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ORGANIZATIONAL
Contents
part one Introduction 2
1 Introduction to the Field of Organizational Behavior 2
Indexes 341
vii
Contents
part one Introduction 2
viii
ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT 91
Consequences of Affective and
Continuance Commitment 91
Building Organizational Commitment 92
WORK-RELATED STRESS AND ITS
MANAGEMENT 93
General Adaptation Syndrome 93
Consequences of Distress 94
Stressors: The Causes of Stress 94
Individual Differences in Stress 96
Managing Work-Related Stress 96
CONTENTS ix
JOB DESIGN 124 IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS AND EVALUATING DECISIONS 146
Job Design and Work Efficiency 124 OPPORTUNITIES 139 Escalation of Commitment 147
Scientific Management 125 Problems with Problem Identification 140 Evaluating Decision Outcomes More
Problems with Job Specialization 126 Identifying Problems and Opportunities Effectively 148
Job Design and Work Motivation 126 More Effectively 141
CREATIVITY 148
Job Design Practices That SEARCHING FOR, EVALUATING, AND The Creative Process 148
Motivate 128 CHOOSING ALTERNATIVES 141
Characteristics of Creative People 149
Problems with Goals 141 Organizational Conditions Supporting
6 Decision Making and Problems with Information Creativity 151
Creativity 136 Processing 141 Activities That Encourage
Problems with Maximization 143 Creativity 151
RATIONAL CHOICE DECISION
MAKING 137 Selecting Opportunities 144 EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT IN
Emotions and Making Choices 144 DECISION MAKING 152
Rational Choice Decision-Making
Process 139 Intuition and Making Choices 145 Benefits of Employee Involvement 153
Problems with Rational Choice Decision Making Choices More Effectively 145 Contingencies of Employee
Making 139 IMPLEMENTING DECISIONS 146 Involvement 153
x CONTENTS
COMMUNICATING THROUGH THE 10 Conflict and Negotiation
GRAPEVINE 204
in the Workplace 232
Grapevine Characteristics 204
THE MEANING AND CONSEQUENCES
Grapevine Benefits and
OF CONFLICT 233
Limitations 204
Is Conflict Good or Bad? 233
9 Power and Influence in THE EMERGING VIEW: TASK AND
RELATIONSHIP CONFLICT 235
the Workplace 210
Task Conflict 235
THE MEANING OF POWER 211 Relationship Conflict 235
SOURCES OF POWER IN Separating Task from Relationship
ORGANIZATIONS 212 Conflict 235
Legitimate Power 213 CONFLICT PROCESS MODEL 236
Reward Power 214 ©EllisDon Corporation
STRUCTURAL SOURCES OF CONFLICT
Coercive Power 214 IN ORGANIZATIONS 237
Expert Power 214 Incompatible Goals 237 TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP
Referent Power 215 Differentiation 237 PERSPECTIVE 258
CONTINGENCIES OF POWER 215 Interdependence 238 Develop and Communicate a Strategic
Scarce Resources 238 Vision 259
Substitutability 215
Ambiguous Rules 238 Model the Vision 260
Centrality 216
Communication Problems 238 Encourage Experimentation 260
Visibility 216
Build Commitment toward the
Discretion 216 INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT-
Vision 261
THE POWER OF SOCIAL HANDLING STYLES 239
Transformational Leadership and
NETWORKS 216 Choosing the Best Conflict-Handling
Charisma 261
Social Capital and Sources of Style 240
Evaluating the Transformational
Power 217 Cultural and Gender Differences in
Leadership Perspective 261
Gaining Power through Social Conflict-Handling Styles 242
MANAGERIAL LEADERSHIP
Networks 218 STRUCTURAL APPROACHES TO
PERSPECTIVE 262
CONSEQUENCES OF POWER 220 CONFLICT MANAGEMENT 242
Interdependence of Managerial and
Emphasizing Superordinate Goals 242
INFLUENCING OTHERS 221 Transformational Leadership 262
Reducing Differentiation 243
Types of Influence Tactics 221 Task-Oriented and People-Oriented
Improving Communication and Mutual
Consequences and Contingencies of Leadership 263
Understanding 243
Influence Tactics 224 Servant Leadership 263
Reducing Interdependence 244
ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICS 226 Increasing Resources 244
PATH–GOAL AND LEADERSHIP
Minimizing Organizational SUBSTITUTES THEORIES 264
Clarifying Rules and Procedures 244
Politics 226 Path–Goal Leadership Theory 264
THIRD-PARTY CONFLICT
RESOLUTION 245 Leadership Substitutes Theory 266
CONTENTS xi
part four Organizational Processes 278
xii CONTENTS
What’s New
in the Fourth Edition
M: Organizational Behavior, Fourth Edition, has been significantly Chapter 4: Workplace Emotions, Attitudes,
revised, guided by useful feedback from reviewers and our active and Stress
monitoring of evidence-based literature. All chapters have new
examples and either new or revised factoids; most chapters have This edition significantly revises and updates discussion on four key
new conceptual content or literature foundation. The most workplace stressors, with new writing about organizational
substantial changes have occurred in Chapter 1 (introduction to OB), constraints and interpersonal conflict as stressors. In addition, there
Chapter 4 (workplace emotions, attitudes, and stress), Chapter 6 is new content on attitude–behavior contingencies.
