ASSIGNMENT – 1

Ques1. Define cloud computing and explain its characteristics.

Cloud computing is a technology that enables access to computing resources, such as
servers, storage, databases, networking, software, and analytics, over the internet (“the
cloud”). Instead of owning and maintaining physical data centers or servers, organizations
and individuals can use cloud providers to host and manage their data and applications
remotely, paying only for the resources they use.

There are the following operations that we can do using cloud computing:
 Developing new applications and services
 Storage, back up, and recovery of data
 Hosting blogs and websites
 Delivery of software on demand
 Analysis of data
 Streaming videos and audios

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

1. On-Demand Self-Service: Users can automatically provision computing resources as

needed without requiring human interaction with service providers. This offers
convenience and rapid scalability.
2. Broad Network Access: Cloud services are accessible over the internet from various
devices, including laptops, desktops, mobile phones, and tablets, using standard
protocols and tools.
3. Resource Pooling: Cloud providers pool computing resources to serve multiple
customers using a multi-tenant model, with resources dynamically assigned and
reassigned according to user demand. This allows for efficient use of resources, with
data separation for each user.
4. Rapid Elasticity: Cloud services can scale up or down as needed. This elasticity
provides users with unlimited resources on demand, enabling businesses to handle
varying workloads and growth effectively.
5. Measured Service: Resource usage is monitored, controlled, and reported, providing
transparency for both the provider and customer. Users are billed based on the
amount of resources they consume, whether storage, processing, bandwidth, or
active users.

Cloud computing has transformed how we handle data, deploy applications, and build
business infrastructure, making it a foundational technology for modern organizations.

Ques2. Write different types of cloud computing.

Cloud computing is a revolutionary technology transforming how we store, access, and

process data. It simply refers to delivering computing resources, such as servers, storage,
databases, software, and applications, over the Internet. Cloud computing uses a network of
remote computer systems housed on the net to save and process data rather than relying
on physical infrastructure.

Cloud service companies use advanced security techniques, which include encryption,
firewalls, and access restrictions, to secure your data from unauthorized access. Moreover,
because your information is saved in the cloud, it is secure even if your nearby devices are
damaged, misplaced, or stolen. Redundancy and cloud backups guarantee that your data
may be restored promptly and effectively in case of any unexpected situations.

Types of Cloud
There are the following 5 types of cloud that you can deploy according to the organization's
needs-

 Public Cloud
 Private Cloud
 Hybrid Cloud
 Community Cloud
 Multi Cloud

1. Public Cloud
Public cloud is open to all to store and access information via the Internet using the
payper-usage method.

In public cloud, computing resources are managed and operated by the Cloud
Service Provider (CSP). The CSP looks after the supporting infrastructure and ensures
that the resources are accessible to and scalable for the users.

Due to its open architecture, anyone with an internet connection may use the public
cloud, regardless of location or company size. Users can use the CSP's numerous
services, store their data, and run apps. By using a pay-per-usage strategy,
customers can be assured that they will only be charged for the resources they
actually use, which is a smart financial choice.
Example: Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2), IBM Smart Cloud Enterprise,
Microsoft, Google App Engine, Windows Azure Services Platform.

2. Private Cloud
Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud. It is used by
organizations to build and manage their own data centres internally or by the third
party. It can be deployed using Open source tools such as Open stack and
Eucalyptus.

Example: VMware vSphere, OpenStack, Microsoft Azure Stack, Oracle Cloud at

Customer, and IBM Cloud Private.

