HISTORY OF ATOMIC MODEL Johann Balmer derived J.J Thomson a formula for mathe- discovered Electron matically predicting Electron. hydrogen spectrum. beam Rutherford proposed a model where J.J Thomson proposed | positive charge is at the center, and plum pudding model electron moves around in a spi path and loses energy. ectron Positively charged matter Bohr's Atomic Model Worked with J J Thomson and found flaws in his theory. He proposed electron revolves around nucleus in orbits. Electron is stabilized by centripetal and electrostatic forces. Electrons don't lose energy in an orbit. Electron loses or gains energy by moving across orbits. He proved Balmer was right by derving his formula theoretically. Only applicable for one electron systems. Failed to predict dual nature of electron. ‘De Broglie introduced the concept Erwin Schrodinger developed electron of dual nature in electrons. He used cloud _ model using de Broglie and Bohr's Einstein's € = m@and proposed atomic model. He and Heisenberg any moving particle or object has determined the regions in which an associated wave. electron would be likely found. He introduced one concept of orbitals.HYDROGEN SPECTRUM Bohr’s model Niels Bohr proposed a model for the hydrogen atom that explained the spectrum of the hydrogen atom. The Bohr model was based on the following assumptions. © The electron in a hydrogen atom travels around the nucleus in a circular orbit. © The energy of the electron in an orbit is proportional to its distance from the nucleus. The further the electron is from the nucleus, the more energy it has. © Only a limited number of orbits with certain energies are allowed. In other words, the orbits are quantized. © The only orbits that are allowed are those for which the angular momentum of the electron is an integral multiple of Planck's constant divided by 2. i oh : > (where h = planck's constant) © Light is absorbed when an electron jumps to a higher energy orbit and emitted when an electron falls into a lower energy orbit. © The energy of the light emitted or absorbed is exactly equal to the difference between the energies of the orbits © When electron in an excited atom comes back from higher energy level (ns) to lower energy level (n,) then it emits a photon, having energy equal to difference in energy levels. : Wavelength or wave no. of any line of any 1 _ p. [ 1 _ he Ae ‘one electron species can be calculated as Ey ny a Different series Eo {© Combining successfully Rutherford's solar system's model, with the Planck hypothesis | on the quantified energy states at atomic 1 level and Einstein's photons Jo Explaining the ! o Explaining the | o First | atomic emission | general features! working ! and absorption! of the periodic | model for ° sa4nn6 123 45.6 7 | spectra | table | the atom LYMAN SERIES ; BALMER SERIES | PASCHEN SERIES | BRACKETT SERIES | PFUND SERIES | HUMPHREY SERIES med tm=2 tm=3 n= 2,3,4,5,.. | mi=3,4,5,6,.. | = 4,5,6,7,... ULTRAVIOLET | VISIBLE | INFRARED | INFRAREDDHE UA NTS Bohr’s model i 2 2-Dimensional model. “Therefore he used only Principal quantum ‘number (n) 10 Identify the position of an Principal Quantum Number (n) clectron In an atom. Represents the orbit number In an atom. leis denoted by letter‘ Schrodinger’s model sa 3-Dimensional ‘model. Therefore he uted, {to identify the postion of an electron in an ator. Azimuthal Quantum Number (¢) Represents the shape of an orbital in atom. itis denoted by letter’! and its value vary from 0t0"n ECDC (lites z = Fy Fy Fa a 1 Magnetic Quantum Number(m,) || Hide Something at n = 1, £= 4, m, = 0, m,= > Represents the erietation of an oil a ‘Quantum numbers have some restrictions. Ws not posible to find an the spaces denoted by leer andits__||_lecron at evry possbe combination of ,0.m.s.50 you wal never value wary from yt find an electron at sbove point. No two electrons in an atom have same Quantum Number. Spin Quantum Number(m,) Represents the spn ofan electron, n=20 ¢=1 ae Ik ts denoted