INDEX

❖ Aim of project
❖ What is cyclotron?
❖ Introduction
❖ Working principle of cyclotron
❖ Construction
❖ Theory
❖ Cyclotron radiation
❖ Limitations
❖ Uses of CYCLOTRON
❖ World’s largest cyclotron
❖ Cyclotron in India
❖ Bibliography
 AIM OF PROJECT

To give a brief description about

CYCLOTRON
 WHAT IS CYCLOTRON?

A cyclotron is a machine that accelerates charged particles

or ions to high energies. It was invented to investigate the
nuclear structure by E.O Lawrence and M.S Livingston in
1934. Both electric and magnetic fields are used in the
cyclotron to increase the energy of the charged particles. As
both the fields are perpendicular to each other, they are
called cross fields.

In a cyclotron, charged particles accelerate from the centre

along a spiral path. These particles are held to a spiral
trajectory by a static magnetic field and accelerated by a
rapidly varying electric field.
 INTRODUCTION

• A cyclotron is used for accelerating positive ions, so

that they acquire energy large enough to carry out
nuclear reactions.
• Cyclotron was designed by Lawrence and living stone
in order to overcome the drawbacks of the linear
accelerator at the University of California, Berkley, in
the early 1930’s and is used to accelerate charged
particles like protons and deuterons.
• This results in the production of high energy beam
which is then used for artificial disintegration, etc.
• These type of particle accelerator were among the first
devised and have several advantages over early linear
accelerators, such as smaller size requirements.
• Particle acceleration typically requires a fairly great
distance to allow the particles to come to sufficient
speed for use in experiments.
• The design of a cyclotron, however, allows for smaller
accelerators to be used to great effect, since the particle
moves in a circular motion and travels a great distance
without requiring a long straight corridor for passage.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF
CYCLOTRON

• A cyclotron accelerates a charged particles beam using a high

frequency alternating voltage which is applied between two
hollow “D”-shaped sheet metal electrodes known as the “dees”
inside a vacuum chamber.
• The dees are placed face to face with a narrow gap between
them, creating a cylindrical space within them for particles to
move. Particles are injected into the centre of this space.
• Dees are located between the poles of electromagnet which
applies a static magnetic field B perpendicular to the electrode
plane.
• The magnetic field causes the path of the particle to bend in a
circle due to the Lorentz force perpendicular to their direction of
motion.
• An alternating voltage of several thousand volts is applied
between the dees. The voltage creates an oscillating electric field
in the gap between the dees that accelerates the particles.
• The frequency of the voltage is set so that particle make one
circuit during a single cycle of the voltage. To achieve this
condition, the frequency must be set to the particle’s cyclotron
frequency.
• Each time after the particles pass to the other dee electrodes the
polarity of the RF voltage reverses. Therefore, each time the
particles cross the gap from one dee electrode to the other, the
electric fields is in the correct direction to accelerate them.
• The particles increasing speed the to these pushes causes them to inve a
larger radius circle with each rotation, so the particles move in a spurs
cats outward from the center to the rim of the done. When they reach the
nm tha particles exit the dees through a small gap between them, and hit
a target located at the exit point at the rim of the chamber, or leave the
cyclotron through an evacuated beam tube to hit a remote target.

• Various materials may be used for the target, and the nuclear reactions
due to the collisions will create secondary particles which may be
guided outside of the cyclotron and into instruments for analysis.

• In the cyclotron, in contrast, the particles encounter the

aposlerating voltage many times during their spiral path, and so
are accelerated many times, so the output energy can be many
times the accelerating voltage.
 CONSTRUCTION

1. It consists of two small, hollow, metallic half-cylinders D, and D₂,

called dees as they are in the shape of D.

2. They are mounted inside a vacuum chamber Between the poles of a

powerful electromagnet.

3. The dees are connected to the source of high frequency alternating

voltage of few hundred kilovolts.

4. The beam of charged particles to be accelerate Is injected into the

dees near their centre, in a Plane perpendicular to the magnetic field.

5. The charged particles are pulled out of the dees by a deflecting plate
(which is negatively charged) through a window W.

6. The whole device is in high vacuum (pressure -10-6 mm of Hg) so

that the air molecules may not collide with the charged particles.
 CYCLOTRON RADIATION

Cyclotron radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by

non-relativistic accelerating charged particles deflected by a
magnetic field. The Lorentz force on the particles acts
perpendicular to both the magnetic field lines and the
particles' motion through them, creating an acceleration of
charged particles that causes them to emit radiation as a
result of the acceleration they undergo as they spiral around
the lines of the magnetic field.

