General Mathematics Vol. 14, No.

4 (2006), 113–126

Meromorphic Starlike Functions with

Alternating and Missing Coefficients 1

M. Darus, S. B. Joshi and N. D. Sangle

In memoriam of Associate Professor Ph. D. Luciana Lupaş

Abstract

In this paper we introduced a new class Ωp (n, α) of meromorphic

starlike univalent functions with alternating coefficients in the punc-
tured unit disk U ∗ = {z : 0 < |z| < 1}. We obtain among other
results are the coefficient inequalities, distortion theorem and class
preserving integral operator.

2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 30C45

Keywords: meromorphic function, Starlike functions, Distortion theorem
1
Received 24 September, 2006
Accepted for publication (in revised form) 9 November, 2006

113
114 M. Darus, S. B. Joshi and N. D. Sangle

1 Introduction
Let Ap denote the class of functions of the form:
∞
a−1 X
(1) f (z) = + ap+k z p+k , (a−1 6= 0, p ∈ N = {1, 2, 3, . . .})
z k=0

which are regular in the punctured unit disk U ∗ = {z : 0 < |z| < 1}.

Define

(2) D0 f (z) = f (z)

∞
1 a−1 X
Df (z) = D f (z) = + (p + k + 2)ap+k z p+k
z k=0
(z 2 f (z))′
(3) =
z

(4) D2 f (z) = D(D1 f (z)),

and for n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
∞
n n−1 a−1 X
D f (z) = D(D f (z)) = + (p + k + 2)ap+k z p+k ,
z k=0
(z 2 Dn−1 f (z))′
(5) =
z
Let Bn (α), denote the class consisting functions in Ap satisfying
(6) ½
Dn+1 f (z)
¾
Re − 2 < −α, (z ∈ U ∗ , 0 ≤ α < 1, n ∈ No = N ∪ {0}).
Dn f (z)
Let Λp be the subclass of Ap which consisting of functions of the form
∞
a−1 X
(7) f (z) = + (−1)p+k−1 ap+k z p+k , (a−1 > 0; ap+k ≥ 0, p ∈ N).
z k=0
Meromorphic Starlike Functions... 115

Further let

(8) Ωp (n, α) = Bn (α) ∩ Λp .

We note that, in [1] Uralegaddi and Somanatha define a class Bn (α), which
consists functions of the form

∞
a−1 X
f (z) = + ak z k (a−1 6= 0)
z k=0

which are analytic in U ∗ and obtained inclusion relation, the class preserving
integral. In the same year, Uralegaddi and Ganigi [2] considered meromor-
phic starlike functions with alternating coefficients. Further, recently in [4],
Aouf and Darwish also considered meromorphic starlike univalent functions
with alternating coefficients and obtained coefficient inequalities, distor-
tion theorem and integral operators. The class of meromorphic functions
have been studied by various authors and among are Darwish [3], Aouf and
Hossen [5], and Mogra et.al [6], few to mention.

In the present paper, we consider functions of the forms (7) and obtain
basic properties, which include for example the coefficient inequalities, dis-
tortion theorem, closure theorem and integral operators. Finally, the class
preserving integral operator of the form
Z 1
(9) Fc+1 (z) = (c + 1) uc+1 f (uz)du (0 ≤ u < 1, 0 < c < ∞)
0

is considered. Techniques used are similar to those of Aouf and Hossen [5].
116 M. Darus, S. B. Joshi and N. D. Sangle

2 Coefficient Inequality
Theorem 2.1. Let the function f (z) be defined by (1). If
∞
X
(10) (p + k + 2)n (p + k + α)|ap+k | ≤ (1 − α)|a−1 |,
k=0

then f (z) ∈ Bn (α).

Proof. It suffices to show that

¯ ¯
Dn+1 f (z)
− 1
¯ ¯
¯ Dn f (z) ¯
(11) ¯
¯ Dn+1 f (z)
¯ < 1, |z| < 1,
¯ Dn f (z) − (3 − 2α) ¯
¯

we have ¯ ¯
Dn+1 f (z)
− 1
¯ ¯
¯ n+1 Dn f (z)
¯ ¯
¯=
¯ D f (z)
− (3 − 2α)
¯
¯ Dn f (z) ¯
¯ ∞ ¯
n p+k
P
(p + k + 2) (p + k + 1)ap+k z
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
k=0
¯ ¯
=¯
¯
∞
P
¯≤
¯
¯ (2 − 2α)a−1 − (p + k + 2)n (p + k + 2α − 1)a z p+k ¯
¯ p+k ¯
k=0
∞
(p + k + 2)n (p + k + 1)|ap+k |
P
k=0
≤ ∞
P .
(2 − 2α)a−1 − (p + k + 2)n (p + k + 2α − 1)|ap+k |
k=0
The last expression is bounded by 1 if
∞
X ∞
X
(p+k+2) (p+k+1)|ap+k | ≤ (2−2α)a−1 − (p+k+2)n (p+k+2α−1)|ap+k |,
n

k=0 k=0

which reduces to
∞
X
(12) (p + k + 2)n (p + k + α)|ap+k | ≤ (1 − α)|a−1 |.
k=0

But (12) is true by hypothesis. Hence the result follows.

