Differentiation Direct differentiation of explicit functions

Consider point A(x, y) lying on a curve drawn Explicit functions are functions where one
below, if another point B(x + δx, y + δy) lies in variable is expressed in terms of the
the same curve, where δx and δy are small other variable. Examples y = x 2, y = x4 + 2x
increments in x and y respectively, the straight etc.
line AB, drawn through the curve is called a
𝑑𝑦
Given the function x = xn, the derivative of y

𝑑𝑥
with respect to x, denoted by either y’ or is
𝑑𝑦
chord of the curve.
given by y’ = = nxn-1.
𝑑𝑥

This result applies for all rational values of n. this

means that multiply the term given by the give
power index and then reduce the power by one.

Note: If

(i) y = f(x) + g(x) + h(x), then

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑓(𝑥)) (𝑔(𝑥)) (ℎ(𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
=
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
As the distance δx becomes smaller and smaller, + +

= 0(𝑎𝑥−1) = 0
point B moves close to A and the chord (ii) If y = a, this is written as y = 0a0,
𝑑𝑦
AB approaches the position of the target
𝑑𝑥
at A
Now, Gradient, MAB (𝑦+ẟ𝑦
−𝑦 Example 1
𝑥+ẟ𝑥−
=
MAB 𝑥 Find the derivatives of the following with respect
=
ẟ𝑦 to x
ẟ𝑥
As δx tends to zero, i.e.δx →0.
(a) y = x3
ẟ𝑦
𝑑𝑦
approaches the value of the gradient of the solution
ẟ𝑥
= 3𝑥3−2 = 3𝑥2
target line at A. This value is called limiting value 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
(b) y = 2x2 + 3
ẟ ẟ

of and is written as limẟ𝑥→0 Solution

.ẟ𝑥 y = 2x2 + 3x0
ẟ𝑥
ẟ𝑦
The limiting value of ẟ is called a differential
𝑥

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 𝑑𝑦
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦
coefficient or first derivative of y with respect to = (2𝑥2) + (3𝑥0)
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
x which is denoted by .
𝑑𝑥 = 2( 2𝑥2−1) + 0(3𝑥0−1)
Note: the process of finding this limiting value is = 4𝑥 + 0 = 4𝑥
1
𝑥
called differentiation. (c) y =

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 Solution (b) y = 2x4 + 2 [8x3]
𝑑𝑦
y = x-1 (c) y = b [0]
−1−1 27
1= −1𝑥 = −𝑥−2 = (d) y = 9 [− ]
−
𝑑 𝑥2
𝑥
2𝑥 2𝑥4

(d) y = √𝑥
3

(e) y = 2x-2 [-4x-3]

Solution −3 3

𝑦= √𝑥
𝑥
(f) y = 1 4 [ 15]

𝑥2
1
(g) y = 4𝑥 ]
[
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 −21
𝑑𝑥 = 1 𝑥2−
1 3
11 1
= 4
4𝑥4
2
1 =
2√𝑥
=2 2

2𝑥
2 (h) y = 5√𝑥 [ 3 ]
−2
𝑥
(e) y = 5𝑥2
Solution (i) y = −6
3 2
[ 4]
√𝑥
𝑥3
(j) 6√𝑥(𝑥3 − 2𝑥
y = -2x-1
𝑑𝑦
=
2
−2(−1𝑥−1−1) = 2𝑥−2 5 1
3
= + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ]
𝑥2
2 [21𝑥2 − 1
4
(f) y = x + 3x + 2 2 18𝑥2 +
Solution Differentiation of functions from first principles
y = x4 + 3x2 + 2x0
There are four basic steps followed when
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑥4−1 + 2(3𝑥2−1) + differentiating functions from first principles.
𝑑𝑥
0(2𝑥0−1)
= 4x3 + 6x + 0 Given the function y = f(x), the steps are
=4x3 + 6x (i) Add small changes in x and y to the function
3
√𝑥
(g) y = y = f(x) i.e. y + δy = f(x = δx)
2√𝑥
−
(ii) Subtract y = f(x) from the established
Solution
𝑦 = 3𝑥
function in step one above i.e. δy
1 1
−
2 − 2𝑥 2 = f(x+δx)- f(x)
(iii) Divide the function in step (ii) by δx
𝑑𝑦
i.e. ẟ𝑦= 𝑓
(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
1 −1 1 1
= − (3𝑥−2 (2𝑥−2 ))
1 1
−
𝑑𝑥 2 2 ẟ𝑥 ẟ𝑥

−3 𝑥
𝑥
−3 (iv) Find the limit of the above quotient when
3
2 − −21 = 2 +1 δx→0. This is the derivative required
− 1

𝑥
2
2𝑥
3 2 Differentiation of polynomial functions from
(h) y = x4(x +
first principles
1) solution
y= x5 + x4 These are functions in terms of y = axn where n is
𝑑𝑦
= 5𝑥5−1 + 4𝑥4−1 = 5𝑥4 + both rational and irrational numbers.
𝑑𝑥
4𝑥3
(i) y =6√𝑥(𝑥2 − 2𝑥)
Example 2
Solution

𝑦 = 6𝑥2 −
5 3 Differentiated the following with respect to x
from first principles
𝑑𝑦
12𝑥2 5
5 −1 3

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 3
−1
= )− (12𝑥2 )
(a) y = x2
𝑑𝑥
(6𝑥2 2
2
3
1
15𝑥2 − 18𝑥2 Solution
y = x2
Revision exercise 1 y + δy = (x + δx)2
....................................
Find the derivatives of the following with δy = (x + δx) – x2 (i)
respect to x Eqn. (i) is difference of two squares
expression
(a) y = 3x2 [6x] δy = (x +δx + x)(x + δx – x)

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 𝛿𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝛿𝑥 = 2𝑥𝛿𝑥 Solution
+ (𝛿𝑥) 2 ẟ𝑦
= 2𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 y = 2x3
𝑑
ẟ𝑥

𝑦
y + 𝛿𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)3
ẟ𝑦
= =
max ẟ𝑥→0 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
ẟ𝑥

𝛿𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)3 − 2𝑥3

𝑑𝑥
∴ = 2𝑥

(b) y = √𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = 2𝑥3 + 6𝑥2𝛿𝑥 + 6𝑥(𝛿𝑥)2 − 2𝑥3

y = √𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = 6𝑥2𝛿𝑥 + 6𝑥(𝛿𝑥)2
Solution

y + 𝛿𝑦 = √𝑥 +
𝛿𝑥
ẟ𝑦
= 6𝑥2 + 6𝑥𝛿𝑥
ẟ𝑥

𝛿𝑦 = √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥
−𝑦
𝛿𝑦 = √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦

√𝑥
ẟ𝑥→0 𝑑𝑥=
ẟ𝑦
= 2
max 6𝑥
ẟ𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Dividing through by δx
𝑑𝑦
√𝑥+ẟ
=𝑥−√𝑥 ∴ = 6𝑥2
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
ẟ𝑥

Rationalizing the numerator on the RHS 𝑥

(√𝑥+ẟ𝑥+√𝑥)
√𝑥+ẟ
=𝑥−√𝑥
ẟ𝑦 (e) y =
(
(√𝑥+ẟ𝑥+√𝑥)
) 1+𝑥2

𝑥
ẟ ẟ𝑥

ẟ𝑦 ẟ𝑥 Solution
=
𝑥+ẟ𝑥−𝑥
=
ẟ𝑥(√𝑥+ẟ𝑥+√𝑥) ẟ𝑥(√𝑥+ẟ𝑥+√𝑥)
𝑥
ẟ𝑥
y==
ẟ𝑥 =(√𝑥+ẟ𝑥+√𝑥)
ẟ𝑦 1
1+𝑥2
ẟ𝑦
= 𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑥+ẟ𝑑
= = y + δy =
𝛿𝑥→0
max
(√𝑥+√𝑥 2√𝑥 1+(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
ẟ𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝛿𝑦 =
𝑥+ẟ𝑑
)
1
2√𝑥 𝑥
∴
𝑑𝑥
=
1+(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)2
−
y =𝑥2
1
(c) 1+𝑥2
2 2

𝛿𝑦
(𝑥+ẟ𝑑)(1+𝑥 )−𝑥(1+
(𝑥+ẟ𝑥) )
Solution
= (1+𝑥2)(1+(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)2)

𝛿𝑦 =
𝑥+𝑥3+ẟ𝑥+𝑥2ẟ𝑥−𝑥−𝑥3−2𝑥2ẟ𝑥−𝑥(ẟ𝑥)2
1

𝑥
y + 𝛿𝑦 =
(1+𝑥2)(1+(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)2)
y= 2
1

𝛿𝑦 =(1+𝑥2)(1+(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)2)
(𝑥 + ẟ𝑥−𝑥2ẟ𝑥−𝑥(ẟ𝑥)2

𝛿𝑦 =
ẟ𝑥)2
1

𝑦
−
(𝑥 + ẟ𝑥)2
1−𝑥2−𝑥ẟ𝑥
𝛿𝑦 =
ẟ𝑦
=(1+𝑥2)(1+(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)2)
(𝑥 +
1 1
𝑥
ẟ𝑥
− 2
ẟ𝑥)2

(𝛿𝑦
𝑥2−(𝑥 + ẟ𝑥)2 (𝑥+𝑥+𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
𝑥−𝑥=
−ẟ𝑥 𝑦
2
ẟ 1−𝑥
=
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 1−𝑥2
𝑥2(𝑥 + ẟ𝑥)2 𝑥2(𝑥 +
= max𝛿𝑥→0
𝑑𝑥
= =
ẟ𝑥 (1+𝑥2)(1+𝑥2)
ẟ𝑥)2