The name of this radiation derives from the cyclotron, a type

of particle accelerator used since the 1930s to create highly
energetic particles for study. The cyclotron makes use of the
circular orbits that charged particles exhibit in a uniform
magnetic field. Furthermore, the period of the orbit is
independent of the energy of the particles, allowing the
cyclotron to operate at a set frequency. Cyclotron radiation is
emitted by all charged particles travelling through magnetic
fields, not just those in cyclotrons. Cyclotron radiation from
plasma in the interstellar medium or around black holes and
other astronomical phenomena is an important source of
information about distant magnetic fields.
 LIMITATIONS
o Cyclotron cannot accelerate uncharged particles
like neutrons.

o Electrons cannot be accelerated in a

CYCLOTRON. A large increase in their energy
increase their velocity to a very large extent. This
shows the electrons out of step with the
oscillating field.

o It cannot accelerate positively charged particles

with large mass due to relativistic effect.

o Only when the speed of the circulating ion is less

than 'c' the speed of light, we find the frequency
of revolution to be independent of its speed.

o At higher speeds, the mass of the ion will

increase and this changes the time period of the
ion revolution. This results in the ion lagging
behind the electric field and it eventually loses by
collisions against the walls of the dees.

o The cyclotron is suitable for accelerating heavy

charged particles.

o It is not suited for very high kinetic energy.

 USES OF CYCLOTRON
Uses of Cyclotrons in cancer therapy

➢ A cyclotron is used for proton therapy(where a beam of

focussed protons is aimed at a tumor site). Proton therapy is
common among pediatric patients. It is also can be used
for various types of cancers like treating spine tumors, breast
cancer, sarcoma, brain tumors, and prostate cancer. The
cyclotron sends a high-energy beam of protons through the
skin toward the tumor.

➢ Cyclotron is also capable of generating radioisotopes which

are widely used in medicine and imaging purposes

Uses of Cyclotron in scientific research

➢ Cyclotron-produced radiopharmaceuticals are very studied due to their

ability in detecting various cancers. Early detection of tumors is key in

cancer research and this will improve the efficiency of the therapeutic
process.

➢ Scientists use cyclotrons for nuclear physics experiments in which they use

accelerated charged particles to bombard atomic nuclei.

➢ Cyclotrons can also be used to change the nuclear structure.

➢ It is used in research settings to measure the is used to measure properties

of isotopes (especially short-lived radioactive isotopes) like half-life, mass,

interaction cross-sections, and decay schemes.

➢ The high energy particles produced in a cyclotron are used to bombard

nuclei and study the resulting nuclear reactions and hence investigate
nuclear structure.

➢ The high energy particles are used to produce other high energy particles, such as

neutrons, by collisions. These fast neutrons are used in atomic reactors.

➢ It is used to implant ions into solids and modify their properties or even synthesis

new materials
 WORLD’S LARGEST CYCLOTRON

✓ The world’s largest cyclotron built and commission in 1947

TRTA WE Canada’s National Laboratory for particia and

Nuclear Physics, known abe TRIUMF Laboratory in

Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, reached energies of

500 MeV Thirty six years later, it is still world’s largest and

one of the crowning achievements of modem engineering.

✓ Through subsequent modifications, the TRIUMF cyclotion is

now producing three times the beam intensity it was

designed for This was a unique accelerator, the only one in

its energy range that

✓ accelerated H-ions instead of protons. The huge cyclotron

has a 4000-ton main magnet 18 meters (50feet) in diameter

and a main RF amplifier that delivers almost 1 million watts

of power.
✓ Because the TRIUMF cyclotron can provide very intense

beams of protons. It’s been able to perform some of most

detailed science experiments in particle and nuclear

physics, enabling researchers to examine hundreds or

millions of reactions and look for deviations and extremely

rare reactions.
 CYCLOTRON IN INDIA

• Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri (6 September 1917 – 25 June

2006) was an Indian physicist and academic, and a scientific
advisor to the Government of India. He is known as one of the
pioneers of nuclear physics in India and for building the
nation’s first cyclotron at the University of Calcutta.
• Variable Energy cyclotron centre (VECC) is
located in Calcutta, India. The Centre building
itself houses a 224cm cyclotron, was the first of it’s
kind in India, having been operational since 1977-
06-16. It provides proton Deuteron, alpha particle
and heavy ion beams of various energies to other
institutes.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Website

➢ https://www.brainkart.com
➢ https://byjus.com
➢ https://ingeniumcanada.org
➢ https://en.m.wikipedia.org

Books

▪ S.L ARORA
▪ NCERT PHYSICS