Meromorphic Starlike Functions... 117

Theorem 2.2. Let the function f (z) be defined by (7). Then f (z) ∈
Ωp (n, α) if and only if
∞
X
(13) (p + k + 2)n (p + k + α)|ap+k | ≤ (1 − α)a−1 ,
k=0

Proof. In view of Theorem 2.1, it suffices to prove the ”only if” part. Let
us assume that f (z) defined by (7) is in Ωp (n, α). Then
½ n+1 ½ n+1
D f (z) − 2Dn f (z)
¾ ¾
D f (z)
Re − 2 = Re ,
Dn f (z) Dn f (z)
(14)  ∞ 
n p+k
P


 a−1 − (p + k + 2) (p + k)ap+k z 


k=0
= Re ∞
P < −α, |z| < 1.
 −a−1 − (−1)p+k−1 (p + k + 2)n ap+k z p+k 

 

k=0

Dn+1 f (z)
Choose value of z on the real axis so that Dn f (z)
− 2 is real. Upon clearing
the denominator in (14) and letting z → 1 through real values, we obtain
∞
à ∞
!
X X
a−1 − (p + k + 2)n (p + k)ap+k ≥ a−1 + (p + k + 2)n ap+k α.
k=0 k=0

Thus
∞
X
(p + k + 2)n (p + k + α)ap+k ≤ (1 − α)a−1 .
k=0
Hence the result follows.

Corollary 1 Let the function f (z) be defined by (7) be in Ωp (n, α). Then
(1 − α)a−1
(15) ap+k ≤ ,
(p + k + 2)n (p + k + α)
The result is sharp for the function
a−1 (1 − α)a−1
(16) f (z) = + (−1)p+k−1 z p+k , (k ≥ 1).
z (p + k + 2)n (p + k + α)
118 M. Darus, S. B. Joshi and N. D. Sangle

3 Distortion Theorem
Theorem 3.1. Let the function f (z) be defined by (7) be in Ωp (n, α). Then
for 0 < |z| < 1, we have

a−1 (1 − α)a−1 a−1 (1 − α)a−1

(17) − n
r ≤ |f (z)| ≤ + r,
r (p + 3) (p + α + 1) r (p + 3)n (p + α + 1)

where equality holds for the function

a−1 (1 − α)a−1
(18) f (z) = + zp, (z = ir, r),
z (p + 3)n (p + α + 1)

and

a−1 (1 − α)a−1 a−1 (1 − α)a−1

(19) 2
− n
≤ |f ′ (z)| ≤ 2 + ,
r (p + 3) (p + α + 1) r (p + 3)n (p + α + 1)

where equality holds for the function f (z) given by (18) at z = ∓ir, ∓r.

Proof. In view of Theorem 2.2, we have

∞
X (1 − α)a−1
(20) ap+k ≤ .
k=0
(p + k + 2)n (p + k + α)

Thus, for 0 < |z| < 1,

∞
a−1 X
|f (z)| ≤ +r ap+k
r k=0
a−1 (1 − α)a−1
(21) ≤ + r
r (p + 3)n (p + α + 1)

and
∞
a−1 X
|f (z)| ≥ −r ap+k
r k=0
a−1 (1 − α)a−1
(22) ≥ − r.
r (p + 3)n (p + α + 1)
Meromorphic Starlike Functions... 119

Thus (17) follows.

Since
∞
X ∞
X
n
(p+3) (p+α+1) (p+k)|ap+k | ≤ (p+k+2)n (p+k+α)|ap+k | ≤ (1−α)|a−1 |
k=0 k=0

(p+k+2)n (p+k+α)
where p+k
is an increasing function of k, from Theorem 2.2, it
follows that
∞
X a−1 (1 − α)a−1
(23) (p + k) ≤ + .
k=0
r (p + 3)n (p + α + 1)

Hence
∞
a−1 X
′
|f (z)| ≤ 2
+ (p + k)ap+k rp+k−1
r k=0
∞
a−1 X
≤ + (p + k)ap+k
r k=0
a−1 (1 − α)a−1
(24) ≤ +
r (p + 3)n (p + α + 1)

and
∞
a−1 X
′
|f (z)| ≥ − (p + k)ap+k rp+k−1
r2 k=0
∞
a−1 X
≥ − (p + k)ap+k
r k=0
a−1 (1 − α)a−1
(25) ≥ −
r (p + 3)n (p + α + 1)

Thus (19) follows. It can be easily seen that the function f (z) defined by
(18) is extremal for the theorem.
120 M. Darus, S. B. Joshi and N. D. Sangle

4 Closure Theorem
Let the function fj (z) be defined for j ∈ {1, 2, 3, . . . , m}, by
∞
a−1,j X
(26) fj (z) = + (−1)p+k−1 ap+k,j z p+k , (a−1,j > 0; ap+k,j ≥ 0)
z k=0

for z ∈ U ∗ .