Based on the location and management, National Institute of Standards and

Technology (NIST) divide private cloud into the following two parts:
o On-premise private cloud: An on-premise private cloud is situated within the
physical infrastructure of the organization. It involves setting up and running
a specific data center that offers cloud services just for internal usage by the
company. The infrastructure is still completely under the hands of the
organization, which gives them the freedom to modify and set it up in any
way they see fit. Organizations can successfully manage security and
compliance issues with this degree of control. However, on-premise private
cloud setup and management necessitate significant hardware, software, and
IT knowledge expenditures.
o Outsourced private cloud: An outsourced private cloud involves partnering
with a third-party service provider to host and manage the cloud
infrastructure on behalf of the organization. The provider may operate the
private cloud in their data center or a colocation facility. In this arrangement,
the organization benefits from the expertise and resources of the service
provider, alleviating the burden of infrastructure management. The
outsourced private cloud model offers scalability, as the provider can adjust
 resources based on the organization's needs. Due to its flexibility, it is a
desirable choice for businesses that desire the advantages of a private cloud
deployment without the initial capital outlay and ongoing maintenance
expenses involved with an onpremise implementation.

Compared to public cloud options, both on-premise and external private clouds give
businesses more control over their data, apps, and security. Private clouds are
particularly suitable for organizations with strict compliance requirements, sensitive
data, or specialized workloads that demand high levels of customization and
security.

3. Hybrid Cloud
Hybrid Cloud is a combination of the public cloud and the private cloud. we can say:

Hybrid Cloud=Public Cloud + Private Cloud

Hybrid cloud is partially secure because the services which are running on the public
cloud can be accessed by anyone, while the services which are running on a private
cloud can be accessed only by the organization's users. In a hybrid cloud setup,
organizations can leverage the benefits of both public and private clouds to create a
flexible and scalable computing environment. The public cloud portion allows using
cloud services provided by third-party providers, accessible over the Internet.

Example: Google Application Suite (Gmail, Google Apps, and Google Drive), Office
365 (MS Office on the Web and One Drive), Amazon Web Services.

4. Community Cloud
Community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of several
organizations to share the information between the organization and a specific
community. It is owned, managed, and operated by one or more organizations in the
community, a third party, or a combination of them.

In a community cloud setup, the participating organizations, which can be from the
same industry, government sector, or any other community, collaborate to establish
a shared cloud infrastructure. This infrastructure allows them to access shared
services, applications, and data relevant to their community.
 Example: Health Care Community Cloud

5. Multi Cloud
Multi-cloud is a strategy in cloud computing where companies utilize more than one
cloud service provider or platform to meet their computing needs. It involves
distributing workloads, applications, and statistics throughout numerous cloud
environments consisting of public, private, and hybrid clouds.

Adopting a multi-cloud approach allows businesses to have the ability to select and
leverage the most appropriate cloud services from different providers based on their
specific necessities. This allows them to harness each provider's distinctive
capabilities and services, mitigating the risk of relying solely on one vendor while
benefiting from competitive pricing models.

Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform
(GCP).

Ques3. Explain the evolution of cloud computing.

Since the beginning days of computing, when mainframe computers were accessible
remotely through terminals, "cloud computing" has evolved. However, with the
development of internet technologies and the demand for more effective and scalable
computing solutions in the 1990s and early 2000s, the contemporary idea of cloud
computing as we know it today first emerged.
  Client/Server Computing: Before the advent of cloud computing, Client/Server
computing was the dominant approach. The server side of this architecture served as
the central location for all software programs, data, and controls. Users connected
to the server and obtained the necessary access permissions to access specific data
or run programs. Networked computing was built on top of client/server computing,
but it had drawbacks in terms of resource efficiency and scalability.
 Evolution of Distributed Computing: The idea of distributed computing evolved as
computers grew increasingly networked. Multiple computers could cooperate and
share resources and processing power thanks to distributed computing. This model
allowed for parallel processing and increased efficiency by dividing tasks across
various processors. The centralized approach underwent a dramatic change with the
advent of distributed computing, opening the door for more scalable and adaptable
computer structures.
 The Concept of Cloud Computing: Client/server and distributed computing
paradigms served as the cornerstones for the paradigm that eventually developed as
cloud computing. The objective was to offer network-based, primarily the Internet,
on-demand access to shared computer resources and services. The goal of cloud
computing was to offer consumers flexible, scalable, and economical access to
computing resources, storage, and applications. It shifted the emphasis to distant
services and pay-as-you-go business models from local infrastructure and ownership.
 Early Visions of Cloud Computing: As early as 1961, the idea of computers as a
utility, comparable to water or electricity, was put out. Computer scientist John
McCarthy proposed that computing resources may be bought and sold on demand
while delivering a speech at MIT. But at that time, technology was not developed
enough to support this goal. It was a brilliant idea, but like all brilliant ideas, it was
ahead of its time; as for the next few decades, despite interest in the model, the
technology simply was not ready for it. But of course, time has passed, and
technology caught that idea.
 Future Trends and Innovations: Emerging technologies and shifting business
requirements are driving the continued evolution of cloud computing. Edge
computing is becoming more popular because it enables real-time data analysis and
lower latency by processing data closer to the source. Server less computing, which
focuses on writing code rather than managing infrastructure, is also gaining
popularity because it offers improved scalability and financial efficiency. The
portability and simplicity of deployment across various cloud environments are
provided by containerization technologies like Docker and Kubernetes.