by mand each electron ha an ac cotta ether For 2 m=o sa+ lonic Compound is formed due to creation of an ionic bond which is the electrostatic attraction between a cation (+ charge) and an anion (~ charge) generally involving a metal and a non-metal. Charges are written because ions are either ® High melting points Positive or negative. ® High boiling points ® Name the cation first, followed by the anion ® Hord and brittle Anion must end in ide (drop the last few letters) ® Good insulators ‘® Roman Numerals must be used for metals ® Forms crystals with more than one charge (e.g. transition metals) ® Conduct electricity when they fois Wesicti= Goce cracliels are dissolved in water Ex: CuCl = Copper (Il) chloride ® Ionic compounds have higher enthalpies of fusion Some examples of lonic compounds are Sodium Chloride , Lithium lodide, Potassium lodide and Sodium Fluoride. oar a sae piey 2 Potassium iodide tablets are ise eet fon given to people exposed to production and is naturally high level of radiation. occurring. LITHIUM IODIDE (Lil) g M FLOURIDE (NaF) Peer ocaee comnanalay Sodium fiuoride is used in medical a~- teed in Dalteties pacemakers treatment. water purification and Cleaning solutions. ‘and solar power generator.NOMENCLATURE e— — lonic charges cannot be written because it is composed of molecules, not ions. Prefix :- mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca. Name the elements in the order listed. Use prefixes fo indicate the number of each atom of each element (mono can only be used ‘on the second non-metal). The first element includes prefix + element name. The second element includes the prefix + the element name + ide ending (drop the last few letters). Eg : hydrogen chloride = HCI Eg : phosphorus pentachloride = PCls B> SOFTER mH STN v4 T y ) As VI f ame aT ae Pa) Maal aaa et Ta PD H 3 SU ‘ i Silicon dioxide is used for pedestal iok i Peres tates et] Dee eee Rea tes Reamer tan en Peo eae emacs 8 MahAa)stOle 3 SILICON Rue kets oaks on , keene eet Pattie Sulphur dioxide is used for Loree ela eal Kelty LoL ColeusHYBRIDISATION ANALOGY FOR HYBRIDISATION Combines TD aq avices e@e —, ©0008 i > SEEn s Four different sized mud balls combine to from Similarly, orbitals of different energy equal shaped balls. combineto form equal energy orbitals. HYBRID ORBITALS ARE USED IN FORMING SIGMA BONDS @ veces ® fy] bb Valence €.¢ of Carbon S Pa Py Pr —*, Wot these 4 orbitals combine 4 equal Here carbon needs CH, molecule ate energy[5B)) to form 4 sigma Bonds. is formed hybrid 4sp? orbitals = i>! Pas £.C of carbon J bond 35p2 Here each carbon needs to form el 5, Pe, orbitals combine and 3 sigma and 1 pi form 3 equal [Spa] hybrid Bonds. orbitals bond ce Excites WOLD =” e. £.C of carbon — Each carbon needs 20 sand P. orbitals to form 2 sigma and combine to form 2pi Bonds. Me 2 [SP] orbitals bondVSEPR & SHAPES OF MOLECULES Lone pairs in a molecule lie closer to the central atom, hence they repel more than a bonded pair.The order of strengths of repulsion is : Ae ar eee Or) Ls Ar At ——_ ee Q foe tee ee a4, &4, ee freee e? i > { «| Topco 90° A)HLH Distance oma) Hyoges eer Seren prorbital of one atoms combines with px of ‘another atom to form cand G orbitals. ‘The bond order must be postive non-zero fora bond to be stable. Hes has a bond order of zero and that is why the Hez molecule not observed.EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT ‘K’ For a General Reaction RELATION BETWEEN Kp AND Ke —$—— ee aA+bB ——— = cC+dD ee CRG WHAT DOES THE VALUE OF 'K’ MEAN ? If K>> 1, the reaction is product- CUSED (Geactans) — Sema edad redone at Equilibrium. If K<< 1, the reaction is reactant- Cee Reactants| =—> favoured; reactant predominates at Equilibrium. MAGNITUDE OF 'K ‘Small (K< 10%) |, Intermediate (10%sK<105) Large (K >105) : eoee eee | eee |! ° see ecco ooo |: 3000 \ Reactants Products _) | \_Reactants /\_ Products Mostly Products | Mla) | Mostly Reactants actants Significant amounts of reactants and products