Now, we shall prove the following result for the closure of function in the
class Ωp (n, α).

Theorem 4.1. Let the functions fj (z) be defined by (26) be in the class
Ωp (n, α) for every j ∈ {1, 2, 3, . . . , m}. Then the function F (z) defined by
∞
b−1 X
(27) F (z) = + (−1)p+k−1 bp+k z p+k , (b−1 > 0; bp+k ≥ 0, p ∈ N)
z k=0

is a member of the class Ωp (n, α), where

∞ ∞
1 X 1 X
(28) b−1 = a−1,j and bp+k = ap+k,j (k = 1, 2, . . .).
m j=1 m j=1

Proof. Since fj (z) ∈ Ωp (n, α), it follows from Theorem 2.2, that
∞
X
(29) (p + k + 2)n (p + k + α)|ap+k,j | ≤ (1 − α)|a−1,j |,
k=0

for every j ∈ {1, 2, 3, . . . , m}. Hence,

∞
X
(p + k + 2)n (p + k + α)bp+k =
k=0

∞
à ∞
!
X 1 X
= (p + k + 2)n (p + k + α) ap+k,j =
k=0
m j=1
Meromorphic Starlike Functions... 121

∞
̰ !
1 X X
= (p + k + 2)n (p + k + α)ap+k,j ≤
m j=1 k=0
à ∞
!
1 X
≤ (1 − α) a−1,j = (1 − α)b−1 ,
m j=1

which (in view of Theorem 2.2) implies that F (z) ∈ Ωp (n, α).

Theorem 4.2. The class Ωp (n, α) is closed under convex linear combina-
tion.

Proof. Let the fj (z)(j = 1, 2) defined by (26) be in the class Ωp (n, α), it is
sufficient to prove that the function

(30) H(z) = λf1 (z) + (1 − λ)f2 (z) (0 ≤ λ ≤ 1)

is also in the class Ωp (n, α). Since, for (0 ≤ λ ≤ 1),

∞
λa−1,1 + (1 − λ)a−1,2 X
(31) H(z) = − {λap+k,1 + (1 − λ)ap+k,2 } z p+k ,
z k=0

we observe that
∞
X
(p + k + 2)n (p + k + α) {λap+k,1 + (1 − λ)ap+k,2 } =
k=0

∞
X ∞
X
=λ (p+k+2)n (p+k+α)λap+k,1 +(1−λ) (p+k+2)n (p+k+α)λap+k,2 ≤
k=0 k=0

≤ (1 − α) {λa−1,1 + (1 − λ)a−1,2 }

with the aid of Theorem 2.2. Hence H(z) ∈ Ωp (n, α).

This completes the proof of Theorem 4.2.
122 M. Darus, S. B. Joshi and N. D. Sangle

Theorem 4.3. Let

a−1
(32) fo (z) =
z
a−1 (1 − α)a−1
(33)fp+k (z) = + (−1)p+k−1 z p+k , (k ≥ 1).
z (p + k + 2)n (p + k + α)
Then f (z) ∈ Ωp (n, α) if and only if it can be expressed in the form

∞
X
(34) f (z) = λp+k fp+k (z),
k=0

where
∞
X
λp+k (k ≥ 0) and λk = 1.
k=0
Proof. Let
∞
X ∞
X
f (z) = λp+k fp+k (z), where λp+k (k ≥ 0) and λk = 1.
k=0 k=0

Then
∞ ∞
à ∞
!
X X X
f (z) = λp+k fp+k (z) = λo fo (z) + λp+k fp+k (z) = 1− λp+k +
k=0 k=1 k=0
∞ ½ ¾
X a−1 (1 − α)a−1
+ λp+k + (−1)p+k−1 n
z p+k =
k=0
z (p + k + 2) (p + k + α)
a−1 (1 − α)a−1
= + (−1)p+k−1 z p+k
z (p + k + 2)n (p + k + α)
Since
∞
X (1 − α)a−1 λp+k
(p + k + 2)n (p + k + α) ·
k=0
(p + k + 2)n (p + k + α)
∞
X
= (1 − α)a−1 + λp+k = (1 − α)a−1 (1 − λo )
k=0
(35) ≤ (1 − α)a−1 ,
Meromorphic Starlike Functions... 123

by Theorem 2.2, f (z) ∈ Ωp (n, α). Conversely, we suppose that f (z) defined
by (7) is in the class Ωp (n, α). Then by using (15), we get
(1 − α)a−1
(36) ap+k ≤ , (k ≥ 1).
(p + k + 2)n (p + k + α)
Setting
(p + k + 2)n (p + k + α)
(37) λp+k = ap+k , (k ≥ 1).
(1 − α)a−1
and
∞
X
(38) λo = 1 − λp+k ,
k=0

we have (34). This completes the proof of the Theorem 4.3.