Security, data privacy, and regulatory compliance issues are becoming more prominent as
the cloud computing environment develops. To overcome these obstacles and offer a
secure and reliable cloud environment, service providers are making significant investments
in strong security measures, encryption methods, and compliance frameworks.
Ques4. Why do we need cloud computing?
Small as well as large IT companies, follow the traditional methods to provide the IT
infrastructure. That means for any IT company, we need a Server Room that is the basic
need of IT companies.

In that server room, there should be a database server, mail server, networking, firewalls,
routers, modem, switches, QPS (Query Per Second means how much queries or load will be
handled by the server), configurable system, high net speed, and the maintenance
engineers.

To establish such IT infrastructure, we need to spend lots of money. To overcome all these
problems and to reduce the IT infrastructure cost, Cloud Computing comes into existence.

Here are some key reasons why cloud computing is necessary:

1. Cost Efficiency:
 Reduced Capital Expenditures: With cloud computing, organizations don’t
need to invest heavily in on-premises hardware or infrastructure. Instead,
they can use a subscription or pay-as-you-go model, which helps reduce
upfront costs.
 Lower Operational Costs: Cloud providers handle maintenance, updates, and
technical support, allowing organizations to save on IT management costs.

2. Scalability and Flexibility:

 Resource Scaling: Cloud computing offers rapid scalability, allowing
businesses to increase or decrease resources as needed. This is particularly
beneficial during peak times or unexpected growth.
  Flexibility in Resource Allocation: Organizations can deploy resources
dynamically based on demand, which allows them to respond to business
changes more efficiently.

3. Accessibility and Remote Work Enablement:

 Global Access: Cloud services are accessible from any location with an
internet connection, enabling employees to work from anywhere.
 Improved Collaboration: Teams can collaborate on documents and
applications in real time, regardless of their physical location.

4. Enhanced Data Security and Disaster Recovery:

 Robust Security Measures: Cloud providers invest in high-level security
protocols, including data encryption, identity management, and regular
security audits, to protect user data.
 Backup and Disaster Recovery: Cloud computing allows for regular,
automated backups, enabling quick data recovery in case of system failures
or disasters.

5. Efficiency and Speed of Innovation:

 Quick Deployment: Resources can be deployed within minutes, allowing
businesses to innovate and launch new applications without delay.
 Access to Advanced Tools: Cloud providers offer tools for big data, AI, and
machine learning, making it easy for organizations to adopt these
technologies without building specialized infrastructure.

6. Environmentally Friendly:
 Energy Efficiency: By centralizing resources, cloud providers can optimize
energy usage and reduce waste, making cloud computing more
environmentally friendly than traditional data centers.
 Reduced Carbon Footprint: Many cloud providers use renewable energy
sources, contributing to more sustainable operations.

Cloud computing’s ability to provide flexible, cost-effective, and secure resources has made
it an indispensable tool for both businesses and individuals, transforming how we store
data, deploy applications, and conduct business.

Ques5. Briefly explain the architecture of CC and its components.

