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10

Simplified Class Notes

by Rasheed Odakkal
GVHSS Kondotty

1. Sensations and Responses

2. Windows of Knowledge
3. Chemical Messages for Homeostasis
4. Keeping Diseases Away

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 1. SENSATIONS AND RESPONSES
CONTENT
• Stimuli and responses.
• Neuron -structure, Impulse generation and transmission.
• Types of nerve.
• Central nervous system
- Brain & Spinal cord – structure and functions.
- Reflex actions
• Peripheral nervous system
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
• Disorders of nervous system
- Alzheime'rs, Parkinsons & Epilepsy.

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. Define stimulus.
The senses that evoke responses in organisms are called stimuli. These are two types,
External stimuli :- Sound, touch, heat, chemicals, pressure, cold, radiations....
Internal stimuli :- Hunger, thirst, infection, pressure variation....
2. Our body receive stimuli through certain specialized cells, called -------- , seen inside the sense organs.
Receptors
3. The system that generate and coordinate responses through impulses ?
Nervous system.
4. Name the parts included in our nervous system.
Brain, spinal cord, nerves and receptors.

5.The structural and functional units of the nervous system ?

Neurons (nerve cells).
6. Structure of a model neuron.
dendrites
Dendron axonite
Axon

Synaptic knobs
Cell body /Cyton Myelin sheath / Scwann cells
A neuron has mainly the following parts; a cyton (cell body), impulse receiving dendrons (branches are
known as dendrites), impulse transmitting axon (branches are axonites) and synaptic knobs for secreting
neurotransmitter.
In certain neurons, the nerve fibres are covered by myelin sheath, made up of white shining
Schwann cells.
7. The myelin sheath is formed of specialized cells called ------- ?
Oligodendrocytes.
8. The protective covering of nerve fibres (axons) ?
Myelin sheath. It
• Provide nutrients and oxygen to the axon.
• Accelerate impulses.
• Act as an electric insulator.
• Protects the axon from external shocks. oligodendrocyte
• Gives white appearance ('white matter') to the neural parts.
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9. Differentiate between white matter and grey matter.
The part of nerve, where myelinated neurons are present in abundance,is called as the white matter.
The part of nerve where the cell bodies and non-myelinated neurons are present, is called as the grey matter.

10. Table showing the function of different parts of nerve cell.

Part of nerve cell Function
Dendrite Receives impulses
Dendron Carries impulses from dendrite to the cell body
Cyton / Cellbody Passes impulses to the axon.
Axon Carries impulses from the cell body to outside.
Schwann cells Protects the axon and increases the speed of impulse
Axonite Carries impulses to the synaptic knob
Synaptic knob Secretes neurotransmitter

11. Name the swollen ends of axon . How is it important in the transmission of impulse ?
Synaptic knobs, from which neurotransmitter secretes. The impulses are transmitted across the synaptic
cleft only through a chemical (neurotransmitter), secreted from the synaptic knobs.
12. Give examples for neurotransmitters.
Acetyl choline and Dopamine.
13. Define synapse.
The junction between neurons or between neurons and muscles or
glands is known as the synapse.
It helps to regulate the speed and direction of impulses. The impulses
are transmitted across the synaptic cleft only through a chemical (neurotransmitter), secreted from the
synaptic knobs.
14. The electrical messages conducted through nerves ?
Impulses
15.How is an impulse generated ?
The difference in the distribution of ions maintains positive charge on the outer surface
and negative charge inside the plasma membrane of the receptor part of neuron. When
stimulated, this ionic equilibrium (polarity) changes there and the outer surface becomes
negatively charged and inner become positively charged. As a result, impulse generated.
This momentary charge difference stimulates its adjacent parts and similar changes
occur there too. Thus a continuous flow of the impulse becomes possible.

16. How is the impulses transmits through the neurons ?

Impulse due to stimulus dendrites dendrons cyton axon axonites
synaptic knob secretion of neurotransmitter to the synaptic cleft Stimulation in the adjacent
dendrites Impulse forms.
17. Name the two types of neurons ?
Sensory neurons – (carry impulses from different body parts to the brain and spinal cord)
Motor neurons - ( carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of body)
18. Define a nerve ?
A nerve is a group of axons or nerve fibres, covered by connective tissue.
19. Show different kinds of nerves with their functions in a table.
Sensory nerves Carry impulses from sense organs to the brain and
(consists of sensory neurons) spinal cord
Motor nerves Carry impulses from brain and spinal cord to different
(consists of motor neurons) organs
Mixed nerves Carry impulses from brain and spinal cord to different
(consists of sensory and motor neurons) organs and vise versa
Prepared by RASHEED ODAKKAL, 9846626323, GVHSS Kondotty
20. How is human nervous system classified ?
Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System

- Brain - Cranial nerves (12 pairs)

- Spinal cord - Spinal nerves (31 pairs)
21. The protective measures for human brain ?
The brain is protected inside a hard skull and is covered by a three layered membrane, called the meninges.
Cerebrospinal fluid,a fluid formed inside the meninges, also protects the brain.
22. The outer covering of brain and spinal cord ?
Meninges.
23. The fluid which provides nutrients and oxygen to brain tissues ?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
24. How is the CSF form? Give its function ?
Cerebrospinal fluid is a fluid formed from the blood inside the meninges and eventually reabsorbed to
the blood. Functions of CSF are,
• CSF provides nutrients and oxygen to brain tissues.
• Regulates the pressure inside the brain.
• Protects brain from injuries.
25. Name the functional parts of human brain.
Human brain has outer cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata and inner thalamus and hypothalamus.