5 Integral Operator
In his section we consider integral transforms of functions in the class
Ωp (n, α).

Theorem 5.1. Let the function f (z) be defined by (7) be in the class Ωp (n, α),
then the integral transforms
Z 1
(39) Fc+1 (z) = (c + 1) uc+1 f (uz)du (0 ≤ u < 1, 0 < c < ∞),
0

are in Ωp (n, α), where

(p + k + 3)(p + α + 1) − (p + 1)(1 − α)(c + 1)
(40) δ(α, c, p) = .
(p + k + 3)(p + α + 1) + (c + 1)(1 − α)
The result is sharp for the function
a−1 (1 − α)a−1
(41) f (z) = + (−1)p+k−1 zp.
z (p + 3)n (p + α + 1)
124 M. Darus, S. B. Joshi and N. D. Sangle

Proof. Let
1 ∞
(c + 1)
Z
c+1 a−1 X
(42) Fc+1 (z) = (c+1) u f (uz)du = − ap+k z p+k .
0 z k=0
p+k+c+2

In view of Theorem 2.2, it is sufficient to show that

∞
(p + k + 2)n (p + k + δ)
µ ¶
X c+1
(43) ap+k ≤ 1.
k=0
(1 − δ)a−1 p+k+c+2

Since f (z) ∈ Ωp (n, α), we have

∞
X (p + k + 2)n (p + k + α)
(44) ap+k ≤ 1.
k=0
(1 − α)a−1

Thus (42) will be satisfy if

(p + k + δ)(c + 1) p+k+α
≤ for each k,
(1 − δ)(p + k + c + 2) 1−α
or
(p + k + c + 2)(p + k + α) − (p + k)(1 − α)(c + 1)
(45) δ≤ .
(p + k + c + 2)(p + k + α) + (c + 1)(1 − α)
For each α, p, and c fixed, let
(p + k + c + 2)(p + k + α) − (p + k)(1 − α)(c + 1)
F (k) = .
(p + k + c + 2)(p + k + α) + (c + 1)(1 − α)
Then
F (k + 1) − F (k) =
(c + 1)(1 − α)(p + k + 1)(p + k + 2)
= >
[(p + k + c + 2)(p + k + α) + (c + 1)(1 − α)][(p + k + c + 3)(p + k + α + 1) + (c + 1)(1 − α)]
for each k. Hence, F (k) is an increasing function of k.
Since
(p + c + 3)(p + α + 1) − (p + 1)(1 − α)(c + 1)
F (1) = ,
(p + c + 3)(p + α + 1) + (c + 1)(1 − α)
the result follows.
Meromorphic Starlike Functions... 125

References

[1] B. A. Uralegaddi and C. Somanatha, New criteria for meromorphic

starlike univalent functions, Bull. Austral. Math. Soc. 43, (1991), 137-
140.

[2] B. A. Uralegaddi and M. D. Ganigi, Meromorphic starlike functions

with alternating coefficients, Rend. Math. 11 (7), Roma(1991), 441-
446.

[3] H. E. Darwish, Meromorphic p-valent starlike functions with negative

coefficients, Indian J. Pure Appl. Math. 33(7), (2002), 967-976.

[4] M. K. Aouf and H. E. Darwish, Meromorphic starlike univalent func-

tions with alternating coefficients, Utilitas Math. 47, (1995),137-144.

[5] M. K. Aouf and H. M. Hossen, New criteria for meromorphic p-valent

starlike functions, Tsukuba J. Math. 17(2), (1993), 1-6.

[6] M. L. Mogra, T. R. Reddy and O. P. Juneja, Meromorphic univa-

lent functions with positive coefficients, Bull. Austral. Math. Soc. 32,
(1985), 161-176.

School of Mathematical Sciences

Faculty of Science and Technology
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Bangi, 43600, Selangor D.E., Malaysia
E-mail address: [email protected]
126 M. Darus, S. B. Joshi and N. D. Sangle

Department of Mathematics
Walchand College of Engineering
Sangli (M. S), India 416415
E-mail address:[email protected]

Department of Mathematics
Annasaheb Dange College of Engineering
Ashta, Sangli (M. S), India 416301
E-mail address: navneet− [email protected]