Architecture of cloud computing is the combination of both SOA (Service Oriented
Architecture) and EDA (Event Driven Architecture). Client infrastructure, application, service,
runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure, management and security all these are the
components of cloud computing architecture.
The cloud architecture is divided into 2 parts, i.e.
1. Frontend
2. Backend
The below figure represents an internal architectural view of cloud computing.

Architecture of Cloud Computing

1. Frontend
Frontend of the cloud architecture refers to the client side of cloud computing system.
Means it contains all the user interfaces and applications which are used by the client to
access the cloud computing services/resources. For example, use of a web browser to
access the cloud platform.

2. Backend
Backend refers to the cloud itself which is used by the service provider. It contains the
resources as well as manages the resources and provides security mechanisms. Along with
this, it includes huge storage, virtual applications, virtual machines, traffic control
mechanisms, deployment models, etc.

Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

Following are the components of Cloud Computing Architecture

1. Client Infrastructure: Client Infrastructure is a part of the frontend component. It

contains the applications and user interfaces which are required to access the cloud
platform. In other words, it provides a GUI (Graphical User Interface) to interact with
the cloud.

2. Application: Application is a part of backend component that refers to a software or

platform to which client accesses. Means it provides the service in backend as per
the client requirement.

3. Service: Service in backend refers to the major three types of cloud based services
like SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. Also manages which type of service the user accesses.
 4. Runtime Cloud: Runtime cloud in backend provides the execution and Runtime
platform/environment to the Virtual machine.

5. Storage: Storage in backend provides flexible and scalable storage service and
management of stored data.

6. Infrastructure: Cloud Infrastructure in backend refers to the hardware and software

components of cloud like it includes servers, storage, network devices, virtualization
software etc.

7. Management: Management in backend refers to management of backend

components like application, service, runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure, and
other security mechanisms etc.

8. Security: Security in backend refers to implementation of different security

mechanisms in the backend for secure cloud resources, systems, files, and
infrastructure to end-users.

9. Internet: Internet connection acts as the medium or a bridge between frontend and
backend and establishes the interaction and communication between frontend and
backend.

10. Database: Database in backend refers to provide database for storing structured
data, such as SQL and NOSQL databases. Example of Databases services include
Amazon RDS, Microsoft Azure SQL database and Google CLoud SQL.

11. Networking: Networking in backend services that provide networking infrastructure

for application in the cloud, such as load balancing, DNS and virtual private
networks.

12. Analytics: Analytics in backend service that provides analytics capabilities for data in
the cloud, such as warehousing, business intelligence and machine learning.

Ques6. Explain virtualization and its need.

Virtualization is a technology that creates a virtual version of something—such as hardware,
a software environment, or storage—allowing multiple operating systems or applications to
run simultaneously on a single physical machine. It abstracts resources from the underlying
hardware, enabling users to run different environments on a shared infrastructure.

NEEDS OF VIRTUALIZATION:-

Ques7. Write different types of virtualization.

Ques8. Define cloud economics.

Cloud economics is the process of examining the financial and functional impact of cloud
computing on an organization. Leaders assess the critical elements involved in a potential
cloud migration. A cloud economics analysis weighs financial factors such as return on
investment (ROI), legacy hardware investment, and the total cost of ownership (TCO) for the
cloud versus on-premises data centers.

In addition to expected financial and technology considerations, a cloud economics analysis

should factor in the following cultural elements:

 Existing biases: Human nature makes us all prone to bias. Whether it’s staff locked
into legacy applications or simple resistance to new technologies, organizations must
practice self-awareness to overcome these biases for an objective cloud economics
evaluation.
 Risk/reward threshold: Each organization’s comfort level with risk varies and
depends on criteria such as culture, budget, and technical expertise. Knowing an
organization's standard risk/reward approach—and when it can be adjusted— builds
tolerances and boundaries for cloud economics calculations.
 Current processes: Will a shift to cloud computing impact processes that drive core
business? If so, will the change require new training and skills? And will the involved
teams have the bandwidth to absorb such a change? The answers will affect the
length and scope of any cloud migration plan.