Cerebrum

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Cerebellum

Medulla oblongata

26. Table showing different parts of brain, peculiar feature and functions of each.

Part of the Features Function

brain
Cerebrum The largest part of the brain with many fissures Centre of thought, imagination,
and folds in its cortex. Cerebral cortex is seen as intelligence and memory.
grey matter and inner medulla as white matter. Evokes sensations,
Controls voluntary movements.
Cerebellum The second largest part, seen as two flaps. Coordinates muscular activities and
maintains equilibrium of the body.
Medulla The rod shaped lower part Controls involuntary actions like heart
oblongata beat and breathing.
Thalamus The seat of cerebrum Acts as relay station of impulses to and
fro the cerebrum and also analyses the
impulses.
Hypothala Seen just below the thalamus Plays a major role in the maintenance of
mus homeostasis.
Prepared by RASHEED ODAKKAL, 9846626323, GVHSS Kondotty
27. The peripheral part of brain is the ----------- .
Cerebral cortex.
28. There are many fissures and folds in the cerebral cortex. What is the advantage of this ?
This is an adaptation to include more number of neurons and there by increase the efficiency of cerebrum.
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28. Any mild injury to the medulla oblongata may lead to sudden death. Why ?
Medulla oblongata controls involuntary actions like heart beat and breathing. Any mild injury to medulla
oblongata results malfunctioning of breathing and heartbeat and this may lead to death.

29. After a road accident, a person lost his memory for a few days. In which part of his brain got injured ?
Cerebrum.
30. The central nerve, seen as the continuation of medulla oblongata ?
Spinal cord.
31. How is our spinal cord protected ?
Spinal cord is protected inside the vertebral column and is covered by the meninges.
32. The ------------- of the spinal cord is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
Central canal.
33. Describe the structure of our spinal cord.
Spinal cord, which is the continuation of medulla oblongata, is situated with in the vertebral column and is
covered by a three layered membrane, called meninges. The outer part of spinal cord is white matter and
inner is grey matter. The central canal at its centre is filled with CSF.
Spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord as dorsal root (sensory) and ventral root(motor).
Central canal (CSF)

Dorsal root (sensory)

White matter
Ventral root (motor)
Grey matter
34. Spinal cord : Sensory impulse : Dorsal root;
Spinal cord : Motor impulse : …................?
Ventral root.
35. Mention the functions of spinal cord.
• Transmitting impulses from different parts of our body to and fro the brain.
• Coordinates the repeated movements during walking, running etc.
• Effects certain reflex actions.
36. What do you mean by reflex action ?
Reflex actions are the accidental and involuntary responses of the body, in response to a stimulus.
1. Cerebral reflexes (Eg:-Blinking of eyes, sudden fright when hearing a loud noise or seeing a
snake, sneezing)
2. Spinal reflexes (Eg :- On touching hot object, the hand is withdrawn, withdrawal of the leg
when a spine pierce in to the feet)

37.The pathway of impulses in a reflex action.

Reflex arc. a c

38. What are the parts that involve in a reflex arc ?

a. stimulus receiving receptor
b. sensory neuron b
c. inter neuron d
d. motor neuron
e. effecting muscles.
e

39. The central neuron, which converts sensory impulse in to motor impulse, is usually known as an --------- .
Inter neuron.
40. A few nerves in the peripheral nervous system that function automatically and involuntarily, is known as
------------ ?
Autonomous nervous system.
It includes sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

41. How the contrasting actions of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems help to maintain the
normalcy of the physiological activities ?
Sympathetic and parasympathetics nervous system activate with or with out the endocrine gland system
involuntarily. The contrasting actions of both systems help to maintain the normalcy of the physiological
activities.

Action of Sympathetic nervous systems Action of Parasympathetic nervous systems

Eye Pupil dilates Pupil constricts
Heart Heartbeat increases Heartbeat becomes normal
Lungs Trachea expands Trachea contracts
Liver Glycogen converts to glucose Glucose converts to glycogen
Adrenal gland Hormone secretion increases Hormone secretion decreases
Urinary bladder Regains normal state Contracts
Salivary gland Production of saliva decreases Production of saliva increases
Stomach Working decreases Increases
Intestine Peristalsis slows down Peristalsis increases

42. List out the physiological changes that may occur when a boy facing the audience during a competition.
(see the activities of the sympathetic nerves)

43. Examples for neural disease.

Rabies, Meningitis, Epilepsy, Leprosy, Alzheimer's, Polio myelitis, Parkinsons disease, Stroke, Autism,
Cerebral palsy, Encephalitis ….

44. The table showing neural disorders, reason and symptoms.

Disorder Cause Symptom

Alzheimer's Degeneration of neurons due to the Loss of memory, inability to recognize
accumulation of an insoluble protein in the friends or relatives, inability to do routine
neural tissues of the brain. works ...
Parkinsons Production of dopamine reduces due to Loss of body balance, irregular movements
degeneration of specific ganglia in the brain. in muscles, shivering, profuse salivation ...
Epilepsy Continuous and irregular discharge of Fits (due to uncontrolled muscular
electrical impulses in brain. contractions), frothy discharge from mouth,
clenching of teeth, falls unconscious...

45. Name a neurotransmitter, which is secreted in the brain. What will happen when the production of this
hormone cease in a person ?
Dopamine.
The deficiency of dopamine may result a disease called parkinsons.

Prepared by RASHEED ODAKKAL, 9846626323, GVHSS Kondotty

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 2. WINDOWS OF KNOWLEDGE
CONTENT
• Vision - The protective measures of eyes.
- Structure of human eye, Working of eye lens,
- Photo receptors in the retina, Sense of vision.
- Disorders & diseases of eyes, Hygiene of our eyes.
• Hearing- Structure of human ear, Auditory receptors,
- Sense of hearing, Body balancing.
• Tasting - Taste receptors in the tongue, sense of tasting.
• Smelling - Olfactory receptors in the nose, sense of smelling.
• Different senses in the skin
• Sensory receptors in certain other organisms

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. How is the feeling of senses made possible ?
Sense is possible only when impulses from sense organs reach at the brain through the sensory nerves.
The ends of sensory nerve or modified nerve cells act as the receptors inside the sense organs.