(decision making and creativity), Chapter 8 (communication), and
Chapter 10 (conflict and negotiation). The authors personally
researched, selected, and wrote all of this content, thereby Chapter 5: Employee Motivation
providing superior integration of knowledge and ensuring that the
New to this edition is the topic of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation,
examples are relevant and recent. Here are the key changes we’ve
as well as the question of whether introducing extrinsic sources of
made to this fourth edition, broken out by chapter:
motivation reduces intrinsic motivation. We also have reorganized
and refined the writing on drives and needs, Maslow’s needs
hierarchy, and four-drive theory. The previous edition introduced
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Field of the social and information processing characteristics of jobs. This
Organizational Behavior edition further refines that emerging topic.
Technological change has been added in the section on
contemporary developments facing organizations. The section on
perspectives of organizational effectiveness has been streamlined. Chapter 6: Decision Making and Creativity
Most topics have updated content, particularly the text on the four This chapter has been substantially revised and updated in several
contemporary developments, why study OB, and several aspects of ways. Design thinking now receives more attention as a concept
organizational effectiveness. and practice to improve workplace creativity. The topic of problems
with information processing when choosing alternatives also has
been substantially updated. Additional updates have been made to
Chapter 2: Individual Behavior, Personality, solution-focused problems, problems with goals, implicit favorite
and Values bias, and satisficing (problems with maximization).
xiii
discusses four key factors (synchronicity, social presence, social Chapter 11: Leadership in Organizational
acceptance, and media richness) as well as associated
Settings
contingencies to consider when choosing a communication
channel. This edition continues to shift the focus toward various This chapter, substantially revised in the previous edition, includes
forms of digital communication (less focus on email alone). Another updates on the topics of transformational leadership, comparing
noticeable change is the updated discussion on the characteristics transformational with managerial leadership, and evaluating
and benefits of enterprise social media. path–goal theory.
xiv
Organizational
Behavior
PART 1 1 Introduction to the Field of
Organizational Behavior
©Robert Kneschke/Shutterstock
Learning Objectives After you read this chapter, you should be able to:
LO1-1 Define organizational behavior and LO1-2 Debate the organizational LO1-3 Discuss the anchors on which
organizations, and discuss the importance opportunities and challenges of organizational behavior knowledge is
of this field of inquiry. technological change, globalization, based.
emerging employment relationships, and LO1-4 Compare and contrast the four
workforce diversity. perspectives of organizational
effectiveness.
2
organizational behavior
(OB) the study of what
A
people think, feel, and do in
pple and Amazon are the two most admired compa- self-concept, attitudes, etc.) to
and around organizations
the complex interplay between
nies in the world, according to Fortune magazine’s
the organization’s structure organizations groups
annual list. Yet neither of these firms was on any- and culture and its external of people who work
one’s radar screen two decades ago. Apple was on life support in the environment. Along this jour- interdependently toward
ney, we emphasize why things some purpose
late 1990s, barely clinging to a few percentage points of market happen and what you can do
share in the computer industry. Amazon started selling books online to predict and guide organiza-
tional events.
in 1995, a few months after its founder, Jeff Bezos, took a course
We begin this chapter by introducing you to the field of or-
from the American Booksellers Association on how to start a ganizational behavior and why it is important to your career
bookstore!1 and to organizations. This is followed by an overview of four
major societal developments facing organizations: technologi-
cal change, globalization, emerging employment relationships,
and increasing workforce diversity. We then describe four an-
The dramatic growth of Apple and Amazon illustrates the many chors that guide the development of organizational behavior
workplace activities that contribute to success in today’s turbu- knowledge. The latter part of this chapter describes the “ulti-
lent economic environment. In every sector of the economy, or- mate dependent variable” in organizational behavior by pre-
ganizations need skilled and motivated people who can realize senting the four main perspectives of organizational
their potential, work in teams, and maintain a healthy lifestyle. effectiveness. The chapter closes with an integrative model of
They need leaders with foresight and vision, who support inno- organizational behavior, which serves as a road map to guide
vative work practices and make decisions that consider the in- you through the topics in this book.
terests of multiple stakeholders. In other words, the best
companies succeed through the concepts and practices that we
discuss in this organizational behavior book.