𝛿𝑦
(2𝑥+ẟ𝑥)(−ẟ𝑥) (1+𝑥2)2

𝑥2(𝑥 + ẟ𝑥)2 −2𝑥ẟ𝑥−

𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑑𝑥 =(1+𝑥2)2
= = (ẟ𝑥)2 1−𝑥2
𝑥2(𝑥 + ẟ𝑥)2
Dividing through by δx (f) y=xn

−2𝑥−ẟ𝑥 Solution
=𝑥2(𝑥 + ẟ𝑥)2
ẟ𝑦
ẟ𝑥
𝑑𝑦
n
ẟ𝑦
= −2𝑥 −2 y=x
𝛿𝑥→0 𝑑𝑥
max = =
𝑥4 𝑥3
𝑥
ẟ

∴
ẟ𝑦
= 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑛
𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛
−2
ẟ𝑥 3

(d) y = 2x3

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 𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑛 using binomial expansion
Since n is assumed to be positive, we expand
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2

𝑛 𝑛
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥𝑛 + ( ) 𝑥𝑛−1𝛿𝑥 + ( ) 𝑥𝑛−2(𝛿𝑥)2 + ⋯ + −𝑥𝑛
2 2

𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛
1 2

𝛿𝑦 = 𝑛𝑥𝑛−1𝛿𝑥 + ( ) 𝑥𝑛−2(𝛿𝑥)2 + ⋯ + (𝛿𝑥)𝑛 2 2

2
𝑛− 𝑛− 𝛿𝑥 + ⋯ +
� Example 3 single angle
𝑦
ẟ

𝑛𝑥 +( 𝑥 (𝛿𝑥)𝑛−1
= 1 �) 2
Differentiate the following functions from first
𝑥
ẟ
2
= 𝑑𝑦 𝑛−1
ẟ𝑦
principle
𝑛𝑥
𝛿𝑥→0 𝑑𝑥
max =

= 𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑦
ẟ𝑥 (a) cosx
𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
∴
Solution
Revision exercise 2 Let y = cos x
Differentiated the following with respect to x y + δy = cos(x + δx)
from first principles
δy = cos(x + δx)- y
(a) y = 3x2 [6x]
𝐴−𝐵
(b) y = 2x4 + 2 [8x3] δy = cos(x + δx)- cosx
𝐴+
𝐵
(c) y = b [0]
9
From 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛
(d) y = 27 2 2
2𝑥3 [− −2𝑠𝑖𝑛
]
𝛿𝑦 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖 𝛿𝑥
2𝑥4

𝑛
(e) y = 2x-2 [-4x-3] ẟ𝑥
1

) 2 2
−3 3

𝑥
(f) y = [ 5] Dividing through by δx
4𝑥4
1

√𝑥
(g) y = [ ]
3 1 1
1

4𝑥4 ẟ𝑦 −2sin(𝑥+ ẟ𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 ẟ𝑥

2 2
4 2 =
5 √𝑥 𝑥
(h) y = [ ẟ ẟ𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛2ẟ𝑥
= −2sin (𝑥 2 𝛿𝑥)
1
] 1
= 3𝑥
−6 3
(i) y ẟ ẟ𝑥
𝑦
5𝑥2
2 +
[ 4
ẟ
𝑥
]
𝑥3
(j) 𝑦 = 6√𝑥(𝑥3 − 2𝑥
√

= −2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥ẟ𝑥
𝑑
1

𝑦
ẟ ẟ𝑥
𝑦
= .2
𝑑
𝑥
+ 1)
limẟ𝑥→0
1
3
5
ẟ
𝑥
𝑥2
[21𝑥2 − 1 ]
18𝑥2 + −2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
=
(k) y = X3 + x2 [3x2 +2x]
(l) 𝑦 =
2
2 1
√(𝑥+2)
[ ]
√(𝑥+2)
=−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

(m) 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 2𝑥2 [4 + 4𝑥] from first principles

These include trigonometric functions with single
Differentiation of trigonometric functions or multiple angles and those with higher or

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 𝑑
fractional powers. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∴
Note the following formula as well
(b) sinx

𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = sin(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
let y = sinx

𝛿𝑦 = sin(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − sin 𝑥

𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
From 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛

𝛿𝑦 = 2 cos (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿𝑥

2 2
1 1

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 =
𝑐𝑜
𝐴+ 𝐴− 2 2
𝐵 𝐵
𝑠
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 Dividing through by δx
2 2

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 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2 cos(𝑥+ ẟ𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
1 1 1

𝑥 𝑥
ẟ𝑦
ẟ𝑥
2 2
=
𝑑
𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
ẟ ẟ𝑥

𝛿𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
sin ẟ𝑥 ∴
1 2
= 2 cos
𝑦
ẟ
2 ẟ𝑥
(𝑥 + (e) cot x
𝑥
ẟ

2 cos 𝑥.ẟ𝑥
ẟ𝑦
=
𝑑𝑦
1
lim Let y = cot x
ẟ𝑥→0 𝑑𝑥
2
=
𝑦 =sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥
𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 𝑥
ẟ ẟ

𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 =
cos(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
= =
sin(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)
𝑑
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 =
2

𝛿𝑦 =
cos(𝑥+ẟ𝑥) cos 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −
𝑑 sin(𝑥+ẟ𝑥) sin 𝑥
𝑥

sinxcos(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)
sinxsin(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
(c) tanx
=
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = tan(𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛{𝑥−
𝛿𝑥)
= (𝑥+ẟ𝑥)}
sinxsin(𝑥+ẟ𝑥

𝛿𝑦 = tan(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) −
)

𝑠𝑖𝑛(−ẟ𝑥) −𝑠𝑖𝑛ẟ𝑥
tan 𝑥
= sinxsin(𝑥+ẟ = sinxsin(𝑥+ẟ
𝑥) 𝑥)

sin(𝑥+ẟ𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 Dividing by δx

= cos(𝑥+ẟ 𝑐𝑜𝑠
−
𝑥) 𝑥 ẟ𝑦 −𝑠𝑖𝑛ẟ𝑥 1

sinxsin(𝑥+ẟ
=
sin(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−cos(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)𝑠𝑖
. ẟ𝑥
𝑥)
𝑛𝑥
ẟ𝑥
=
cos(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛ẟ𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦
cos(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)𝑐
𝑥
−𝛿 1 −1
= 𝑜𝑠𝑥 = . =
𝛿𝑥 sinxsin 𝛿 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
2
lim
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
ẟ →0

Divide by δx = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛ẟ𝑥 𝑑

𝑐𝑜𝑡 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
ẟ𝑦 2
= .
cos(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)𝑐
1

𝑑
∴
𝑥 𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥
ẟ ẟ
𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑠ẟ𝑥
ẟ𝑦
=
lim
ẟ𝑥→0 𝑑𝑥 =cos𝑥𝑐𝑜
1
.ẟ
𝑠𝑥 𝑥
ẟ𝑥

𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
= 2 Example 4 double angle
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
1

𝑑
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 =
Differentiate the following functions from first

𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥
∴
principle
𝑑𝑥
(a) cos 2x

𝑦 + 𝛿𝑥 = cos2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
Let y = cos2x

𝛿𝑦 = cos 2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥

(d) sec x

𝑦=
Let y = sec x
1

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦
1
= =
𝛿𝑦
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 −2𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑥
cos(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)
1
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛ẟ𝑥
= −2𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
Dividing through by δx
1 ẟ𝑦

cos(𝑥+ẟ 𝑐𝑜𝑠
−
𝑥) 𝑥
ẟ𝑥 ẟ𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑥−cos(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑑 = 𝛿 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
cos(𝑥
𝑥+ẟ𝑥) 𝑦 −2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥. 𝑥
=
𝛿𝑥
cos lim
ẟ𝑥→0
𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1

𝑑
−2sin(𝑥+ ẟ𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
sin 2 ∴
= ẟ𝑥
cos 𝑥
2

cos(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)
(b) sin2x
(c) Let y = sin2x

𝑦 + 𝛿𝑥 = sin2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
Dividing by δx

−2sin(𝑥+ ẟ𝑥) sin(− ẟ𝑥)

1 1

cos 𝑥 cos(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)ẟ𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = sin 2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥

ẟ𝑦 2 2
=
𝑥
ẟ

= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑥
𝑑 +2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.
1

𝑦 𝑦
ẟ
= ẟ𝑥
limẟ𝑥→0 𝑑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 2

𝑥 𝑥
ẟ
ẟ𝑥

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 𝑥= 𝑠𝑖 ( 𝑥)
∴𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜
𝑑
Divide by δx 1

𝑠 − 𝑛
1

= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
1 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛ẟ𝑥
ẟ𝑦
2
2

𝑥 𝑑
ẟ ẟ𝑥

𝑦 𝑥
ẟ (e) tan2x
𝑦
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
ẟ

= limẟ𝑥→0
2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= let y = tan2x
ẟ𝑥 ẟ𝑥
y + δy = tan2(x+ δx)
𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 δy = tan2(x+ δx)-tan2x
𝑑𝑥
∴
𝑠𝑖𝑛2(𝑥+ẟ
𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝑥+ẟ
=
𝑥)
(d) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)
1

𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)
Let 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 =
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2ẟ𝑥
1

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝛿𝑥)
2 (𝑥 +

𝑐𝑜𝑠
1

𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥+
2

𝑥
Dividing through by δx
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (
1

𝛿𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
1 −
𝑥
=ẟ𝑥−2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( + ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛
)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2ẟ𝑥
2 ẟ𝑥
ẟ𝑦 1
( ) = .
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝑥+ẟ𝑥) ẟ𝑥

𝛿 = 𝑑𝑦
2 4 4 ẟ𝑥
Dividing through by δx
𝑦 lim
2𝛿𝑥 1
= .

𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(
𝛿 𝛿 ẟ𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑐𝑜 𝛿𝑥
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑠2𝑥
ẟ
ẟ𝑥 ) 4
= −2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( +
𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥
2
𝛿𝑥
2
) ẟ

𝑦 𝑑
𝑦 𝑥
ẟ𝑥 2 4 2𝑥
𝑑
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠22𝑥
ẟ 4

= limẟ𝑥→0
1𝑑𝑥
= − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑥) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑥)
= −2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝑑𝑥
ẟ𝑥 2 1 2 1ẟ𝑥 ∴
4 2 2 2
Example 5 higher and fractional power

Differentiate the following functions from first principle

(a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
Let y = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
y + δy = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)

δy = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥

= {sin(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥}{sin(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥}
) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛
ẟ𝑥 ẟ𝑥 ẟ𝑥 ẟ𝑥
= {2sin (𝑥 + } {2cos (𝑥 + }

𝛿𝑦 = 2sin (𝑥 + ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛

2 2 2 2
ẟ𝑥 ẟ𝑥 ẟ𝑥 ẟ𝑥
) 2cos (𝑥 +

) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 2 2
ẟ𝑥 ẟ𝑥 ẟ𝑥 ẟ𝑥
=4sin (𝑥 + ) cos (𝑥 +
2 2 2 2

Dividing through by δx
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 𝛿𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
) 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑦 ẟ𝑥
ẟ

𝑥 𝑥
= 4sin (𝑥 ẟ ) cos (𝑥 ẟ
+ +
𝑥
ẟ 2 2 2 ẟ𝑥

𝛿
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
ẟ𝑥→
4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.
ẟ𝑦
= =
lim 2

𝑑𝑥
0
ẟ𝑥 ẟ𝑥

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
4

𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2

𝑑𝑥
∴

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(b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
Let y =𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
y + δy = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
δy = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
= {cos(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) + cos𝑥}{cos(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥}

𝑐𝑜 𝑠𝑖 𝛿𝑥}
=
𝛿𝑥) 𝑠 𝛿𝑥 {−2𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝛿𝑥) 𝑛
1 1 1 1
{2𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 } (𝑥
2
+ 2 2 2

𝑠𝑖 (𝑥 𝑠𝑖 𝛿𝑥
=
𝛿𝑥) 𝑛 + 𝛿𝑥) 𝑛 𝛿𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠
1 1 1 1
−4𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 2
+ 2 2 2

Dividing through by δx

Dividing through by δx

𝑠𝑖𝑛2ẟ𝑥
𝛿𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 1 𝛿𝑥) 𝛿𝑥
1

𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠
ẟ
1 1
= −4𝑐𝑜𝑠
+ 2
(𝑥 +
𝑥
ẟ
2 2 ẟ𝑥

𝑦 𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = −2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
ẟ 1
ẟ𝑥
𝑦
4
= = −4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2

limẟ𝑥→0 𝑑
=−
𝑥
ẟ 2

𝑥
ẟ𝑥

𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = −2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∴

(c) 𝑐𝑜𝑠22𝑥
Let y = 𝑐𝑜𝑠22𝑥

y + δy = 𝑐𝑜𝑠22(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
δy = 𝑐𝑜𝑠22(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠22𝑥
= {𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥}{𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥}
={2𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿𝑥}{−2𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑥}
=−4𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿𝑥
Dividing through by δx
𝑠𝑖𝑛ẟ𝑥
ẟ𝑦
= −4𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿𝑥
ẟ𝑥 ẟ𝑥
𝑑𝑦

−4𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥sin2x.
ẟ𝑦
= = ẟ𝑥
lim
ẟ𝑥 ẟ𝑥→0 𝑑𝑥 ẟ𝑥

−4𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2
=

𝑥
𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠22𝑥 = −4𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∴

(d) √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

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 Let y = √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
y + δy=√𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
δy = √𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

√𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)− √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 √𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)+ √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

by rationalizing
δy = .
1 √𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)+ √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

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 cos(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
√𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)+ √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
=

−2sin(x+ ẟ𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 ẟ𝑥
1 1

√𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)+ √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2 2
=
Dividing through by δx
−2sin(x+ ẟ𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 ẟ𝑥
1 1

𝑦 =
ẟ

ẟ (√𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)+ √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)ẟ 𝑥
2 2

𝑥
1

𝑑 −sinx . ẟ𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑥
ẟ −𝑠𝑖𝑛
= = 2
lim ẟ𝑥→0 𝑑 2√𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.ẟ𝑥 2√𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
ẟ
𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
∴ √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

(e) 3𝑥2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥

Let 𝑦 = 3𝑥2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 3(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
𝛿𝑦 = 3(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 3𝑥2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = 3(𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝛿𝑥 + − 𝑠𝑖 𝛿𝑥}
(𝛿𝑥)2) 𝛿𝑥) 𝑛 2
3 3
+ (3𝑥
3𝑥2 {−2𝑠𝑖𝑛 +
𝛿𝑦 = 6𝑥𝛿𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖 𝛿𝑥}
2

3(𝛿𝑥)2 𝛿𝑥) 𝑛
3 3
+ (3𝑥
2
{−2𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 2
Dividing through by δx
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ẟ𝑥
𝛿𝑥)
ẟ𝑦 33 2
= 6𝑥 + 3𝛿𝑥 + {−2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3𝑥 + }
𝑑
ẟ𝑥 2 ẟ𝑥
𝑦
ẟ𝑦
lim=
= 6𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥. 𝛿𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
3

ẟ𝑥→0
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
(3𝑥2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
ẟ𝑥
2

𝑑𝑥
∴

(f) 2𝑥2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥

let 𝑦 = 2𝑥2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
𝛿𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 2𝑥2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = 2(𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝛿𝑥 + (𝛿𝑥)2) − 2𝑥2 + {2𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑥}
𝛿𝑦 = 4𝑥𝛿𝑥 + 2(𝛿𝑥)2 + {2𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑥}

𝛿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿
Divide through by δx

𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝛿𝑥
= 4 + 2𝛿𝑥 + {2𝑐𝑜𝑠( 2
𝛿 𝛿𝑥
+ ) }
𝑥
𝛿 = 𝑑 = 4𝑥 + 𝛿 = 4𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑦 lim 𝑦 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥. 𝑥
𝛿 ẟ𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(2𝑥2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑑
∴
𝑥

(g) Given that x = θ – sin θ and y = 1- cosθ. = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃.

1

𝜃
Show
ẟ𝑦 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

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 that = 𝑐𝑜𝑡
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
ẟ𝑥 2
Solution (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
x = θ - sinθ
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
ẟ𝑥
=1− =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
ẟ𝜃 =
(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
y= 1 −
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜃
ẟ𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1+2𝑐𝑜𝑠2−
ẟ𝑦
1
𝜃 𝜃
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑠
2
=
𝑦
ẟ𝑦
2𝑜 2
ẟ
=
𝜃
.ẟ
ẟ𝑥
𝜃 𝑥
ẟ ẟ

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 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
1
= 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑑 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2

𝜃
= 1
Hence √ =

𝑥
2 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑑𝑥

Example 6
If y = √𝑥, show that
ẟ𝑦 1 Revision exercise 3
=
. Hence 1. Differentiate with respect to x
𝑑𝑦 √(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)
𝑥 +√𝑥
ẟ
𝑑𝑥
deduce . (a) 5x3 [15x2]
(b) 1-x2 [-2x]
3 3

𝑥
[1 + ]
𝑥2
(c) x -
𝛿𝑥)
y+ δy = √(𝑥 +

(d) √𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = √(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) −
1 1
2 √𝑥
[ ]

√𝑥 (e) cos3x [3sin3x]

(f) cot2x [-2cosec22x]
Dividing through by δx

√(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)
ẟ𝑦
(g) x + sinx [1 + cosx]
−√𝑥
=
ẟ𝑥 (h) cos2x [-cosxsinx]
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
(i) √𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
ẟ𝑥

By rationalizing the numerator [ ]

√(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)−√𝑥 √(𝑥+ẟ𝑥) (j) 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 25𝑥
2√𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
ẟ𝑦 [10sin5xcos5x]
+√𝑥
= . (k) Sin 2x [6sin22xcosx]
3𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥
(l) 6𝑠𝑖𝑛√𝑥
√(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)
𝑥 𝑥 +√𝑥
ẟ ẟ
[ ]
√𝑥
(√(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)) − (m) (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2
2 2

(√𝑥)=
ẟ𝑥
ẟ𝑦 = [2cosx(1+sinx)]
ẟ𝑥(√(𝑥+ẟ𝑥) ẟ𝑥(√(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)
𝑥 +√𝑥) +√𝑥) (n) (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)3
ẟ

[3(cosx-2sin2x)(sinx + cos2x)2]
∴ ẟ𝑥 =(√(𝑥+ẟ𝑥)
ẟ𝑦 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
+√𝑥)
1

𝑑
ẟ𝑦 [ ]
𝑦
(o) 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2

As δx →0; → −3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
ẟ𝑥 (p) √1 − 6𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 [ ]
𝑑𝑥
√1−6𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑑𝑦 3𝑥+
=
1
= −7𝑥−24
𝑑𝑥 (√𝑥+√𝑥)
1 4
(q) [ ]
√2𝑥2+3𝑥− 2√2𝑥2+3𝑥−2)
2√𝑥 2)
3𝑥−1
Example 7 𝑥+3
(r)
2(1+2𝑥)
√𝑥2+1 [√𝑥2+1 ]
1+2𝑥
2

(1+𝑥)
Differentiate y= √
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
(s) ( ) [ ]
𝑥
3
1+
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
3𝑥2−4𝑥4
𝑥3
(1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) (21+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (t) √(1−2𝑥2) [ ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
3
(1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) )2

𝑐𝑜𝑠2
y= √ = =√
𝑥
√ 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛
2𝑥
(1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)(1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)

 1+𝑥 2. Given that 𝑦 =

y=
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 𝑥
√ 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛
(1− 2𝑥2)2 show
that
𝑥
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛

𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)−(1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)(1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑑𝑥
1
= =1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑠𝑖
𝑛2𝑥
2

𝑥 𝑥
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 3. Show from first principles that
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
= 𝑑
(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
=

= (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)(1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

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Differentiation of product and quotient of a function
Given the function y = uv and that u and v are functions of x, the derivatives of y with respect to x is
done from first principles.