Photo receptors
Sense organs

Auditory receptors

Olfactory receptors
Taste receptors
Skin Various receptors

Receptors Stimulus Function

Eye Photo receptors in the retina (Rod & Cone cells) Light Vision
Ear Auditory receptors in the basilar membrane Sound Hearing
Nose Olfactory receptors Olfactory particles Smelling
Tongue Taste receptors in the taste buds Taste particles Tasting
Skin Receptors for heat, cold, touch, pressure and pain Heat, cold, touch, Heat, cold, touch,
pressure or pain pressure and pain
2. How are our eyes protected?
- Bony eye socket (orbit) - protects eye.
- External eye muscles – fixes the eye ball in the orbit.
- Eyelids - protect from dust and other particles.
- Eyelashes - protect from dust with out obstructing vision.
- Eyebrow – prevents perspiration or water reaching in to the eyes.
- Tears - clean and lubricate the anterior part, washes away the dust particles and destroys germs.
- Conjunctiva – secretes mucus to prevent the eye from being dry.
3. The enzyme contained in tears ? Ans: Lysozyme.
4. Which are the 3 layers of human eye ?
a. Sclera –The outermost, strong layer, that gives shape. Its transparent anterior portion is the cornea.
b.Choroid- Middle layer of blood capillaries, which supply nutrients and oxygen.
Its anterior dark screen with pupil is the iris. A convex lens is placed behind the iris.
c. Retina- The innermost layer on which, the image forms. The optic nerve starts from the retina.
5. The fluids filled in the chambers of eye , position and function ?
* Aqueous humor – A watery fluid seen in the aqueous chamber [between cornea and lens] , oozes
from the blood. This fluid supplies nutrients and oxygen to cornea and lens.
* Vitreous humor - A jelly like fluid filled with in the vitreous chamber [between lens and retina],
helps to maintain the shape of eyeball.
 Aqueous
chamber
Vitreous
chamber

Prepared by Rasheed Odakkal, 9846626323, GVHSS Kondotty

6. Slightly projected transparent anterior part of the sclera ? Ans: Cornea.

7. The transparent membrane which protects the sclera, except the cornea ? Ans: Conjunctiva.
8. The dark coloured anterior part of choroid is --------, which contains the pigment melanin. Ans: Iris.
9. The aperture at the centre of iris ? Ans : Pupil.
10. The antagonistic muscles in the iris that regulate the size of eye pupil ?
Radial muscles (pupillary dilator) and Circular muscles (pupillary constrictor).
11. When bright light falls, the eye pupil --------- ?
- Constricts [due to the contraction of the circular muscles]
12. The muscles, which adjust the curvature of eye lense, seen behind the iris ?
Ciliary muscles.
13. Define the power of accommodation of the eye.
The capacity of the eye to change the curvature of lens depending up on the distance between the the eye
and the object by adjusting the focal length is called the power of accommodation of the eye.
14. How can our lens adjust its focal length according to the distance from objects?
[ How is power of accommodation possible?]
When we look at a distant object, the ciliary muscles are in a relaxed position so as to keep the
ligaments tight. Therefore the curvature of lens decreases to fix the image on retina [figure-1].
When we look at a near object, the ciliary muscles contract to loosen the ligaments. When ligaments
relax, the curvature of lens increases naturally ,to focus the image on retina. [figure-2].

Viewing distant Viewing near

objects objects
Ciliary muscles Relaxes Contracts
Ligaments tightens loosen
Curvature of lens Decreases Increases
Focal length Increases Decreases
15. The characteristics of images formed on retina ?.
Real, Small, Inverted and Accommodated.
16. Compare and contrast between the photo receptors seen on the retina.

Photoreceptor Containing pigment Function Related disorder

Rod cells Rhodopsin Vision under dim light Night blindness
Cone cells Photopsin / Iodopsin Vision under intense light Colour blindness
Receptor region of the rod cells is rod shaped and contain the pigment rhodopsin, which will be
stimulated under dim light. Receptor region of the cone cells is cone shaped and contain the pigment
photopsin (iodopsin) which will be stimulated under intense light.
Under dim light, rhodopsin dissociates to form retinal and opsin to produce impulses from rod cells.
Under intense light, photopsin (iodopsin) dissociates to form retinal and opsin to produce impulses from
cone cells. The three types of cone cells (red, green & blue) provide colour vision.
17. Vitamin A help us for better vision. Give reason.
Retinal, the visual pigment found in the photoreceptors, is formed from
vitamin A.
18. Compare between Blind spot and Yellow spot
Blind spot is a part of retina from where the optic nerve begins. No
photoreceptors at this spot, hence no vision. Yellow spot is the point of
highest vision in the retina, where more cone cells seen. Images form
in and around the yellow spot.
19. Point on retina lacking vision : Blind spot ;
Point of highest vision in retina : --------- ?
Yellow spot Rasheed Odakkal, 9846626323, GVHSS Kondotty
20. The bird, owl has no vision in day time. Why?
Owl’s retina is devoid of cone cells and hence no vision in day time.
21. Animals like cat and owl have more vision at night. Why ?
Cat and owl has more rod cells in their retina, so that they have more vision at night.
22. A kite can locate its prey even from high altitude. How is this possible ?
The eyes of kite are closer to each other and contain a large number of cone cells. Hence it has high
power of vision.
23. Flowchart of image formation in retina.
Light rays from the object Cornea Aqueous humor / Pupil Lens Vitreous humor
Image on retina
24. What are the changes occur in retina when images focus on it ? (Describe that how vision is possible.)
When light rays from the object passes through cornea and pupil fall on the lens, a small, real inverted
image forms on the retina. When the image is formed under dim light, rhodopsin in the rod cells dissociate
to produce impulses and when the image is formed under intense light, photopsin in the cone cells dissociate
to produce impulses. These impulses are transmitted through the optic nerve. The brain coordinates the
images from both eyes to feel perfect vision.
25.Experience of vision - Flowchart.
Image on retina stimulation in the photo receptors dissociation of rhodopsin / photopsin
impulses optic nerve coordination of images by cerebrum perfect vision.
26. Though images of object are formed in both eyes, we can see only one object. Give reason.
Cerebrum coordinates the two images and hence get a three dimensional view of the object.
27. Define binocular vision.
The ability of both the eyes to focus on the same object is known as binocular vision.
Binocular vision help us to get a three dimensional image of the object. This help us to calculate the
correct distance, depth, height and width of the object.
28. The condition by which certain colours cannot recognize : Colour blindness ;
Decreased vision in dim light : ------------------- ?
Night blindness.
29 .------------ and ------------- are the two conditions of eye due to the deficiency of vitamin A.
Night blindness and Xerophthalmia (dry conjunctiva and cornea)
30. A few points related with the health of our eyes.
• Avoid falling of bright source of light directly to the eyes. Don't look at the sun.
• Avoid reading under dim light.
• Do not watch TV or other screens continuously.
• Frequently wash our eyes.
• Include vitamin A contained items in our daily food.
31.Table which shows reason of various disorders and diseases that affect on our eyes.
Disorder/Disease Reason or Symptom Remedy
Hyper metropia Due to shortened eyeball images form behind retina. Convex lens
(long sight) Cannot see nearby objects clearly
Myopia Due to elongated eyeball images form in front of retina. Concave lens
(short sight) Cannot see distant objects clearly
 Night blindness Due to the deficiency of vitamin A, no clear vision in Vitamin A
dim light.
Colour blindness Due to the defect cone cells which detect red and green
colours and fails to detect those colours
Xerophthalmia Prolonged deficiency of vitamin A results dry Vitamin A
conjunctiva and cornea
Cataract Gradual decrease in the power of lens due to Surgical replacement of
decreasing of transparency of lens lens
Glaucoma Defective vision due to increased pressure when the re- Early treatment
absorption of aqueous humor obstructed
Conjunctivitis Infection of bacteria or virus causes red eye with pain Treatment and rest

