gerund forms for each one.
I’d rather you cleaned the bathroom. I began to sleep as soon as my head hit the
I’d rather you didn’t go there alone. pillow.
I began sleeping as soon as the light was off.
1 Unit 5, Lesson 1A Complete the sentences I began to (students' answers will vary)
with a gerund or an infinitive.
.
1 She smelled the milk to check / checking it
I began
hadn’t gone off.
.
2 To tell / Telling her she’s deaf isn’t kind.
I prefer to
3 We’re talking about going / to go
vegetarian. .
4 She’d be the first to taste / tasting the food. I prefer
5 I encouraged him to have / having an eye .
test.
88
 I love to 5 Unit 5, Lesson 3A Complete the
. conversation with the correct forms of the
I love verbs in brackets. In which gap is it possible
to use the gerund and the infinitive?
.
Amani When I was in the market square
I remembered last week, I stopped 1 to try (try)
. some tacos from a street vendor.
I remembered to The smell was amazing and the
. tacos were mouth-watering.
I forgot Khawla I didn’t think you liked 2 eating (eat)
spicy food.
.
Amani Well, I was persuaded 3 to give (give)
I forgot to them a go by my brother who was
. with me. I watched the chef 4 cook
I will try (cook) my taco – Mexican street
. food is delicious!
Khawla Yes! You should try 5making(make)
I will try to
them at home – they look quite
. easy 6 to do (do).
I will definitely stop
6 Unit 5, Lesson 6A Write the second sentence
.
using the word in bold so that it means the
I will stop same as the first one.
on my way home today. 1 I don’t want to talk about it. RATHER
I’d rather not talk about it.
4 Unit 5, Lesson 3A Read the pairs of
sentences and match them to the correct 2 I don’t want you to study English philology.
meaning (a–b). DID
1 I’d rather you did not study English philology.
I forgot to buy flowers. a I forgot, so I didn’t 3 She prefers dancing to jogging. WOULD
a
I forgot buying the buy any flowers. She would rather dance than jog.
flowers. b b I bought the 4 I’d like you to cook tonight. I’m exhausted.
flowers, RATHER
but then I forgot I’d rather you cooked tonight. I’m exhausted.
doing so. 5 I don’t want you to come over. NOT
2
I’d rather you did not / not have you come over.
We regret to say the a We are sorry we
restaurant is closed. b said it was closed. 6 He doesn’t feel like swimming today. WOULD
He would rather not swim today.
We regret saying the b We are sorry that
restaurant was closed. a it’s closed. 7 Given the choice, I’d prefer to eat
3 something savoury. RATHER
Given the choice, I’d rather eat something savoury.
I tried to bake some a I did it so as an
bread. b experiment. 8 If you could choose, what would you
I tried baking some b It was effort and prefer to do? RATHER
bread. a it possibly wasn’t If you could choose, what would you rather do?
nice. 9 My mum doesn’t want me to miss school