Let δx be a small increment in x and let δu, δv and δy be the resulting small increment in u, v and

y y = uv

𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑢 + 𝛿𝑢)(𝑣 + 𝛿𝑣)
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑢 + 𝛿𝑢)(𝑣 + 𝛿𝑣) − 𝑢𝑣
= 𝑢𝛿𝑣 + 𝑣𝛿𝑢 + 𝛿𝑢𝛿𝑣
Dividing through by 𝛿𝑥

= 𝑢ẟ +ẟ𝑣
ẟ𝑦 ẟ𝑣 ẟ𝑢 ẟ𝑢ẟ𝑣
+
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
ẟ ẟ𝑥

As δx → 0; δu → 0; δv → 0 and δy → 0

ẟ𝑥𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑑𝑦 ẟ𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 ẟ𝑢ẟ𝑣
𝑑→ẟ ; 𝑑 ;𝑑
 ẟ𝑦 ẟ𝑣
→ẟ → →0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
ẟ𝑥

∴𝑑 = 𝑢 𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑑 +𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥

This can also be expressed as (uv)’ = u’v + uv’

Example 8

Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.

(a) x2(x+2)3

Here u = x2 and v = (x+2)3

𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 3(𝑥 + 2)2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
But 𝑦 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣
+
𝑑
𝑥 𝑥

ẟ𝑦
+= 𝑥(𝑥 + 2)3 + 3𝑥2(𝑥
2)22ẟ𝑥
= (𝑥 + 2)2(2𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 3𝑥2)
= (𝑥 + 2)2(5𝑥2 + 4𝑥)
= 𝑥(𝑥 + 2)2(5𝑥 + 4)

(𝑥2(𝑥 + 2)3 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 2)2(5𝑥 + 4)

ẟ
∴
ẟ𝑥

(b) (𝑥 + 2)3(1 − 𝑥2)4

u = (𝑥 + 2)3 and 𝑣 = (1 − 𝑥2)4
𝑑𝑢
= 3(𝑥 + 2)2 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑑𝑥

= 4(1 − 𝑥2)3(−2𝑥) = −8𝑥(1 − 𝑥2)3

𝑑𝑣

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 𝑑𝑥

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 But 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑣
= +
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −8𝑥(𝑥 + 2)3(1 − 𝑥2)3 + 3(1 − 𝑥2)4(𝑥 + 2)2
𝑑𝑥

= (1 − 𝑥2)3(𝑥 + 2)2 [−8𝑥(𝑥 + 2) + 3(1 − 𝑥2)]

= (1 − 𝑥2)3(𝑥 + 2)2 [−8𝑥2 − 16𝑥 + 3 − 3𝑥2]

= (1 − 𝑥2)3(𝑥 + 2)2 (3 − 16𝑥 − 11𝑥2)
{(𝑥 + 2)3(1 − 𝑥2)4} = (1 − 𝑥2)3(𝑥 + 2)2 (3 − 16𝑥 − 11𝑥2)
ẟ
∴
ẟ𝑥

(c) 7𝑥2√𝑥2 − 1

u = 7𝑥2 and v = (𝑥2 − 1)2

1

𝑑𝑢

= 14𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 1 1 1

𝑣
𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥2
−

𝑥(𝑥2
= − 2(2𝑥) = − 1)−2
𝑑 1)
𝑥 2

But 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑣
= +
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 𝑥 −
1
2
1
2 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 14𝑥(𝑥
= [𝑥( − 2]+ − 1)2
7𝑥 1)

= 7𝑥2 𝑥

𝑥
1

[ 1 ( 2 − 1)2
] + 14𝑥
(𝑥2−1)2
7𝑥3+14𝑥(𝑥2−1) 21𝑥3−14𝑥) 7𝑥(3𝑥2−2)
(𝑥2−1 (𝑥2−1 (𝑥2−1)2
= 1 = 1 = 1

7𝑥(3𝑥 −2
)2 )2 2
ẟ 2 2
∴ (7𝑥 √𝑥 − 1) =
ẟ𝑥 √𝑥2−1

𝑢 = 2𝑥4 and 𝑣 = (3𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 2)1

(d) 2𝑥 (3𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 2)
4 2 3

𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑢
= 8𝑥3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 3(3𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 2)3(6𝑥 − 6)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
But 𝑦 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑
𝑣
+
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥4[3(3𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 2)2(6𝑥 − 6)] + 8𝑥3(3𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 2)3

= 4𝑥 3 (3𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 2)2 {9𝑥2 − 9𝑥 + 6𝑥2 − 12𝑥 + 4}

= 4𝑥 3 (3𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 2)2 {15𝑥2 − 21𝑥 + 4}
ẟ
∴ (2𝑥4(3𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 2)3) = 4𝑥 3 (3𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 2)2 (15𝑥2 − 21𝑥 + 4)

(e) √(6 + 𝑥)√(3 − 2𝑥)

ẟ𝑥

𝑢 = (6 + 𝑥)2 and 𝑣 = (3 − 2𝑥)2

1 1

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 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 1 1 1

𝑣
𝑎𝑛𝑑
1

𝑥)
= (6 + −2 = (3 − −
2 (−2) = −(3 − 2𝑥)−2
𝑑 2𝑥)
2 𝑥 2

But 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑣
= +
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −√(6+𝑥) √(3−2𝑥) −12−2𝑥+3−2𝑥 −(9𝑥+4)

𝑑𝑥 = √3−2 + 2= = √(6+𝑥)
𝑥
2√(6+𝑥 √3−2𝑥√(6+𝑥 2√3−2𝑥
) )

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 𝑑 −(9𝑥+4)
∴ (√(6 + 𝑥)√(3 − 2𝑥)) =
𝑑𝑥 2√3−2𝑥√(6+𝑥)
(f) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 =
2

𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 and 𝑣 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

But 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑣
= +
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥(2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= −2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 −
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
∴

𝑑𝑥
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑥
1
2
Quotient rule
𝑑
This is an extension of the product rule 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∴
𝑢

𝑣
Given the function y =
(c) sec x
Then 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
From sec x =
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣𝑑𝑥−𝑢
𝑢 𝑣𝑢
−𝑢𝑣′
′ ′
u = 1 and v = cosx
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥
= 𝑜𝑟 ( ) 𝑣
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑣
𝑣2 𝑣 = 0 and = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 2

𝑑 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Example 9
𝑣
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑦
−𝑢

𝑑 𝑣2
𝑥
Differentiate the following with respect to x 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.0−1(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= =
𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑥
2

𝑑
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
(a) 6

2𝑥−7 𝑑𝑥
∴
𝑢 = 𝑥 + 6 and 𝑣 = 2𝑥
𝑥
2

𝑑𝑣
−7 (d)
𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑥 and =2
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥2+4)3 2 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
(𝑥
−𝑢 u = u and v = + 4)
𝑑𝑥
=
𝑥
𝑣2 𝑑𝑢
(2𝑥−7).𝑥− 𝑑𝑥
= 2(𝑥2 + 4)2. 2𝑥 = 6𝑥(𝑥2 + 4)2
=1
𝑑𝑣
2
(𝑥 +6).2
(2𝑥−7)2
=
2(2𝑥2−7𝑥−𝑥2−6) = 2(𝑥2− 6) (2𝑥−7)2
(2𝑥−7)2 7𝑥−
=

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 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣

𝑣
𝑑𝑢
= −𝑢𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 +6 2(𝑥 −7𝑥− 𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝑑
2 2
2
∴ (
= ) 2 2 2

𝑑𝑥 2𝑥−7
6)
(2𝑥−
2 3
(𝑥 +4) −6𝑥 (𝑥 +4)
((𝑥2+4)3)2
=
7)

= (𝑥2+4)6
(b) tanx (4−5𝑥2)
𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑥
From tan x
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑
𝑢
Revision exercise 4
𝑣 =
𝑑
𝑑
𝑥
and −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1. Find the derivatives of each of the following
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑥
𝑦 � −𝑢
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
�
a.
𝑣2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−
=
(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
]
𝑥2
𝑥
[
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
−(𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
=
𝑥2 𝑥3
b. [ ]

𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠2
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
=

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 2𝑥+
1 −11 Substituting for u
3𝑥−
c.
= 3(𝑥 + 5)2
[
(3𝑥−4)
] 𝑑𝑦
3𝑥− 𝑑𝑥
4
2
4
2𝑥+ [(22𝑥+1)]
d. 11

𝑥2−3 𝑑
1

(𝑥 + 5)3 = 3(𝑥 + 5)2

e. −2(𝑥2+1+
(2𝑥+1)2
3)
𝑑𝑥
∴
2𝑥+1
[ ]
f. 2𝑥+1 −2(𝑥2+1+3
)
(𝑥2−3)2
𝑥2−3
[
]
𝑥3 √𝑥(𝑥 −3)
2

𝑥2−1
g. √ [
2√𝑥2−1 (b) (2𝑥 − 5)10
]

h. 3+𝑥 11 Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 5 so that y = 𝑢10

√ 2−3𝑥 [2√(3+𝑥)√(2−3𝑥] )
𝑑𝑦
𝑥+1
𝑑𝑢
= 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑
1
i. [− ] = 10𝑢9
√𝑥−1 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
√𝑥(√𝑥−1)
√ 2