32.The functions of human ear ? Ans: Hearing, body balance.

33. What are the main parts of human ear ?

Semi circular canals

Incus 10 Vestibule
Ear pinna 1 5 9 Vestibular nerve
Malleus 12 Auditory nerve
4 11
8 Cochlea
2 3
Ear drum 6 Eustachean tube
Ear canal Stapes
7

External Ear Middle Ear Internal Ear

1. Ear pinna 4. Malleus 8. Cochlea
2. Ear canal 5. Incus 9. Vestibule [Sacule, Utricle]
3. Ear drum / Tympanum 6. Stapes 10. Semicircular canal
7. Eustachian tube 11. Auditory nerve
12. Vestibular nerve
34. The safety measures to prevent dust and other particles from entering the ear are, ------------
Hairs and ear wax.
35. When sound waves enter to the ear, ….......... starts to vibrate. Malleus,
Ear drum (tympanum) Incus,
36. The smallest bone in the human body ? Stapes
Stapes
37. Name the bones of ear ossicles.
Malleus, Incus, Stapes.
They amplify sound waves and pass the vibrations from the ear drum to the oval window.
38. The tube that connects the middle ear to the pharynx ? What is its function ?
Eustachian tube. It helps to regulate the pressure inside the middle ear.
39. The structure of internal ear.
The internal ear, constitutes as membraneous labyrinth, seen inside
the bony labyrinth. A coiled tube like cochlea, auditory nerve,the
vestibular apparatus (vestibule & three semicircular canals) and
vestibular nerve are the parts of inner ear.
The membraneous labyrinth is filled with a fluid, named
endolymph and the space between the bony labyrinth and
membraneous labyrinth is filled with another fluid, named perilymph.
The part, cochlea functions in hearing, while the vestibular
apparatus helps to maintain body balance through transmitting
impulses to the cerebellum.
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 40. The basilar membrane and sensory hair cells (auditory receptors), inside the cochlea, is known as ---------?
Organ of Corti.
41. Cochlea : Hearing ;
------------ :Equilibrium of the body.
Vestibular apparatus (Vestibule and semicircular canals)
42. Cochlea : Auditory nerve : Cerebrum;
Vestibular apparatus : Vestibular nerve : ….............. ?
Cerebellum.
43. Hearing. Flowchart.
Sound waves ear pinna ear canal ear drum (tympanum) vibrates ear ossicles
oval window cochlear perilymph endolymph stimulation in auditory receptors of the
basilar membrane impulse transmitted through auditory nerve auditory centre of the brain
hearing.
44. What is the role of ear in maintaining the equilibrium of the body ? How is it possible ?
Receptors (hair cells) seen inside the vestibule and semicircular canals,are stimulated according to the
movement of head. The impulses formed thus will be transmitted to the cerebellum through the vestibular
nerve. Cerebellum functions so as to maintain the equilibrium of body.
45. Why giddiness is felt when you turn round and round ?
When we turn round continuously, the endolymph inside the semicircular canals and vestibule also
moves and there will be continuous stimulation of the receptors and passing of impulses to the cerebellum.
Hence cerebellum can not coordinates the muscular activities properly and we feel giddiness.
46. How do we sense taste ?
Chemoreceptors seen inside the mouth and tongue help us to detect taste. The chemoreceptors seen
inside the papillae of the tongue are called as taste buds. Smell also influences taste.
47. The different taste buds of the tongue.
Sweet, salt, sour, bitter, umami, oleogustus etc.
(Other tastes are created by the brain from the primary tastes.)
48. The projected structures seen on the tongue surface are known as ----------? Ans: Papillae.
49. Make a flowchart of sensing taste.
Food particles Taste receptors Impulses form
dissolve in the (taste buds) are and transmit Experience
Brain of taste
saliva stimulated through nerves
50. Recognize the figure A and B. Rasheed Odakkal, 9846626323, GVHSS Kondotty

A B

A. Taste bud B. Olfactory receptors.

51. How can we feel smell ?
When aromatic particles enter to the nose and disperse in the mucus, the olfactory receptors in the mucus
membrane get stimulate and the impulses reach the brain through the olfactory nerve. Brain helps in the
52. The ability of shark to sense smell is sharp. Why?
Shark has highly sensitive olfactory receptors.
53. The largest sense organ ? Ans: Skin.
54. The stimuli that can be received by our skin ? Ans: Heat, Touch, Pain, Cold and Pressure
55. How skin perform as a sense organ ?
Heat, cold, touch, pressure and pain are felt by our skin. When these receptors
are stimulated, impulses form and reach in the cerebrum for its perception.
56. The eyes of an insect consist of a cluster of photoreceptors called --------- ?
Ommatidia.
57. Housefly : Ommatidia Planaria : ---------- ? Ans: Eye spot.
58. The special olfactory organ seen in the mouth of snake ? Ans: Jacobson's organ.
59. How is the lateral lines important to the shark ?
The receptors in the lateral lines help to detect the change in the balance the
body.
 3. CHEMICAL MESSAGES FOR HOMEOSTASIS

CONTENT
• Human Endocrine glands, Hormones and their functions.
• Hormones and homeostasis.
• Hormone related disorders.
• Pheromones
• Plant hormones and functions (Auxins, Cytokinins, Gibberellins, Ethylene, Abscicic acid)
• Applications of synthetic plant hormones.