When considering cloud computing, organizations must understand that the scope of
analysis goes beyond hardware investments or monthly fees. Cloud migration can
completely change operations and development, depending on functional, data, and
budgetary realities. In some cases, organizations may have a simpler IT setup, and cloud
migration may focus on improving reliability and availability, with other features making less
of an impact.

Ques9. Give examples of different Cloud service providers.

Here are some well-known examples of cloud service providers, each offering a range of
services across cloud models like IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS:

1. Amazon Web Services (AWS)

Launched in 2006, AWS is the best cloud service provider leading in the market. It
becomes a major player in AI, database, machine learning, 5G cloud, multi-cloud
and serverless deployments. AWS operates in 20 geographical regions across the
world. The company reported a revenue of 9 billion dollars in Q3 2019.

Features of AWS:
 AWS offers 175 fully-featured services to meet any kind of business
requirements. These services are database storage, computing power,
networking and many more
  You can virtually host any applications, including networks like firewall,
DNS, Load balancing, or even you can have your virtual private cloud.
 AWS applications are scalable, flexible, reliable, secure and trustworthy.
 Easy sign-up and fast deployment. The best thing is there is no upfront cost
and you pay for what you use. It also offers a FREE tier for some of their
popular services.

2. Microsoft Azure
Microsoft Azure is also known as Windows Azure. It supports various operating
systems, databases, programming languages, frameworks that allow IT professionals
to easily build, deploy, and manage applications through a worldwide network. It
also allows users to create different groups for related utilities.

Features of Microsoft Azure:

o Microsoft Azure provides scalable, flexible, and cost-effective
o It allows developers to quickly manage applications and websites.
o It managed each resource individually.
o Its IaaS infrastructure allows us to launch a general-purpose virtual machine
in different platforms such as Windows and Linux.
o It offers a Content Delivery System (CDS) for delivering the Images, videos,
audios, and applications.

3. Oracle Cloud
Oracle cloud platform is offered by the Oracle Corporation. It combines Platform as
a Service, Infrastructure as a Service, Software as a Service, and Data as a Service
with cloud infrastructure. It is used to perform tasks such as moving applications to
the cloud, managing development environment in the cloud, and optimize
connection performance.

Features of Microsoft Azure:

o Oracle cloud provides various tools for build, integrate, monitor, and secure
the applications.
o Its infrastructure uses various languages including, Java, Ruby, PHP, Node.js.
o It integrates with Docker, VMware, and other DevOps tools.
o Oracle database not only provides unparalleled integration between IaaS,
PaaS, and SaaS, but also integrates with the on-premises platform to improve
operational efficiency.
o It maximizes the value of IT investments.
o It offers customizable Virtual Cloud Networks, firewalls, and IP addresses to
securely support private networks.

4. IBM Cloud Services

 IBM Cloud is an open-source, faster, and more reliable platform. It is built with a
suite of advanced data and AI tools. It offers various services such as Infrastructure
as a service, Software as a service, and platform as a service. You can access its
services like compute power, cloud data & Analytics, cloud use cases, and storage
networking using internet connection.

Features of IBM Cloud:

o IBM cloud improves operational efficiency.
o Its speed and agility improve the customer's satisfaction.
o It offers Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), as well
as Software as a Service (SaaS)
o It offers various cloud communications services to our IT environment.

5. Google Cloud Platform

Google cloud platform is a product of Google. It consists of a set of physical devices,
such as computers, hard disk drives, and virtual machines. It also helps organizations
to simplify the migration process.

Features of IBM Cloud:

o Google cloud includes various big data services such as Google BigQuery,
Google CloudDataproc, Google CloudDatalab, and Google Cloud Pub/Sub.
o It provides various services related to networking, including Google Virtual
Private Cloud (VPC), Content Delivery Network, Google Cloud Load Balancing,
Google Cloud Interconnect, and Google Cloud DNS.
o It offers various scalable and high-performance
o GCP provides various serverless services such as Messaging, Data Warehouse,
Database, Compute, Storage, Data Processing, and Machine learning (ML)
o It provides a free cloud shell environment with Boost Mode.

Ques10. Explain the challenges faced in CC.