today. WAS
My mum would rather I was at school.
10 We’d like our teacher to be fair. RATHER
We would rather our teacher was/were fair.
89
 Irregular Verbs
WL5.6
awake /əˈweɪk/ awoke /əˈwəʊk/ awoken /əˈwəʊkən/ lose /luːz/ lost /lɒst/ lost /lɒst/
be /biː/ was/were /wɒz/wɜː/ been /biːn/ make /meɪk/ made /meɪd/ made /meɪd/
beat /biːt/ beat /biːt/ beaten /ˈbiːtn/ mean /miːn/ meant /ment/ meant /ment/
become /bɪˈkʌm/ became /bɪˈkeɪm/ become /bɪˈkʌm/ meet /miːt/ met /met/ met /met/
begin /bɪˈgɪn/ began /bɪˈgæn/ begun /bɪˈgʌn/ overcome /ˌəʊvəˈkʌm/ overcame /ˌəʊvəˈkeɪm/ overcome /ˌəʊvəˈkʌm/
bet /bet/ bet /bet/ bet /bet/ pay /peɪ/ paid /peɪd/ paid /peɪd/
bite /baɪt/ bit /bɪt/ bitten /ˈbɪtn/ proved /pruːvd/
prove /pruːv/ proved /pruːvd/
bleed /bliːd/ bled /bled/ bled /bled/ proven /pruːvən/
blow /bləʊ/ blew /bluː/ blown /bləʊn/ put /pʊt/ put /pʊt/ put /pʊt/
break /breɪk/ broke /brəʊk/ broken /ˈbrəʊkən/ quit /kwɪt/ quit /kwɪt/ quit /kwɪt/
bring /brɪŋ/ brought /brɔːt/ brought /brɔːt/ read /riːd/ read /red/ read /red/
build /bɪld/ built /bɪlt/ built /bɪlt/ ride /raɪd/ rode /rəʊd/ ridden /ˈrɪdən/
burned /bɜːnd/ or burned /bɜːnd/ or ring /rɪŋ/ rang /ræŋ/ rung /rʌŋ/
burn /bɜːn/
burnt /bɜːnt/ burnt /bɜːnt/ rise /raɪz/ rose /rəʊz/ risen /ˈrɪzən/
burst /bɜːst/ burst /bɜːst/ burst /bɜːst/ run /rʌn/ ran /ræn/ run /rʌn/
buy /baɪ/ bought /bɔːt/ bought /bɔːt/ say /seɪ/ said /sed/ said /sed/
catch /kætʃ/ caught /kɔːt/ caught /kɔːt/ see /siː/ saw /sɔː/ seen /siːn/
choose /tʃʊːz/ chose /tʃəʊz/ chosen /ˈtʃəʊzən/ seek /siːk/ sought /sɔːt/ sought /sɔːt/
come /kʌm/ came /keɪm/ come /kʌm/ sell /sel/ sold /səʊld/ sold /səʊld/
cost /kɒst/ cost /kɒst/ cost /kɒst/ send /send/ sent /sent/ sent /sent/
creep /kriːp/ crept /krept/ crept /krept/ set /set/ set /set/ set /set/
cut /kʌt/ cut /kʌt/ cut /kʌt/ shake /ʃeɪk/ shook /ʃʊk/ shaken /ˈʃeɪkən/
deal /diːl/ dealt /delt/ dealt /delt/ shine /ʃaɪn/ shone /ʃɒn/ shone /ʃɒn/
dig /dɪg/ dug /dʌg/ dug /dʌg/ shoot /ʃuːt/ shot /ʃɒt/ shot /ʃɒt/
do /duː/ did /dɪd/ done /dʌn/ show /ʃəʊ/ showed /ʃəʊd/ shown /ʃəʊn/
draw /drɔː/ drew /druː/ drawn /drɔːn/ shrink /ʃrɪŋk/ shrank /ʃræŋk/ shrunk /ʃrʌŋk/
dreamed /driːmd/ or dreamed /driːmd/ or shut /ʃʌt/ shut /ʃʌt/ shut /ʃʌt/
dream /driːm/
dreamt /dremt/ dreamt /dremt/ sing /sɪŋ/ sang /sæŋ/ sung /sʌŋ/
drink /drɪŋk/ drank /dræŋk/ drunk /drʌŋk/ sink /sɪŋk/ sank /sæŋk/ sunk /sʌŋk/
drive /draɪv/ drove /drəʊv/ driven /ˈdrɪvən/ sit /sɪt/ sat /sæt/ sat /sæt/
eat /iːt/ ate /et/ eaten /ˈiːtən/ sleep /sliːp/ slept /slept/ slept /slept/
fall /fɔːl/ fell /fel/ fallen /ˈfɔːlən/ smelled /smeld/ or smelled /smeld/ or
smell /smel/
feed /fiːd/ fed /fed/ fed /fed/ smelt /smelt/ smelt /smelt/
feel /fiːl/ felt /felt/ felt /felt/ speak /spiːk/ spoke /spəʊk/ spoken /ˈspəʊkən/
fight /faɪt/ fought /fɔːt/ fought /fɔːt/ speeded /ˈspiːdəd/ or speeded /ˈspiːdəd/ or
speed /spiːd/