𝑥
𝑑𝑦
√𝑥+2 = 𝑑𝑦. 𝑑𝑢
2𝑥
j. But,
[]
√𝑥+1 (√𝑥+1) 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑥
2

𝑥2+ 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑢
−2𝑥−3
3𝑥 9
1 9
3𝑥−1 (3𝑥−1)2
k. [ = . 2 = 20𝑢
𝑑𝑥
] 10𝑢
𝑥(𝑥−1)3
3(𝑥 −4𝑥
(𝑥−1)2
2

𝑥−3
l. +1)
[ Substituting for u
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
[2(𝑥+1()𝑥
]
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑦
−3)2
𝑥+1
m.
1=𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 20(2𝑥 − 5)9
2𝑥
(𝑥+1)2
]
2(1+𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
n. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠22𝑥 𝑑 10 9
]
𝑥
1+2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑐𝑜
∴ (2𝑥 − = 20(2𝑥 − 5)
𝑠 2𝑥
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2
𝑑𝑥
o. [ 5)

(c) cos 𝑥2
𝑥 (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)2
]
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
p. [ ]
𝑥
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 Let u = x2 so that y = cos u
)2

𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = − sin 𝑢
2. Show that
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑥(𝑥−3)3
2
2𝑥(𝑥−3)5(𝑥3+27𝑥2+69𝑥−4

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
5)
(𝑥+3)3(𝑥+
(a) ( )
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥+3)
( 𝑥+5
=
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
) 5)5
𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1 But, = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
(b) ( )=

1−𝑠𝑢𝑛2𝑥

Differentiation of functions by use of chain u

rule
Chain rule is a rule used to differentiate a
function of a function i.e. if y is a function of

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𝑑𝑦
= − sin 𝑢 .2𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= −2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Substuting for u

= −2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥2
and u is a function of x, then
𝑑
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
∴ 𝑑 cos
2

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= .

(d) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
Example 10
𝑑𝑦
Since 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
Find of each of the following using chain rule

(a) (𝑥 + 5)3
Let u = cosx so that y =u2
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 2𝑢
Let u = (x + 5); thus y = u3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑢 𝑑
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑢2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 But, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑
= .
𝑑
1
𝑥 𝑢 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑢. −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = −2𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑢
𝑑
Using chain rule; 𝑑 =
𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑥
. Substituting for u
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑢2. 1 = 3𝑢2

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𝑑𝑦
1
1
= −2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑 √2𝑥−1
(k) (2𝑥 − 1) 2 [ ]
𝑥

∴ 𝑑 𝑐𝑜 2𝑥=−2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖 (l) (6 − 𝑥)3

𝑑 1 −1

𝑥 𝑠 𝑛𝑥
[ 2]
3(6−𝑥)3

(m) (𝑥 − 2)3
2
3 2𝑥2
[ 1 ]
(e) sin 5x
𝑥4
(6−𝑥)3
Let u = 5x so that y = sinu
(n) (4 − 𝑥 )
1
5
−
𝑑𝑦
5 𝑎𝑛𝑑
[ ]
𝑑𝑢
5

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢
6
= (4−𝑥5)5

𝑑 𝑑
3(𝑥2−2)
𝑥 𝑢
(o) √𝑥3 − 6𝑥 [ ]
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2√𝑥3−6𝑥
But, 𝑑𝑢 = .
1 3−2𝑥2

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 (p) 𝑥2−3𝑥+5
[
(𝑥2−3𝑥+5)2
]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢. 5 = (q) 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋
𝜋
5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 (4𝑥 − ) [4𝑐𝑜𝑠 (4𝑥 −
)]
𝑑𝑥 𝜋
(r) 𝑐𝑜𝑠4 (2𝑥 − )
5 5

𝜋 𝜋
[−8𝑐𝑜𝑠3 (2𝑥 − ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥 − )]
Substituting for u 5

𝑑𝑦

5𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥 (5𝑥+6)(𝑥+2)
= 5 5

𝑑𝑥
1
2

𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥 = (s) (𝑥 + 1)2(𝑥 +
5𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥
∴ [ ]
2(𝑥+1)2
1
2)
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥2+3 (𝑥−4)(4𝑥+3)−2(2𝑥2+3𝑥)

(f) (𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 1)4

𝑥 (𝑥−4)3
(t) [ ]
(𝑥−4)2
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
u = 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1 so that y =
(u) [1+𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥]
−2

𝑢4
Let 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥+3
2

𝑥
3𝑥−1
(v) [ ]
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 (𝑥2+1)2
√𝑥2+1 3

𝑢
= 2𝑥 + 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
3
𝑑 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
4𝑢 2. Show that ( )=

𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥+ (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥+1)2
𝑑
But,
𝑦 =𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
1
.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
𝑢 𝑥
Differentiation of parametric equations
𝑑𝑦
= 4(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥2 + 𝑥
Parametric equations are expressed in terms of
𝑑𝑥
− 1)3
𝑑
a third variable say t such as y = t2 and x = 2t +1,
(𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 1)4 = 4(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥2 +
𝑑 𝑥 − 1)3
∴ here the parametric variable is t. Chain rule
𝑥 is often used to find the derivatives of these
equations.

Revision exercise 5 Example 11

1. Differentiate each of the following with Find the derivatives of the following in terms of
respect to x using chain rule parameter t.

𝑥)4]
(a) 2(1 − x)5 [−10(1 −

(b) (𝑥2 + 3)4 [8𝑥(𝑥2 +

(a) y = 3t2 + 2t, x= 1-2t

3)3]
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 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
=𝑑𝑦
𝑑
(c) 1 [ 7 ] 6𝑡 + 2 and = −2
. 𝑡
3−7𝑥 (3−7𝑥
3 )2

𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑
(d) √6𝑥 + 1 [ ]
𝑥
√6𝑥+1
1
= (6𝑡 + 2).
(e) (6𝑥2 − 5)4 [48𝑥(6𝑥2 − −2
5)3] = −(3𝑡 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
(f) 2𝑥 − 5)−3
( [−6(2𝑥 − (b) y = (1 + 2t)3, x= t3
𝑑𝑦
5)−4] = 6(1 + 2𝑡)2 and = 3𝑡2
(g) (3𝑥 + 2)−1 [−3(3𝑥 +

(h) (𝑥2 + 3)−2 [−4𝑥(𝑥2 +

2)−2]
3)−3]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(i) (5 − 2𝑥3)−1 [6𝑥2(5 −
2𝑥3)−2] 𝑑𝑡 = .
𝑑 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
(j) 1 −4
[ ]
𝑥
3+4 (3+4𝑥 2(1+2𝑡
)2 6(1+2𝑡)2
= )2
𝑡2
=
3𝑡2

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 𝑑𝑥
(c) x= t2, y = 4t-1 (e) x = t + 5, y = t2- 2t [2(𝑡 − 1)]
𝑑𝑦
= 4 and = (f) x = t6, y = 6t3 – 5 [3𝑡−3]

(g) 𝑥 = √𝑡 − 1, 𝑦
𝑑𝑡
2𝑡
𝑑
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦 𝑡 1 [−2√2𝑡−1]
. = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑥
(h) 𝑥 = 𝑡2(3𝑡 − 1), 𝑦 = √3𝑡 + 4
4
𝑡
=
2 = 3
2𝑡 [ ]
2√3𝑡+4(9𝑡2−2𝑡)
y = √𝑡
(d) x=
(i) 𝑥 = 3(2𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃), 𝑦 = 3(1 −
2
3+√ ,
𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)
1

𝑥 = 2 (3 + 𝑡2) [𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃]
−1

𝑑𝑥
= −2 (3 +1 𝑡2) . 1 𝑡−12 = (j) 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 [ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃]
1
−2 −
𝑑𝑡
(k) 𝑥 = sin 3𝑡, 𝑦 2𝑐𝑜𝑠3
4
2−3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
1 2
2 1

𝑡2 =𝑡 𝑡 [
2 tan 3𝑡+3𝑡 ]
1

𝑡2
(3+𝑡2)

𝑑𝑦
1 = (l) 𝑥1−2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
= 𝑡 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
[ ]
𝑑𝑡 3+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

2√𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 = 1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑦 = sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
(m)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 1−2 sin 𝑡
= .
𝑑𝑥 1 2
[ 3+cos 𝑡 ]
2 −(3+𝑡2)
1 Differentiation of implicit functions
𝑡2 =.
1
1

𝑡2 )
2√𝑡
= .− (3 +
2
� The functions given in the form y = f(x) such as y
�
(e) x = acost and y = bsint when t =
𝑑𝑦
= 2x, y = x5 + 3x etc. are known as explicit
𝑑𝑥
4

𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
= −𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 and = functions whereas functions that cannot be
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡
expressed in the form y = f(x) such as y2+2xy = 5,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
= . x2 + 5xy + y2 =4 etc. are known as implicit
𝑑𝑥
𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 functions because y cannot be expressed easily
=
𝜋
−𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 in terms of x.
At t =
4
𝜋
𝑑𝑦 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑑𝑥 = −� When differentiating such functions with respect
4
=
𝑎
� �
𝜋
−𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛
�
to x or y, we consider each of the individual
4
(f) x = asec t and y = btant when t =
𝑑𝑦
= asec 𝑡 tan 𝑡 and
terms in the equation given
𝑑𝑥
6

𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑡
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Example 12
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦
= .
𝑑𝑥
Find for each of the following functions.
𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡 2
𝑏 𝑑𝑥

𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 asin (a) 𝑥2 − 6𝑦3 + 𝑦 = 0

= =
𝑡
𝑑 𝑑
𝜋 𝑑
(𝑥2) − (6𝑦2) + (𝑦) = 0
At t = 6

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 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑏
= =
2𝑏
𝜋
𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑑𝑦
asin
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
6 2𝑥 − 18𝑦2
=0
𝑑𝑥
+
Revision exercise 6 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
(18𝑦2 − 1) = 2𝑥
Find 𝑑 for each of the following
𝑑𝑦
𝑥
2𝑥

x=2√𝑡, 𝑦 = 5𝑡 − 4
=
𝑑
𝑥
(a) 18𝑦2−1

[5√𝑡]
(b) 𝑥2𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 2
x=4√𝑡 − 𝑡, 𝑦 = − 2√𝑡 (𝑥2𝑦) =
𝑑 𝑑
2√𝑡3−1
2−√𝑡 𝑑
[ ]
𝑡2
(b)
(5𝑥) + (2)

(3𝑡−4)4 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(c) 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = √6𝑡 + (𝑥 𝑦) is done by use of product rule
2 3

𝑑
(6𝑡+1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑
[√ 2

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
√3𝑡−4 𝑥 (𝑦) + 𝑦 (𝑥2) =
1
(d) 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (3𝑥 + 1)
2
] 2
(5𝑥) +
2
(2)
[6tan(3𝑥 + 1)𝑠𝑒𝑐2(3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

+ 1)]

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 𝑑𝑦
𝑥2
𝑥3
+ 2𝑥𝑦 3𝑥2−2
=5 (a)
2 =
𝑑𝑥
𝑥+𝑦
[ ]
𝑑𝑦
(b) 2𝑥 − 𝑦3 = 3𝑥𝑦
2
𝑦
5−2𝑥 2−3𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥
]
3𝑥+3𝑦
[
𝑥2

(c) (𝑥 + (c) 𝑥 −
𝑦)5
− 7𝑥2 =
[ 3
= 9𝑥𝑦 ]
0 6
5𝑥𝑦3
9𝑦
6𝑥5−𝑦2−
3𝑥(3+5𝑦
)
𝑑 𝑥+𝑦
( 𝑥+
𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 𝑦)5 𝑑 𝑥+ 𝑥
7𝑥2 = (d) = [ ]
𝑑
−
𝑦
𝑥
0 2𝑥
𝑑
𝑦
7𝑥4(𝑥2−5𝑦3)

5( 𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦) − 14𝑥
5

1+21𝑥5𝑦2
𝑥
[ ]
𝑦)4
𝑑 𝑥2−7𝑦3
(e) =
𝑥 =0

5( 𝑥 +
(f) √𝑥 + √𝑦
𝑦
𝑦 𝑥
[√ ]
𝑑𝑦
)4 1 + =
𝑑𝑥
( ) 14𝑥
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 14𝑥 (g) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 [𝑥]
1 = −
𝑑𝑥 2 − sin 𝑥−2𝑥

5(𝑥+𝑦)4
144𝑥−5(𝑥+
𝑦) (h) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑥 + 4𝑦 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 [
4+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
]

𝑦2
(i) 3𝑥𝑦2 + cos = 6𝑥2−3𝑦2
+5[
6𝑥𝑦−2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦2
2𝑥3 ]
5(𝑥+𝑦)4
(d) 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑥2𝑦3 – 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (j) 5𝑥2 − 𝑥3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 5𝑥𝑦 = 10
𝑑 2 𝑑 3
= 2𝑦
3 𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑑 10𝑥−3𝑥2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦+5
𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑥 = 2𝑦
𝑥 𝑥3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦−5𝑥
[ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦2
𝑑𝑦
5 3

+ 2𝑦2𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦3 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (k) 𝑥 −

2

cos 𝑥
cosy + + = 4𝑥
=2 3𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2−𝑥2
4−15𝑥6+𝑦2−2𝑥3 sin
12𝑥

𝑑
𝑦 (cos 𝑦 + 2𝑦2𝑥2 − 2) = −(2𝑥𝑦3
[ ]
(l) tan 5𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + = 9
𝑑 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
2𝑥𝑦

𝑥
3𝑥𝑦2

𝑑𝑦 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−3𝑦2
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) [5𝑠𝑒𝑐25𝑦−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−6]
−(2𝑥𝑦3 +
𝑥𝑦

(cos 𝑦 + 2𝑦 𝑥
= 2 2 (m)𝑥2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 − 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3

(e) 𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑦3 + 6 = 3𝑦
− 2)
3−2𝑥−𝑦
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑦2 + 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 2− 5𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑥
2 3

𝑥+2𝑦−1
[ ]
𝑑
5𝑦−16𝑥
3 3
3𝑦 − + 6= (n) = 2 2
]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 2𝑦−5𝑥
[
𝑥
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 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2y 𝑑𝑦
+ 3𝑥2 − 3𝑦2 +0 2. For each of the following find the gradient of
=3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 the stated curve at the point specified,
𝑑𝑦
(a) 𝑥𝑦2 − 6𝑦 = 8 𝑎𝑡 (2,1)
1
3𝑥 = 2
(3𝑦 − 2𝑦
2
[ ]
𝑑𝑥
10
+ 3)
𝑑 − 12𝑦 = 5 𝑎𝑡(−2,1)
1
𝑦 3𝑥 (b) 3𝑦 − 4 [ ]
2 2
4
7𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
= 8 𝑎𝑡 (4,2)
=
𝑥−
(c) [0]
(3𝑦2−2𝑦+3) 𝑦
(f) 𝑦2 + 𝑥3 − 𝑥𝑦 +
1

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 0
2

(d) + 𝑎𝑡
= 2𝑥𝑦 ( , 5) [−15]
5 2
𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑦
𝑑
𝑦2 + 𝑥3 − 𝑥 𝑦−𝑦 𝑥+ (e) (𝑥 + 2𝑦)4 = 1 𝑎𝑡 (5, −2)
1

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 0
[− ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 6𝑦 = 10 𝑎𝑡 (2, −1)
𝑥
2
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
−𝑦−
1

𝑦
(f)
𝑑
[ ]
𝑦 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑑𝑥
(g) 𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑦 = 15 + 𝑦 𝑎𝑡 (2, 1)
2 + 2𝑥2 − =0
𝑦
3
𝑑
3 2

𝑥 𝑑
2
𝑥
[−2 ]
𝑑𝑦
(2𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦) = 𝑦 3

𝑑𝑥
− 2𝑥2 Differentiation of inverse trigonometric
𝑑𝑦 𝑦−2𝑥2
functions
𝑑𝑥 =(2𝑦−𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦)

Revision exercise 7 Example 13

𝑑𝑦
Differentiate the following functions with
𝑑
1. Find for each of the following functions
𝑥
respect to x

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 (a) 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 −(1−𝑥)
=𝑐𝑜𝑠−1𝑥
1 −(1+𝑥)
Let y = 1−𝑥
.
2 √ 1− ) (1+𝑥)2
(
1+𝑥

𝑑𝑦
cosy = x
= √(1+𝑥)2−(1−𝑥) . −(1−𝑥)
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 1+𝑥 −(1+𝑥)
(1+𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1
=1 2

𝑥)2
2
𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠
−(1 − =1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥)2−(1−𝑥) . (1+𝑥)
1 −2
1
= √(1+
2

𝑥2)2
−(1 − =
𝑑𝑥
1 −2
1
𝑑𝑦 1 = .
𝑑𝑥
=−
𝑥
√4 (1+𝑥
)
−1
√𝑥(1 + 𝑥)
√(1−𝑥2 =

(b) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛−1𝑥
Let y = Revision exercise 8
Differentiate the following with respect to x
𝑑𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
siny = x
=

(a) 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 √ 𝑥
1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑥)2
1

𝑥√1−
1𝑥
1 [ ]
𝑠𝑖𝑛2
2
(1 −
𝑑𝑥
= −1
1
(b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐−1(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)
1 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥√𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
1
(1 )2 = ]
2

(c) 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1 (
[
𝑑𝑥
1−𝑥2 2
) [ ]
𝑑𝑦 1 1+𝑥 1+𝑥2
=
𝑑𝑥 (d) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
2
1
√(1−𝑥 −1
[ ]

(c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (e) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐−1𝑥

2
1+𝑥2
−1

𝑥
[ ]
√𝑥2−1

(f) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (
2

𝑡𝑎𝑛−1𝑥
Let y = ) [ ]

𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥
2𝑥 1+𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 (g) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (
1−𝑥2 2
1−𝑥 −2

𝑠𝑒𝑐
) [ ]

𝑦
2 = 1+𝑥2 1+𝑥2

𝑑𝑦
1 −1 1

(h) 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑑𝑦
(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑦)
1+𝑥
( ) [ ]
1−𝑥 1+𝑥2
=1

(i) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1(2𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑥2)
(1 + 1

√𝑥(1−
−3𝑥)
[ ]
𝑦
(j) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1(1 − 3𝑥)
=
𝑑
𝑑𝑦
1 [ ]
𝑥
1
𝑑𝑥 2−6𝑥+9𝑥2
=

𝑑𝑦
1+𝑥2
−4𝑥

(d) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (−2𝑥 )

−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = = −4𝑥

Let y = 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1(−2𝑥2)
−1 2

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 = (−2𝑥2)
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 (k) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1(𝑥2 − 1) 𝑥
(m) 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 [𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 +
√1−𝑥2
[ −1 −1
2
]
(l) 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛−1𝑥
]
(n) (𝑥2 + 1)𝑡𝑎𝑛−1𝑥 [2𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−1𝑥 +
√2−𝑥2
1+𝑥2
𝑥
[𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑦
] 1]
𝑑𝑦
√(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑦)
2
= Second derivatives
𝑑𝑥
4𝑥
𝑑𝑦
of y with respect to x is denoted as𝑑𝑦 or f’(x)
Suppose y is a function of x, the first derivative
√(1 − (−2𝑥2)2) =
𝑑𝑥
4𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥
=

(e) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (
√1−4𝑥4
𝑑𝑦
1−𝑥
)
𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 The result of differentiating with respect to x
Let y = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 𝑑2𝑦