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. How is homeostasis maintained?
Homeostasis is maintained by the complementary activities of both quick neural system and slow
hormonal system.
2. The chemical substances, secreted by the endocrine glands ?
Hormones.
3. Hormone secreting endocrine glands are also known as 'ductless glands'. Why ?
The hormones secreted by these glands are discharged directly in to blood, not through particular ducts.

4. Though hormones reach all parts of the body, each hormone act at its own target tissues. How is this possible?
Though hormones reach all parts of the body through the blood stream, each hormone act only in its
target tissue, having specific receptors for accepting the same hormone. When hormone-receptor complex
is formed in the plasma membrane, the enzymes in the cells become active.

5. The table and illustration showing the endocrine glands, site and producing hormones.

Endocrine glands Producing hormones

'Hypothalamus' Releasing hormones.
Inhibitory hormones,
Oxytosin, Vasopressin(ADH)
Pituitary Stimulating hormones
* Tropic hormones - TSH, ACTH, GTH,
* STH(Growth hormone), Pineal Pituitary
* Prolactin
Parathyroid Thyroid
Pineal Melatonin.
Thyroid Thyroxine, Calcitonin. Thymus
Parathyroid Parathormone.
Thymus Thymosine. Adrenal
Pancreas
Adrenal Cortisol, Aldosteron,
Sex hormones,
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine. Ovaries

Pancreas Insulin, Glucagon.

Testes
Ovaries Oestrogen, Progesterone.
Testes Testosterone.

6. The hormones which maintain the normal rate of glucose in our blood ?
Insulin, Glucagon.
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7. What is the normal level of glucose in blood? How is it maintained?
70 – 110 mg /100 ml blood.
This rate is maintained by the antagonistic activities of insulin and glucagone , released from Islets of
Langerhans of the pancreas.
When glucose increases in blood, beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans secretes insulin. It accelerates the
process of glucose intake by the cells and conversion of the excess glucose in to glycogen.
When glucose decreases in blood, alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans secretes glucagon, which converts
glycogen and amino acids in to glucose.

8. Islets of Langerhans : Alpha cells : Glucagon ;

Islets of Langerhans : Beta cells : …..............?
Insulin..
9. What is Diabetes mellitus (പേമഹം) ?
The condition when the level of glucose is above 126mg/100ml of blood.
Reason : Decreased production of insulin or inability of cells to utilize insulin.
Symptoms: Increased appetite and thirst and frequent urination.
10. Patients having diabetes mellitus usually takes insulin injection. Why ?
Insulin maintains the normal rate of glucose in our blood.
11. The test to detect the presence of glucose in urine ?
Benedict test.
[ Take 2ml of urine and add the same quantity of Benedict solution to it. Heat for 2 minutes and observe
the colour change. Orange and red colours indicate high presence of glucose, green and yellow indicate
moderate amount, while blue indicates no trace of glucose]
12. Name the endocrine glands A and B shown in the figure.

A- Thyroid gland, B- Parathyroid gland.

13. The chief metabolic hormone ? Mention its role.

Thyroxine.
- Increases energy production.
- Raises the rate of metabolism.
- Accelerates the growth and development of brain in the foetal stage and during infancy.
- Regulates physical growth in children.
14. The element needed for the proper functioning of thyroid gland ?
Iodine. (Deficiency of iodine may cause a disorder, Goitre)
15. The decreased production of thyroxine hormone in foetal stage or infancy may cause ---------, in which
stunted physical-mental growth.
Cretinism.
16. Prolonged deficiency of thyroxine in adults leads -------, in which sluggishness, increased body weight
and inflammation in body tissues.
Myxoedema.
17. Under secretion of thyroxine : Hypothyroidism,
Over secretion of thyroxine : …............................... ?
Hyperthyroidism.
18. Symptoms of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism
Low metabolic rate, Sluggishness, Increase High metabolic rate, Rise in body temperature, Frequent
in body weight, Hypertension, sweating, Increased heartbeat, Loss of weight,
Inflammation in body tissues(oedema) Emotional imbalance.
Rasheed Odakkal, 9846626323, GVHSS Kondotty

19. The hormones which maintain the normal rate of calcium in our blood ?
Calcitonin of thyroid gland, Parathormone of parathyroid gland.
20. What is the normal level of calcium in blood? How is it maintained?
9-11 mg /100 ml blood.
When the level of calcium in blood increases, thyroid gland secretes calcitonin, which lowers the level of
calcium in blood, by depositing excess calcium in bones or by preventing the mixing of calcium with
blood (from the bones).
When the level of calcium decreases in blood, parathyroid gland secretes parathormone, which increases
the level of calcium by helping in its re-absorption from kidneys or by preventing the deposition of calcium
in bones.
21.The endocrine gland that active during infancy ? Name its hormone ?
Thymus gland (situated below the sternum / chest bone). Secretes the hormone 'thymosin'.
22. Thymosin is also known as the 'youth hormone'. Why ?
During infancy, thymosin helps in the maturation and activities of lymphocytes and hence it is also known as
the 'youth hormone'.
23. Table which shows the functions of hormones of adrenal cortex and medulla.
Adrenal - Cortisol- Synthesis of glucose from proteins and fat, slows down the action of defense
Cortex cells and controls inflammation and allergy.
- Aldosterone – Maintains the salt-water balance and also blood pressure.
- Sex hormones – Controls development and functioning of sex organs.
Adrenal -Epinephrine (Adrenalin) Act along with the sympathetic nervous system in to
Medulla -Norepinephrine (Noradrenalin) prepare order the to overcome emergencies.