find /faɪnd/ found /faʊnd/ found /faʊnd/ sped /sped/ sped /sped/
fly /flaɪ/ flew /fluː/ flown /fləʊn/ spell /spel/ spelt /spelt/ spelt /spelt/
forbid /fəˈbɪd/ forbade /fəˈbæd/ forbidden /fəˈbɪdn/ spend /spend/ spent /spent/ spent /spent/
forget /fəˈget/ forgot /fəˈgɒt/ forgotten /fəˈgɒtn/ spilled /spɪld/ or spilled /spɪld/
spill /spɪl/
spilt /spɪlt/ or spilt /spɪlt/
forgive /fəˈgɪv/ forgave /fəˈgeɪv/ forgiven /fəˈgɪvən/
split /splɪt/ split /splɪt/ split /splɪt/
freeze /friːz/ froze /frəʊz/ frozen /ˈfrəʊzən/
spoiled /spɔɪld/ or spoiled /spɔɪld/ or
get /get/ got /gɒt/ got /gɒt/ spoil /spɔɪl/
spoilt /spɔɪlt/ spoilt /spɔɪlt/
give /gɪv/ gave /geɪv/ given /ˈgɪvən/ spread /spred/ spread /spred/ spread /spred/
go /gəʊ/ went /went/ gone /gɒn/ stand /stænd/ stood /stʊd/ stood /stʊd/
grow /grəʊ/ grew /gruː/ grown /grəʊn/ steal /stiːl/ stole /stəʊl/ stolen /ˈstəʊlən/
hang /hæŋ/ hung /hʌŋ/ hung /hʌŋ/ stick /stɪk/ stuck /stʌk/ stuck /stʌk/
have /hæv/ had /hæd/ had /hæd/ strike /straɪk/ struck /strʌk/ struck /strʌk/
hear /hɪə/ heard /hɜːd/ heard /hɜːd/ sweep /swiːp/ swept /swept/ swept /swept/
hide /haɪd/ hid /hɪd/ hidden /ˈhɪdn/ swim /swɪm/ swam /swæm/ swum /swʌm/
hit /hɪt/ hit /hɪt/ hit /hɪt/ swing /swɪŋ/ swung /swʌŋ/ swung /swʌŋ/
hold /həʊld/ held /held/ held /held/ take /teɪk/ took /tʊk/ taken /ˈteɪkən/
hurt /hɜːt/ hurt /hɜːt/ hurt /hɜːt/ teach /tiːtʃ/ taught /tɔːt/ taught /tɔːt/
keep /kiːp/ kept /kept/ kept /kept/ tear /teə/ tore /tɔː/ torn /tɔːn/
know /nəʊ/ knew /njuː/ known /nəʊn/ tell /tel/ told /təʊld/ told /təʊld/
lead /liːd/ led /led/ led /led/ think /θɪŋk/ thought /θɔːt/ thought /θɔːt/
leaned /liːnd/ or leaned /liːnd/ or throw /θrəʊ/ threw /θruː/ thrown /θrəʊn/
lean /liːn/
leant /lent/ leant /lent/
understand /
learned /lɜːnd/ or learned /lɜːnd/ or understood /ˌʌndəˈstʊd/ understood /ˌʌndəˈstʊd/
learn /lɜːn/ ˌʌndəˈstænd/
learnt /lɜːnt/ learnt /lɜːnt/
upset /ˌʌpˈset/ upset /ˌʌpˈset/ upset /ˌʌpˈset/
leave /liːv/ left /left/ left /left/
wake /weɪk/ woke /wəʊk/ woken /ˈwəʊkən/
lend /lend/ lent /lent/ lent /lent/
wear /weə/ wore /wɔː/ worn /wɔːn/
let /let/ let /let/ let /let/
win /wɪn/ won /wʌn/ won /wʌn/
lie /laɪ/ lay /leɪ/ lain /leɪn/
wind /waɪnd/ wound /waʊnd/ wound /waʊnd/
lighted /ˈlaɪtəd/ or lighted /ˈlaɪtəd/ or
light /laɪt/ withdraw /wɪðˈdrɔː/ withdrew /wɪðˈdruː/ withdrawn /wɪðˈdrɔːn/
lit /lɪt/ lit /lɪt/
write /raɪt/ wrote /rəʊt/ written /ˈrɪtn/
90
Use of English

Unit 1 Two days later and 140 miles away in Milton

Lilbourne, a farmer 3 found the balloon message in
1 Complete the second sentence using the
his field. Surprisingly, his neighbours were named
word in capitals so that it means the same
the Buxtons, and they had a daughter whose name
as the first one. Use no more than four
was Laura, so he passed the message on to them.
words, including the word in bold.
This started a series of extraordinary coincidences.