Cloud Computing (CC) offers many advantages, but it also brings various challenges,
particularly related to security, cost management, and data control. Here’s an overview of
the key challenges faced in cloud computing:

1. Security and Privacy:

 Data Security: Storing sensitive information in the cloud can make data vulnerable
to breaches. Data may be exposed to unauthorized access, especially in shared
environments.
  Data Privacy: Compliance with data protection laws (such as GDPR or HIPAA) can
be difficult in cloud environments, particularly for businesses handling sensitive
customer information.
 User Access Control: Managing who has access to cloud resources is critical. Weak
or misconfigured access control can lead to unauthorized access and data
exposure.

2. Cost Management:
 Unpredictable Costs: While cloud computing can reduce infrastructure costs, it’s
often challenging to predict expenses accurately, as cloud pricing models can be
complex and usage-dependent.
 Overprovisioning and Wastage: Without effective monitoring, organizations can
end up paying for unused or underutilized resources, leading to unnecessary
expenses.
 Complex Pricing Models: Different providers have unique billing structures based
on factors like storage, processing, and data transfer, which can make it hard to
optimize costs effectively.

3. Data Governance and Compliance:

 Compliance with Regulations: Industries with strict compliance requirements (e.g.,
healthcare, finance) need to ensure that cloud providers meet regulatory standards,
which can be challenging across different jurisdictions.
 Data Location and Residency: Regulations often require data to be stored within
specific geographic regions. Ensuring data remains within specified locations
while using global cloud providers is complex.
 Data Ownership and Control: Determining data ownership and understanding
the provider’s rights over data can be challenging, as cloud providers typically
have access to some level of user data.

4. Performance and Reliability:

 Latency and Bandwidth Limitations: Cloud applications may experience latency
due to network speed or bandwidth constraints, especially if users are located far
from the data centers.
 Downtime and Outages: Cloud providers sometimes experience downtime, and
organizations using cloud services may not have full control over availability,
impacting business continuity.
 Service Level Agreements (SLAs): Ensuring that cloud providers meet SLA terms
for availability and performance can be challenging, as organizations have limited
control over the underlying infrastructure.
 5. Vendor Lock-In:
 Difficulty Switching Providers: Migrating data and applications from one
provider to another can be complex, costly, and time-consuming due to
differences in APIs, data structures, and services.
 Lack of Standardization: Different cloud providers may use proprietary
technologies, making it harder for organizations to transfer workloads between
providers without significant adjustments.
 Dependency on Provider Ecosystem: Relying heavily on a specific provider’s
ecosystem (e.g., services, tools, and APIs) can limit an organization’s flexibility
and restrict its options for future growth or migration.

6. Limited Control Over Infrastructure:

 Restricted Customization: Cloud providers control the underlying infrastructure,
limiting the ability of businesses to customize configurations to their specific
needs.
 Dependency on Provider’s Management and Security Practices: Users are
reliant on the provider’s policies and management, which might not always align
with their own security and operational practices.

7. Data Transfer and Migration Challenges:

 Data Migration Complexity: Moving large volumes of data to the cloud can be
complex, time-consuming, and costly, especially when transferring from on-
premises systems to the cloud or between providers.
 High Data Transfer Costs: Many providers charge for data egress (data moving
out of the cloud), making large-scale data transfers costly.
 Compatibility Issues: Data formats and system compatibility issues can arise
during migration, making it challenging to transfer and integrate data smoothly.

8. Managing Multi-Cloud and Hybrid Cloud Environments:

 Complexity in Integration: Integrating data and applications across multiple
cloud environments and on-premises infrastructure can be challenging, requiring
sophisticated management tools.
 Increased Management Effort: Multi-cloud or hybrid cloud setups require
complex management and monitoring to ensure security, compliance, and
performance across environments.
 Interoperability and Compatibility: Ensuring interoperability between different
cloud services and environments can be challenging, as each provider may have
its own unique set of APIs and tools.

Addressing these challenges requires careful planning, investment in skilled personnel, and
implementing robust strategies for security, cost management, and data governance.