24. Name the hormone that can be used as medicine against allergy and inflammation. Is it advisable to diabetic
patients ? Why ?
Cortisol of the adrenal gland.
Since cortisol increases the synthesis of glucose, it is not advisable to diabetic patients.

25. How is epinephrine or norepinephrine prepare our body to overcome emergencies ?

When the sympathetic nervous system gets stimulated, the action of epinephrine or norepinephrine prolongs
the body activities for more time. Due to these activities we get energy to resist or withdraw ourselves from
such situations.

26. Why does the pineal gland, seen in the centre of our brain, called as a 'biological clock' ?
Melatonin, the hormone of pineal gland, helps to maintain rhythm of our daily activities like awakening,
asleep or definite reproductive periods. So the pineal gland is called as a 'biological clock'.

27. Name the bi-lobed gland situated just below the hypothalamus.
Pituitary.
28. What are the hormones produced by the hypothalamus ?
Releasing hormones : It stimulate the anterior lobe of the pituitary to secrete
tropic hormones and other hormones.
Inhibitory hormones : It inhibit the production of hormones from the pituitary.
Oxytocin and Vasopressin (ADH) : These are stored in the posterior lobe of pituitary.

29. Name the hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary. Mention their functions too.
• Tropic hormones.
- TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)- Stimulates the activity of thyroid gland.
- ACTH (Adreno cortico tropic hormone)- Stimulates the activity of adrenal cortex.
- GTH (Gonado tropic hormone)- Stimulates the activity of sex organs.
• STH (Somatotropic hormon /GH -Growth hormone)- Promotes the growth of the body.
• Prolactin – Production of milk.
30. Hormones which are stored in the posterior lobe of pituitary ? Their functions ?
• Oxytocin - Facilitates child birth by stimulating the contraction of smooth muscles in the uterine wall.
- Facilitates lactation .
• Vasopressin - Helps in the re-absorption of water in the kidneys and thus act as Anti Diuretic hormone
(ADH).
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31. How can hypothalamus control the entire endocrine system ?
Pituitary controls certain important glands through its various Tropic hormones, which are secreted under
the influence of a variety of Releasing and Inhibitory hormones of the hypothalamus.
Releasing hormones stimulate the anterior lobe of the pituitary to secrete tropic hormones and other
hormones while the Inhibitory hormones inhibits the production of hormones from the pituitary.

32. Name the growth disorders related to the growth hormone (somatotropin / STH) of the pituitary.
Dwarfism - The condition characterised by stunted physical growth due to decreased production.
Gigantism – Excessive growth of the body due to increased production of Somato Tropic Hormone.
Acromegaly – Excessive growth of the bones on face, jaws and fingers due to the prolonged production
of STH even after the growth phase.
33. Mention the symptoms of acromegaly.
Excessive physical growth with excessive growth of the bones on face, jaws and fingers.

34. Describe about the reason for decreased production of urine during summer season.
During summer season, the production of vasopressin(ADH) increases and there fore re-absorption of water
in the kidneys increases, to lower the quantity of urine.

35. The condition in which excess amount of urine is excreted, even in summer season, due to the insufficient
production of vasopressin, is known as ---------- ?
Diabetes insipidus .
36. Insulin : Diabetes mellitus : Glucose,
Vasopressin : --------?-------- : water.
Diabetes insipidus.

37. Table showing sex organs, hormones and their functions.?

Sex organs Hormones Functions

Testis Testosterone Growth of sex organs, sperm production, secondary sexual characters
such as change in voice, growth of hair etc.
Oestrogen Growth of sex organs, ovum production, ovulation, menstrual cycle.
Ovaries
Progesterone Ovulation, menstrual cycle, implantation of embryo in the uterus.
Rasheed Odakkal, 9846626323, GVHSS Kondotty
38. Hormonal disorders.

Goitre Abnormal growth of thyroid lobes [bulged throat] due to iodine deficiency.
Cretinism Retarded physical – mental growth in children, due to hypothyroidism during early
period of growth.
Myxoedema Inflamed condition of body in adult due to deficiency of thyroxine.
Dwarfism Stunted growth of bones due to under secretion of somatotropin in children.
Gigantism Growing tall and heavy due to over secretion of somatotropin in children.
Acromegaly Excessive growth of the bones on face, jaws and fingers due to the prolonged
production of somatotropin even after the growth phase.
Diabetes mellitus The condition of excessive loss of glucose through urine due to deficiency or
inactivity of insulin.
Diabetes The condition of excessive loss of water through urine due to deficiency of
insipidus vasopressin /ADH.

39. Define pheromones. How is it useful to animals ?

Pheromones are chemical substances that are secreted in trace amount to the surrounding in order to
facilitate communication among organism.
 Pheromones help in attracting mates, informing about food, determining the path of travel, informing
about dangers, help honey bees and termites to live in colonies etc.
[Artificial pheromones are used for controlling pest in agricultural field.]
40. Give examples of pheromones
The musk in the musk deer,
The civeton in civet cat ,
Bombycol in female silkworm .
41. Ants can follow one after another during their trail. How is this possible ?
Because of the chemicals, pheromones, that released to their surroundings.

42. How the life activities are controlled and coordinated in plants ?
Certain plant hormones (plant growth regulators) control and coordinate life activities in plants.

43. Table showing the natural plant hormones and their activities.
Plant hormones Activities
Auxin Cell growth, cell elongation, growth of terminal bud, fruit formation etc.
Cytokinin Cell division, cell growth, cell differentiation etc.
Gibberellins Stimulates breakdown of stored food in the seed to facilitate germination,
sprouting of leaves etc.
Ethylene Ripening of leaves and fruits.
[Excess amount causes dropping of leaves or fruits]
Abscisic acid Dormancy of embryo in the seeds, dropping of ripened leaves and fruits.