1 We heard the good news on our way back When Laura Buxton received the message, she
had
home. WERE when/while we contacted the Laura Buxton who 4 sent it.
were coming
We heard the good news back When the two met up, they realised there were
home. other similarities apart from their names. The
astonished
2 I have a lot to do before I go on holidays. girls were 5 to discover that they were both
LOADS loads to do / the same age, fair-haired, blue-eyed and the same
loads of work height! On top of that, the girls had the same pets:
There is before I go on holidays.
grey rabbits and guinea pigs. The two hit it off
3 When I’m very sad, I watch funny videos. right from the start and 6 have friends for life.
DUMPS down in become
the dumps The story of the Buxton girls is a reminder that just
When I’m , I watch funny videos.
because something is 7 highly unlikely, it doesn’t
4 She seemed rather arrogant at first. mean it’s impossible.
ACROSS
came
She across as arrogant at first.
5 I haven’t eaten meat for nearly a year. LAST Unit 2
last time I
The had/atemeat was a year ago.
6 After an hour, we found a way how to turn 1 Complete the sentences with the correct
off unwanted messages. FIGURE form of the words in brackets. Add extra
to figure words were necessary.
It took us an hour out howto turn off will get soaked
unwanted messages. 1 You (get/soak) unless you take an
umbrella.
7 The last time Sana came to the cinema was at the turn of the twenty-first
last winter. SINCE 2 The world population was six billion
been to the cinema since (turn/21st ) century.
Sana hasn’t December. are bound to feel
3 When you are studying till 4 a.m., you
8 This app enables people to maintain
(be/bound/feel) exhausted the next day.
regular contacts. TOUCH stay in touch 4 People thought that the use of robots
Thanks to this app, people can regularly . would do away
with jobs (do/job) such as cleaning and
2 Complete the text with the correct form cooking. But there’s still a long way to go.
will have been fighting over the control
of the words from the box. There are two 5 By the end of this month, they (fight/
extra words. control) of the company for two years.
was about to/was going to open
6 My uncle had signed a contract and
annoy astonish become carry
(be/open) an ice cream parlour when his
celebrate find get high send
business partner backed out.
Message in a balloon
was celebrating
A 10-year-old Laura Buxton 1 her
grandparents’ 50th wedding anniversary in
Staffordshire, England. Encouraged by her
grandfather, Laura decided to have a bit of fun with
one of the helium balloons decorating the party.
Before letting it loose, she attached a note which 2
carried the message ‘Please return to Laura Buxton’
together with her address and phone number.

91
 Use of English
2 Choose the correct words a–d to complete Unit 3
the text.
1 Complete the second sentence so that it

Fly green!
means the same as the first one. Use no
or be more than five words.
1 Freddie Mercury recorded one of his last
songs Delilah in 1987. He dedicated it to
Although air travel is more popular than ever, and named it after his favourite cat.
only three percent of the world’s population
One of Freddie Mercury’s last songs Delilah,
chose this means of transportation in 2017, and (which was)
recorded in 1987, was dedicated to and named after
only 18 percent have ever done so. But things
are changing. In 2016, there were around four his favourite cat.
billion air passengers. Every year the numbers 2 When Lama was a small child, she used to
are higher and this is a/an 1 trend. cry for no reason.
burst
According to estimations, this figure As a small child, Lama would into tears
2
to 7.2 billion by 2035. The whole aviation for no reason.
sector 3 to five percent of global warming.
Even if we assume that only three percent of the 3 Ramzi regularly does his assignments at a
world’s population fly, we must admit that such short notice.
regularly
high percentage of global emissions is brought Ramzi will put off his assignments until
4
by a relatively small group. the last moment.
There is no other human activity that emits as 4 I bought my new headphones in this shop.
the shop where I bought
much CO2 as flying over such a short period This is my new headphones.
of time. For example, a person taking one
roundtrip flight from Europe to the Caribbean
5 Salwa has an annoying habit of making
is 5 to produce the same amount of CO2 her friends admire her singing talents
as 80 Tanzanians within a year. So even if you when they visit her.
always
eat vegan, rely on solar power and feel 6 Salwa isshowingoff her singing talents
about endangered species but still take a whenever her friends visit her.
plane, you shouldn’t consider yourself green. 6 My mother, who is a dentist, has always
So what can be done about it? There seems to be insisted that I should become a dentist
a solution, although an expensive one: myself.