𝑑𝑥2
1−𝑥 is the second derivative denoted by or f’’(x)
𝑑 𝑦
( ) 2
1+𝑥
𝑑𝑥2
1−𝑥 Note that If is used to determine the natures
siny =( )

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
1+𝑥

of stationary points
𝑑𝑦 −(1−𝑥)
−(1+𝑥)

𝑑𝑥
=
(1+𝑥)2

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A stationary point on a curve occurs when
𝑑𝑦
2
= 0 Once you have established where = (1+𝑥2)2
𝑑𝑥
there
𝑑𝑦
If 𝑥2 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦2 = 3, find
𝑑2𝑦
is a stationary point, the type of stationary point (g) and
at
𝑑 𝑑𝑥2
𝑥
(maximum, minimum or point of inflexion)
the point (1,1)
𝑑
can be determined using the second
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
derivative.
𝑑2𝑦
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + − =0
𝑑𝑥2 𝑥
If is positive, then it is a minimum point 3𝑥 2𝑦
2

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥+3𝑦
𝑑 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 =2𝑦−3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
If 2 is negative, then it is a maximum
point
𝑑2𝑦 At (1,1)
𝑑𝑥2
If =0 then it could be maximum, maximum or
point of inflection 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
2(1)+3(1)
=2(1)−3(1) = −5

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(2𝑦−3𝑥)(2+3
Example 14
𝑑2 )−(2𝑥+3𝑦)(2
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑦−3𝑥)2
= −3)
𝑑𝑥
Determine the second derivative of each of the

𝑑𝑦
2

following
𝑑𝑥
Substituting for x =1, y= 1and = −5
(a) 𝑥4 𝑑2𝑦
𝑑𝑦
(2−3)(2+3(−5))−(2+3)

𝑑
𝑑𝑥𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑥2
2 = 4𝑥 3
= (2(−5)−3)
= (4𝑥3) = (2−3)2
12𝑥2 (−1)(−13)−(5)(−13)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
=
𝑥
(−1)2
2

= −2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
(b) cos2x
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
13+65
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑
= (−2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 ) =
2
= 1 = 78

−4𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
Example 15 (parametric equation)
𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
(c) 𝑥2(1 − x)2 𝑑2𝑦
𝑥2(1 − x)2 = 𝑥2(1 − 2x Find
𝑑𝑥2
in terms of t if
+ 𝑥2) (a) 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑡2 − 1)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2𝑎(𝑡 +
= 𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 + 𝑥4 1),
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥 − 6𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 = 2𝑎𝑡
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= 2 − 12𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡
= 2𝑎
𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
12𝑥2
(d) 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑 =𝑑 𝑑 .
𝑡 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥

𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 = 𝑡
1

𝑡
2𝑎

𝑑2 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −
2

𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑥
( )
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑥−1
2
.
𝑑𝑡
(𝑡
2

𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 2𝑥𝑜𝑠𝑥 − = ).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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(e) 𝑥3sinx
= 𝑡2 .2𝑎𝑡
−1 1

𝑑𝑦

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 3

(b) 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 −

=
−1

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
= 2𝑎𝑡3
3𝑥
𝑑 𝑦
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥2
= 6𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑥3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2 2

𝑑𝑡
= (6𝑥 − 𝑥3)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 6𝑥2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
(f) 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−1x
= .
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
𝑥+
−1

𝑡𝑎𝑛
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑥
=
1+𝑥2
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑦 (1)−𝑥(2𝑥)
(1+𝑥2) 2

𝑑𝑥2 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑥
=
1+𝑥2 (21+𝑥2)
+ = ( )
𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡

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 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)−(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 Let 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑢
(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)2(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)
=
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑒𝑢
= (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
2

𝑡)3 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
Revision exercise 9 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒𝑢. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
= .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1. Find 𝑑𝑥 of each of the following 𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥
2 3
2
[ ]3 (d) �
(a) (1+𝑥)
1+𝑥 �

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (6−𝑥2)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−4𝑐𝑜 Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 => 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑢

𝑠𝑥
(b)

𝑥4
[
𝑥2
]
(c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑢
= 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒𝑢
𝑦)2]
2
[4𝑦(1 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
(d) 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑢. 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑦2)]
[18𝑦(1 +
= .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
(e) 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
2(𝑥2+𝑦2)(1+𝑦)

𝑥2
[ ]
(f) 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥 (e) 𝑦 = 2𝑒𝑥 +1
= 3𝑒3𝑥
2
[4𝑦(2𝑦2 −

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 1 => 𝑦 = 2𝑒𝑢

1)]
𝑑2𝑦

𝑑𝑥
2. Find 2in terms of t or θ if
(a) x = cotθ, y = sin2θ
[2𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃] 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 2𝑒𝑢
(b) 𝑥 = , 𝑦=
3
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
2

𝑑𝑢
1−𝑡

𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑒𝑢. 2𝑥
[−4 (
1+𝑡 2𝑡 = .
1+2𝑡−𝑡2
) ]
𝑡
(c) 𝑥 = 𝑡 + 3, 𝑦 = 𝑡2 + 4
1−𝑡 1−

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑢
[2]
(d) 𝑥 = 3 − 2𝑡2, 𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑒𝑥
(f) 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
2
3 +1
1 [ 𝑥
16𝑡5
𝑡
=
(e) 𝑥 = 𝑡 + 2𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 − 3𝑡[
]
𝑑𝑢 𝑥 𝑥
2 2 3

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 (−2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
]
4(𝑡+1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 +𝑒
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 2𝑒𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
(g) 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
3. Given that y = cot5x, show that
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑
+ 10𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑢 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
4. Given that 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 and 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)
2

𝑒 +𝑒
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
=
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥𝑠𝑛2𝑥 + 2𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
show that 𝑦2
𝑑𝑥2
+1=0
− √𝑥
𝑒
1

Differentiation of exponential functions (h) 2

𝑥2
𝑑𝑦
𝑥2
1 1
𝑑
𝑒
𝑥2 𝑒 𝑥2
𝑑√
−
− − (𝑥2)
√
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 𝑥24 2𝑥
in the form 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , where y is said to be an
An exponential function is the function given =
𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥
1

𝑒 2√ ( + )
exponential function of x. quotient rules.

These are differentiated using product and Example 16

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 4 √𝑥
𝑥4
Differentiate each of the following with respect =
1

𝑥
𝑒 2 (𝑥+8√𝑥)
to x −
1

(a) 𝑒𝑥
√
= 7

𝑑
(𝑒𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥
4𝑥3

𝑑𝑥
(b) 𝑒3𝑥
Differentiation of logarithmic functions
2

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 3𝑥2𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑢
Logarithms of numbers to base e is called
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢
= 6𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑒𝑢 natural logarithm or napeilian logarithm.

denoted by log𝑒 𝑥 or Inx

The natural logarithm of a number say x is

Let y = log𝑒 𝑥
𝑒𝑑𝑦 =𝑦𝑥 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
=
6𝑥. 𝑒𝑢
= . =

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑦 (𝑒𝑦)
2 (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
6𝑥𝑒3𝑥
𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑 𝑒 𝑒𝑦
=
(c) 𝑥
𝑦
𝑥

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Example 17 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦𝐼𝑛2 = 2𝑥𝐼𝑛2
𝑑𝑥
(i) 2𝑥
2
Differentiate with respect to x
𝐼𝑛𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛2𝑥 = 𝑥2𝐼𝑛2
2
(a) Inx
1 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Let y = Inx = 2𝑥𝐼𝑛𝑥

= 𝑦2𝑥𝐼𝑛𝑥 2𝑥𝐼𝑛2
𝑑
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1
= 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
=2
(j) 3𝑥2. 3𝑥

Let y =3𝑥2. 3𝑥
(b) In(1+2x)

𝐼𝑛𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛3𝑥2.
Let y = In(1 + 2x)

+ 𝐼𝑛3𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑
(1+2𝑥) 3𝑥
= 𝐼𝑛3 +
2
𝑑𝑥
= =
𝐼𝑛𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 𝐼𝑛3 + 2𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥𝐼𝑛3
1+2𝑥 1+2

1 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝐼𝑛𝑥 =
(c) In(1- x)
2 2+𝑥𝐼𝑛𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
=
Let y = In(1 – x)
𝑑
(1−𝑥)
= 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = 3𝑥2. 3𝑥𝑥 (
2+𝑥𝐼𝑛𝑥 2+𝑥𝐼𝑛𝑥
)
𝑑𝑥

= 3𝑥. 3𝑥(2 + 𝑥𝐼𝑛𝑥)

𝑑𝑥
= =
−1

𝑥 𝑥
1− 1−

(d) 𝐼𝑛(4𝑥3)
Let 𝑦 =3 𝑥+1
𝐼𝑛(4𝑥 )
3

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 (4𝑥3 𝑥−1
(k) √
12𝑥2 3

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 =
)

𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 4𝑥3
= 𝑥+1 3
= √
𝑥
4𝑥3

(e) In(tanx) 𝑥−1

𝑑
𝑦+1
𝑥
(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)
3
𝑑𝑦 𝑥−1
=
𝑠𝑒𝑐2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛𝑦3 = 𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + 1) − 𝐼𝑛(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐
=
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= =
𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥 𝑥
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥
=

3𝑦2 𝑑𝑦

Let 𝑞 = 2𝑦2
(f) 2𝑦2 1 1 −2
𝑦3 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥−1 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)
= − =
𝐼𝑛𝑞 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
2𝑦2=2𝐼𝑛(2𝑦)
−2

𝑑
(2𝑦)
1 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 3 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)
= .
𝑑𝑦

𝑞 𝑑𝑦
2 = 2 =
𝑦 2 (𝑥+1)3
2𝑦 1

𝑑𝑞
−2
2𝑞 4𝑦 = .
(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)
3(𝑥−1
= = 1