44. Name the plant hormone in gaseous form.

Ethylene.
45. The utility of artificial or synthetic plant hormones.

Auxines - Used to prevent dropping of premature fruits,

- For the sprouting of roots
- As weedicide.
Gibberellins -For increasing fruit size,
- For preventing early ripening of fruits.
Abscisic acid - Used for harvesting fruits at the same time.
Ethylene - For flowering or ripening plants at the same time.
Ethyphon - Increased the production of latex in rubber plantation.

46. Give examples of situations where artificial plant hormones are applied .
Ethylene is used for the flowering of pineapple plants at a time and for the ripening of tomato, lemon,
orange etc.
Ethyphon, in liquid form gets transformed into ethylene, increases the production of latex.
Gibberellins are used for increasing fruit size in grapes and apple and also for preventing ripening of
frutis to assist in marketing.
47. ------- is a liquid that gets transformed in to ethylene, when used in rubber, to produce more latex.
Ethyphon.
48. Though artificial plant hormones are useful, its application should be with utmost care. What is your
opinion ?
True. Majority of the synthetic plant hormones are strong chemicals.

Rasheed Odakkal, 9846626323, GVHSS Kondotty

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 4. KEEPING DISEASES AWAY
CONTENT
* Communicable diseases, Pathogens, mode of spread and symptoms.
* Genetic diseases – Haemophilia, Sickle cell anaemia.
* Cancer.
* Life style diseases.
* Consequences of smoking.
* Diseases affecting domestic animals.
* Plant diseases.

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. Define communicable (contagious) diseases.
Communicable diseases are diseases caused by the invasion of pathogens and are transmitted from person to
person.
2. Give examples to the micro organisms that cause diseases. How are they transmitted?
A few virus, bacteria, fungus and protozoa are examples for pathogens.
They can be transmitted through air, contaminated food, water, contact, vectors like mosquitoes, houseflies
or rats, unsterilized equipments, cloths etc.
3. Suggest a few measures to avoid health issues.
Ensure environmental hygiene and personal cleanliness, take preventive medicines like vaccines, avoid
circumstances leading to the multiplication of vectors like mosquitoes, house flies and rats, use boiled and
cooled water to drink, chlorination of drinking water etc.
4. How is certain microorganisms cause diseases ?
*Viruses - By undertaking the genetic control of the host cell , multiply and thus destroy the cell.
* Bacteria – They multiply through cell division and the toxins released by metabolism kill or disrupt the
living cells.
* Fungi – The toxins produced by them cause diseases.
5. List out a few bacterial diseases. How are these transmitted ?
Ratfever (leptospirosis) – Through wounds.
Tuberculosis – Through air.
Diphtheria - Through air (coughs or sneeze) or directly.
6. Name the bacteria which causes ratfever. How it spread ?
Leptospira.
It comes out through the urine of rats, dogs or other animals and reches human body through
wounds, from stagnant water and moisture. Leptospira multiplies and produce certain toxins,
which damages blood capillaries.
7. Symptoms of ratfever ?
Severe fever, headache, muscle pain, redness in eyes etc. due to internal bleeding.
8. Name the bacteria which causes diphtheria. How it spread ?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
It spreads through coughs or sneeze and sometimes directly. The toxins produced by this bacteria affects the
mucus membrane of the nose and throat.
9. Symptoms of diphtheria ?
Fever, throat pain and inflammation in the lymph glands of the throat.
Mucus membrane becomes an ash coloured thick coating in the throat. Gradually brain, heart and kidneys
are affected.
10. An air borne bacterial disease that affects mainly the lungs ? Name the pathogen.
Tuberculosis. Pathogen is Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
11. Common symptoms of tuberculosis ?
Loss of body weight, fatigue and persistent cough.
12. The vaccine, ----------, is used against tuberculosis.
BCG vaccine. Rasheed Odakkal, 9846626323, GVHSS Kondotty
13. List out a few viral diseases. How are these transmitted ?
Nipah - Through saliva or urine of bats and also through affected pigs.
AIDS – Through receiving blood or organs, sexual contact, sharing needle and syringe etc.
Hepatitis – Through contaminated food and water, blood components and excreta of the patient.
14. A simple structure with a protein coat around a DNA or RNA, is called a -------- ?
Virus.
15. What are the ways through which nipah virus transmitted ?
Nipah virus, seen in the saliva or urine of fruit eating bats may directly enter to human
being by eating such remains of fruits. This virus also possible to enter our body through
the secondary vector, pigs.
16. Define AIDS ?
AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) is a condition of a gradual decrease of immunity by the
destruction of lymphocytes by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).
Any pathogen can act in such condition, is a dreadful situation.
17. What are the ways by which HIV spreads ?
• Through receiving blood or organs.
• By sharing needle and syringe used by HIV affected persons.
• Through unprotected sexual contact. HIV
• From HIV infected mother to her foetus.
18. What are the precautions that can be taken against the infection of HIV ?
- Conduct HIV test before receiving blood from a donor.
- Do not share needle and syringe already used by others.
- Have safety in sexual relationship.
19. How is hepatitis spread ? Symptoms of this disease ?
Hepatitis can be spread through contaminated food and water, blood components and excreta
of the patient.
Symptoms :- Liver inflammation, dark yellowish colour to the mucus membrane, eyes or nails
due to the presence of thepigment, bilirubin, in the blood when the flow of bile is blocked.
20. Give examples for viral diseases spread by the mosquitoes.
Dengue fever and Chikungunya.

21. Table showing fungal diseases, symptoms and mode of infection.

Fungal diseases Symptoms Mode of infection

* Ringworm - Round, red blisters on the skin - through contact
* Athletes' foot - Reddish scaly rashes that cause itching on - through contact with
the sole of the foot and between the toes contaminated water and soil
22. The organisms that cause malaria ?
The protozon, 'plasmodium'.
23. The worms that cause filariasis ? Rasheed Odakkal, 9846626323, GVHSS Kondotty
Filarial worms.
24. Comparison of mosquito spreading diseases , Malaria and Filariasis.