7
fuels such as coal or gas need to be
My mother, who is a dentist, has always
more expensive. Unfortunately, this will surely
8
in higher air fares. But the real question
expected footsteps in becoming a
is whether we really need to fly so much. dentist. me to follow in her
2 Complete the text with the correct form of
1 a similar b upward the words in brackets.
c maximum d downward
2 a will have risen b will be rising Different generation different social media
c is rising d is going to rise
3 a makes b produces When Mark Zuckerberg and his friends
c causes d contributes founded a social media company in 2004,
they would not expect that the service would
4 a by b about dedicated
have over two billion 1 (DEDICATE) users
c in d over
15 years later. Nearly 90% of social media users
5 a likely b due check the app every day. 2 Oddly (ODD) enough,
c common d significant it is not the youngest generations, such as the
6 a strongly b deeply Millennials or Generation Z that are the most
c considerably d merely addicted to it. Baby Boomers (those over 60)
7 a exhaust b renewable check it slightly more oen. The main reason
c acid d fossil is that for older users the app is the only social
network they feel confident to navigate.
8 a affect b lead
c result d cause
92
 Use of English
prevent him from taking part
2 We couldn’t (prevent/he/take) in the
However, it seems that this app is slowly competition although he wasn’t ready.
becoming passé so the young find other had not got used to eating/could not get used to eating
more recent social media apps more
3I (not/get/used/eat) late at night
interesting because those platforms are more
before I started working shifts.
taking my/the first photo
3 4
trustworthy(TRUST). Unlike (LIKE) the older app,
4 I will never forget (take/first/photo).
the newer apps don't force their users to look It was my baby brother eating spaghetti.
was walking/walked
at everybody’s information. Also, they allow 5 He almost fell when heacross/ (walk/
on/along the tightrope
you to communicate through images and tightrope).
been trying to change/tried changing her study habits
pictures rather than words, which the young 6 My friend has (try/change/study
find more economical. What’s more, the habit) to improve her results at school.
youngest generation of social media users 7 We were allnot very tired during the run, but
5 to stop
have a real sense ofbelonging (BELONG) while we decided to have (not/stop/have) a rest.
on these apps. Through its closed groups and getting a
8 When I was a kid I preferred takeaway to eat
temporary sharing, it provides them with (get/takeaway/eat) at home. Now I enjoy
a feeling of 6 security(SECURE) and relative privacy. only homemade meals.
7
Apparently (APPARENT), Baby Boomers and Gen X do
not realise what they are missing. 2 Complete the text with one word in each
gap.
Unit 4
1 Complete the second sentence using the The power of scent
word in bold so that it means the same as It goes without saying that smell is one of
1affects/
the first one. Use no more than five words our most important senses: itinfl uences
about
including the word given. 75 percent of our daily emotions. Smell is
2 a/the/
directly connected to this/that part of our
1 These days teenagers lose interest far too
brain which is linked to memory. As a result,
quickly. SPANS
attention spans are smelling a particular scent, for example of
These days teenagers’ very short. freshly made coffee, can trigger a happy
2 Since we had no fuel left, we had to memory more quickly than our taste 3 buds
change our travel plans. RUN on the tongue experience the first sip.
had run
As we out of fuel, we had to change our Research shows that sense of smell can be
travel plans. useful in commerce; retailers have been using
3 When the police arrived, the arsonist ran the science of smell in their stores to attract
away. HAD customers. Interestingly, while the right smell
had the police arrived can boost sales, unpleasant odour will 4 put
Hardly the arsonist ran away. most customers off and eventually cause
4 The woman did not seem to be surprised lower income.
at her friend’s strange behaviour. ABACK
taken One study found that people were more
The woman wasn’t aback by her friend’s likely to open their wallets if their environment
strange behaviour. smelled like ‘warm scents’, 5 such as vanilla or
5 The identity of the man was not to be cinnamon. This is because warm scents 6 make
revealed, no matter what happened. NO people perceive the space around them as
no circumstances was the identity
Under of the man to be revealed. more crowded. People feel less in control in
6 Malek started writing the report as soon as crowded spaces, and buying things helps
I came. SOONER them gain back some of that control.
No Malek started writing the report. A study run by a shoe company showed that
sooner had I arrived/come than 7 even
though the brand was selling very
Unit 5 well, adding scents to their stores increased
sales by 80 percent! Nowadays, a lot of
1 Complete the sentences with the correct supermarkets use artificial smells to create a
form of the words in brackets. Add extra more pleasant environment for the customers
words were necessary. – and to prevent them 8 from leaving their
encouraged us to listen to stores too soon.
1 The teacher (encourage/we/listen)
an opera composed by Alban Berg.
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