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= 4𝑦
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑦
)3
But 𝑑𝑦= 𝑑𝑦.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
−2
𝑞
=
𝑑𝑦
3(𝑥+1)3(𝑥−1)3
2 4

𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑
4𝑦 𝑥

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(g) Iny
Let q = Iny
𝑑𝑞
Revision exercise 10
𝑑𝑦 =𝑦
1
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(a) 𝑒2𝑦
1. Differentiate with respect x
[2𝑒2𝑦𝑑𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
But = .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑞 1 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 (b) 𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= .
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]
[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
(h) 2

Let y = 2𝑥
4𝑥
𝑒𝑥
(c) 4𝑥2 + [8𝑥 − ]
2
𝑒𝑥
2

Iny =In2𝑥=xIn2 (d) 𝑥𝑒 [𝑒−𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒−𝑥]

2

= 𝐼𝑛2 (e) 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥]

−𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑥

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 𝐼𝑛(1+𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
(f) In(tany) [𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 9. Given that 𝑦 =
𝑥2
, show that
𝑑𝑥
]
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥2+𝑥+ 𝑥2
1
√𝑥2+ + 2𝑥𝑦 =
1
(2𝑥−1)2 𝑑
[ 4 ]
1
(g)
𝑥
1+𝑥

(𝑥2+1)2(2𝑥− that 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛(𝐼12 + 𝑒 ), show that

𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 (1 −
𝑥2𝑒𝑥
10. Given
𝑥
𝑥𝑒𝑥(𝑥2−2𝑥−2
1)3
(h) [
(𝑥−1)3
)
] (𝑥−1)4
)

𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛4 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 (4𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
that 𝑦 = 𝑒3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥, show that
4 2 2

𝑥 −𝐼𝑛5) 11. Given

(i) [ ] 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2

𝑒𝑥 √𝔀o 𝑒𝑥 √𝔀os 𝑥
52𝑥
2 2 52𝑥 + 13𝑦 = 6
(2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
s 𝑥
1 6

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥+1)3 (2𝑥+1)3 2𝑥+1
(j) )]
− 2
− 2
[

𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝐼𝑛2 −
2𝑒−𝑥
2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
(k) 2𝑒−
[2𝑥𝑐𝑜
(𝑥−1) Revision exercise 11
𝑠𝑥
1) ]
𝑥−7𝑥2])
(2−3𝑥)

1. Find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 from the

[
2(8−4
(1+𝑥)2(𝑥+
(l)
(𝑥+2)
(1+𝑥)

(m) 𝐼𝑛(1 + 𝑥2)

2)2
2𝑥
[
first principles [2sinxcosx]
]
(n) 𝐼𝑛(𝑥3 − 2)
1+𝑥22 2. If δx and δy are small increment in x and
3𝑥
[ y respectively and y= tan2x, write down

𝑥3−2
] an
𝑒�
(o) 𝐼𝑛(𝑒 + 4)
2ẟ𝑥
𝑥 expression of δy in terms of x and δx. [
𝑒𝑥+4
[ � ]

(p) 𝐼𝑛(√𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
]
1
[ ]
2𝑥 3. Differentiate the following with respect to x
(q) (3 − −6(3−2𝐼𝑛𝑥) 𝑥3
2
(a) 3𝑥2−4𝑥4
𝑥
[ ] [ ]
2𝐼𝑛𝑥)3
(r) �2𝐼𝑛𝑥 [𝑥(1 +
�2𝐼𝑛𝑥)]
3
√(1−2𝑥2 (1− 2𝑥2)2

𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥) −
)
𝑥

𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
log (b) (2𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
(s) 𝑥𝐼𝑛(1 + 𝑥) + 𝐼𝑛(1 +
]
𝑥)]
1
𝐼𝑛5
[ 5
( ) [
1+𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥

(t) �2𝐼𝑛(3 + 2𝑥) + 2𝑥𝐼𝑛(3 +

(d) (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑥 [(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑥(𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 +
2𝑥2 [2x e2x]
[ (c) (x – 0.5) e2x
2𝑥)] 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)]
�

𝑥
1𝐼𝑛𝑥−
3+2𝑥
(u)
(e) 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 (
−2 −2
[] 2

3𝑐𝑜𝑡3𝑥)]
𝐼𝑛 (𝐼𝑛𝑥) 𝑥
𝑥
[𝑒 2 +
𝑥
2

(v) 7𝑥 −1 𝑥 1+𝑥2

[7𝑥𝐼𝑛𝑥]
(w) 2𝑥 𝑥 𝐼𝑛4 (f) 𝑡𝑎
𝑛
( ) [ ]
2
[𝑥 1−𝑥2 1−𝑥2−𝑥4
2
2 ]
𝑥
(32𝑥)𝐼𝑛 (g) 𝑡𝑎
2 6 6+12𝑥2
−1
(x) 32𝑥−1
( ) [ ]
𝑛
1−2𝑥2 1−32𝑥2−4𝑥4
3]
[
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(y) 𝑒𝐼𝑛𝑥 (h) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 [2(𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −
3
𝑥 𝑥
2 2

𝑥) 𝑥) 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)]

2. Given that 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒2𝑥, show

[1]
(i) 𝑒𝑎𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 [𝑒𝑎𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥(𝑎 +
that 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥)]
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 (𝑥+1) 2(𝑥+
[3(𝑥 + 3)2]
1 𝑦
= (2𝑥 + 2)

(j) (𝑥+3)3

3.𝑥 Given that 𝑦 =

𝑑𝑥
)
𝑒 , show that 2

(k) 𝑐𝑜𝑠
−1 1−𝑥 2

𝑒𝑥+1
( ) [ ]
𝑑𝑦
(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) −𝑦 [3𝐼𝑛(𝑥2 2+ 2)]
1+𝑥2 1+𝑥2
(l) 3𝑥𝐼𝑛𝑥2
=𝑑𝑥0
𝑒𝑥 (m) 𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝑥
4. Given that 𝑦 (n) (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑥 [(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑥(𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 +
2 [−2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥]
𝑥
, show that
= 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)]
𝑑𝑦 2𝑒𝑥
2
(𝑥+1) (5−𝑥)(𝑥+1)
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥+4)4
(o) 2 [ ]
(𝑥+4)
−𝑦
𝑥
=
5. Given that 𝑒 − 𝑒 , show𝑥
3𝑥+ −(7𝑥+4)
3
−𝑥
that 4

𝑑𝑦
−𝑦 = (2𝑥2+3𝑥−2)2
(p) [ ]
+3𝑥−2
√2𝑥2 3
(
𝑑𝑥
2 ) 2

6. Given that 𝐴𝑒4𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒−4𝑥, where A and

1
4
(q) lo
B g 𝑒 (1+𝑥)2 [
1
]
𝑑 𝑦− 16𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
1−𝑥 1−𝑥2

𝑥
2
are
0 constants show that 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛2

𝑑𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥+1
[(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥+1])2
7. Given that 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛(𝐼𝑛𝑥), show
(r)
−1 𝑥 4𝑥(1+6𝑥)
(s) 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2
+ 2𝑥3) [
4+(𝑥2+4𝑥3)2
( ]
𝑑2𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
(𝐼𝑛𝑥)
that 2

(t) 𝑒𝑎𝑥
1
+ + =0
𝑑𝑥2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [2𝑒𝑎𝑥 ]
2 2

𝑥2
8. Given that 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛 (
1+𝑥
), show −
1
2𝑥
that 1−𝑥

𝑑
𝑥2)
(1 − (u) (1 − [ ]
𝑦
2
1−2𝑥2
−2= 2𝑥)
𝑑 0
𝑥

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 (5𝑥+6)(𝑥+2)
(v) (𝑥 + 1)2(𝑥 + 2)2 8. Given 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛 (1 − )2, 2𝑢 = (𝑥 − ),
1 1
1 1
[ 1
]
show
2(𝑥+1)2 𝑢 𝑥
𝑥
(𝑥−4) that 𝑑𝑦= (𝑥+1)
(4𝑥+3)−2(2𝑥2+3𝑥)
2𝑥2+3

𝑑𝑥 (𝑥2+1)(𝑥−1)
9. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 cos(𝑡 + 𝛽), show that
(w)
(𝑥−4 (𝑥−4
2 [ 3 ]
−𝑡

3𝑥−1
) )
𝑥+3 𝑑2
𝑦 +𝑑𝑦 2
(x) √𝑥2+1 [] + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑
𝑥 (𝑥2+1)2
𝑥
3
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
(y) 2 √
−2
[ ]

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 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 10. Given that 𝑦
𝑥
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛 , show that
𝑥 𝑥
(z) 𝐼𝑛(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
[𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥]
1
=1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2
[ (1+𝑥) ]
1+2𝑥 2(1+2𝑥)
(aa)(1+𝑥 ) 11. Show from first principles that
𝑥+1 𝑑2𝑦
𝑑𝑦𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( −𝑦 𝑑
3
4. If ) show that ( ) 2

𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
=0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
2

𝑑𝑥2
𝑑2𝑦
5. Given that 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, show 12. Given that x = 𝑡2 and y = 𝑡3 , find .
𝑑
that
𝑑 𝑑𝑥2
𝑦 𝑦 𝑡3 𝑡3
2
1+ 1+

𝑑𝑥2 1 + 𝑡3
=6 3
𝑑𝑥
6

𝑑𝑦
6. If 𝑦 = √𝑥 show that
1
𝑡 2− 𝑡3
= [ ( ) ]
𝑑𝑥 √(𝑥+ẟ)
7. If 𝑦 = √(5𝑥2+), show +√𝑥
13. Differentiate y = 2x2 + 3 from first principles
[4𝑥]
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
that2

𝑦
2

= 𝑑𝑥
2 + (𝑑𝑥) Thank you
5

Dr. Bbosa Science

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