Malaria Filariasis
Pathogen Protozoa (plasmodium) Filarial worms
Vector Anopheles mosqitoes Culex mosquitoes
Symptoms of High fever with shivering, Swelling in the lymph ducts in legs by the obstruction
disease profuse sweating, headache... in the flow of lymph.

25. Give examples for non pathogenic or non communicable diseases.

Lyfestyle diseases – Cancer, Diabetics, Stroke, Fatty liver, Hypertension.
Genetic diseases – Haemophilia, Sickle cell anaemia.
Deficiency diseases – Anaemia, Goitre, Marasmus, Kwashiorker.
Occupational diseases- Silicosis, Asbestosis, Pneumoconiasis.
26. A few communicable diseases which can be affected to human beings.

Disease Causative Mode of spread Symptoms Control measures

Rat fever Bacteria Through wounds. Severe fever, headache, muscle Rat control …
[Leptospira] pain, redness in eyes, internal Environmental
bleeding. hygiene
Diphtheria Bacteria Through coughs, Fever, throat pain, inflammation in DPT vaccination
[Coryne sneeze or directly. the lymph glands of the throat,
bacterium mucus membrane becomes an ash
diphtheriae] coloured thick coating in the throat
Tuberculo Bacteria Through air Loss of body weight, fatigue and BCG vaccination
sis [Mycobacterium persistent cough.
tuberculosis]
Nipah Nipah virus Through fruits Severe fever, Avoid fruit remains
with saliva or eaten by bats.
urine of bats
AIDS HIV [Human Through blood, Gradual decrease of immunity. Blood test, single
Immunodeficien needle, sexual syringe, safety in
cy Virus] contact etc. sexual contact
Hepatitis Virus Through contamin Liver inflammation, dark yellowish Personal hygiene
ated food and colour to the mucus membrane,
water, blood comp eyes or nails
onents and excreta
Ringworm Fungus Through contact Round, red blisters on the skin
Personal cleanliness
Athletes' Fungus Through contact Reddish scaly rashes that cause
foot of soil or water itching on the sole of the foot and
between the toes
Malaria Protozoa By anopheles High fever with shivering, profuse
[Plasmodium] mosquitoes sweating, headache...
Filariasis Filarial worms Through culex Swelling in the lymph ducts in legs by Mosquito control
mosquitoes the obstruction in the flow of lymph.

27. Differentiate between anaemia and sickle cell anaemia.

* Anaemia is a condition characterized by tiredness or weakness of the body and decreased oxygen transport
due to the deficiency of iron.
* Due to the defect of genes, deformities occur in the sequencing of amino acids of haemoglobin, and RBCs
become sickle shaped. As a result, oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells decreases. Such patients
will be anaemic and weaken.
28. What is haemophilia ? Rasheed Odakkal, 9846626323, GVHSS Kondotty
Excessive bleeding even from small wounds as blood does not clot, due to defective synthesis of
one of the proteins that enables blood coagulation.
29. Comparison between haemophilia and sickle cell anaemia.
Haemophilia Sickle cell anaemia

Due to defect of genes, defective Due to the defect of genes, deformities occur in
Cause synthesis of one of the proteins that the sequencing of amino acids of haemoglobin,
enables blood coagulation. and RBCs become sickle shaped.
Symptoms Excessive bleeding even from small Oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells
wounds as blood does not clot decreases. Such patients will be anaemic and
weaken.

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 30. What does the figure indicate ? RBC
Sickle cell anaemia.

31. What is cancer ? What are the circumstances that lead to cancer ?
Cancer is the condition by which uncontrolled division of cells and their spread to other tissues occur.
Environmental factors, smoking, radiations, viruses, hereditary factors and alterations in genetic material
may lead to the transformation of normal cells in to cancer cells.
32. How is smoking injurious to our health ?
Smokers and tobacco users are not only subjected to cancer but also affected diseases to brain, lungs and
heart. The defects include stroke, addiction to nicotine, bronchitis, emphysema, hypertension, loss of
elasticity of arteries and decreased functioning of heart.
33. Prepare slogans against the habit of smoking.
• Quit smoking, it kill you ...
• Abandon the habit of smoking to prevent cancer.
34. Identify certain means of cancer treatment.
Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy etc.
35. ' Life style diseases are caused by our unhealthy living style'. Substantiate.
The changes in food habits (synthetic food items, fast food etc) lack of physical exercise, mental stress,
bad habits like consumption of alcohol, drug abuse or smoking etc. may result life style diseases.

Life style diseases Causes

a Diabetes Deficiency or malfunction of insulin
b Fatty liver Deposition of excess fat in the liver
c Stroke Rupture of blood vessels or block of blood flow in brain
d Hypertension Thickening of artery wall by fat deposition
e Heart attack Block of blood flow due to fat deposition in the coronary arteries

36. The life style habits that can be adopted to prevent from heart diseases ?
• Avoid the use of fatty and salty food.
• Control diabetes and hypertension.
• Take measures to reduce mental stress.
• Abandon the habits of smoking and alcohol consumption.
• Proper exercise.
37. “Both diabetes and hypertension are silent killers”. Why ?
Diabetes and hypertension increase the risk of stroke, heart diseases or damage to kidneys. Hence
these diseases are known as the 'silent killers'.

38. Table of diseases affect the domestic animals with category of pathogens and symptoms of diseases.

Foot and Virus High fever, blisters in mouth and feet, loss of weight.
mouth disease
Anthrax Bacteria Sudden fever, diarrhoea, mouth sore,
Inflammation Bacteria Swelling of udder, decreases milk production.
of udder

39. List out diseases that are common in plants. Name the category of pathogen of each.

Blight disease of paddy, Wilt disease of brinjal -Bacteria

Mosaic disease in peas and tapioca, Bunchy top of banana - Virus
Quick wilt in pepper, Bud rot of coconut - Fungus
Rasheed Odakkal, 9846626323, GVHSS Kondotty
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