Our purpose is to help you understand what goes on in orga- LO1-1 Define organizational behavior and organizations,
nizations. We examine the factors that make companies effec- and discuss the importance of this field of inquiry.
tive, improve employee well-being, and drive successful
collaboration among co-workers. We look at organizations from
numerous and diverse perspectives, from the deepest founda-
tions of employee thoughts and behavior (personality,
THE FIELD OF
The World’s Most ORGANIZATIONAL
Admired
The World’s Companies
Most Admired Companies2
BEHAVIOR
Organizational behavior (OB) is the study of what people
9b 1
think, feel, and do in and around organizations. It looks at
employee behavior, decisions, perceptions, and emotional re-
Microsoft (tied)
Apple
sponses. It examines how individuals and teams in organiza-
9a 2 tions relate to each other and to their counterparts in other
Amazon.com
Facebook (tied) organizations. OB also encompasses the study of how organi-
zations interact with their external environments, particularly
in the context of employee behavior and decisions. OB re-
8 3 searchers systematically study these topics at multiple levels of
Starbucks
Southwest Airlines analysis, namely, the individual, team (including interper-
sonal), and organization.3
The definition of organizational behavior begs the question:
7 4 What are organizations? Organizations are groups of people who
Berkshire Hathaway
General Electric work interdependently toward some purpose.4 Notice that organi-
zations are not buildings or government-registered entities. In
6 5 fact, many organizations exist with neither physical walls nor gov-
Disney
Alphabet (Google) ernment documentation to confer their legal status. Organizations
have existed for as long as people have worked together. Massive
temples dating back to 3500 bc were constructed through the
people without direction or unifying force. So, whether they are leadership, and the Chinese philosopher Confucius (500 bc)
designing and marketing the latest communication technology extolled the virtues of ethics and leadership. Economist Adam
at Apple or selling almost anything on the Internet at Amazon, Smith (late 1700s) discussed the benefits of job specialization
people working in organizations do have some sense of collec- and division of labor. German sociologist Max Weber (early
tive purpose. 1900s) wrote about rational organizations, the work ethic, and
charismatic leadership. Around the same time, industrial engi-
neer Frederick Winslow Taylor proposed systematic ways to or-
Historical Foundations of ganize work processes and motivate employees through goal
Organizational Behavior setting and rewards.9
Organizational behavior emerged as a distinct field sometime Political scientist Mary Parker Follett (1920s) offered new
around the early 1940s.8 During that decade, a few researchers ways of thinking about constructive conflict, team dynamics,
began describing their research as organizational (rather than power, and leadership. Harvard professor Elton Mayo and his
sociological or psychological). And by the late 1940s, Harvard colleagues (1930s and 1940s) established the “human relations”
4 PART 1 | Introduction
school of management, which pioneered re- Comprehend and Predict Workplace Events
search on employee attitudes, formal team Everyone has an inherent drive to make sense of
dynamics, informal groups, and supervisor what is going on around him or her.12 This need is
leadership style. American executive and Harvard particularly strong in organizations because they
associate Chester Barnard (1930s) wrote insight- are highly complex and ambiguous contexts that
ful views regarding organizational communica- have a profound effect on our lives. The field of
tion, coordination, leadership and authority, organizational behavior uses scientific research to
organizations as open systems, and team dynam- discover systematic relationships, which give us a
ics.10 This brief historical tour indicates that OB valuable foundation for comprehending organiza-
has been around for a long time; it just wasn’t tional life.13 This knowledge satisfies our curiosity
organized into a unified discipline until around about why events occur and reduces our anxiety
World War II. about circumstances that would otherwise be unex-
pected and unexplained. Furthermore, OB knowl-
Why Study Organizational edge improves our ability to predict and anticipate
Behavior? future events so we can get along with others,
achieve our goals, and minimize unnecessary
In all likelihood, you are reading this book as
career risks.
part of a required course in organizational be-
havior. Apart from degree or diploma require-
ments, why should you learn the ideas and Adopt More Accurate Personal Theories A
practices discussed in this book? After all, who Frederick Winslow Taylor frequent misunderstanding is that OB is common
©Paul Fearn/Alamy Stock Photo
ever heard of a career path leading to a “vice sense. Of course, some OB knowledge is very simi-
president of OB” or a “chief OB officer”? Our lar to the theories you have developed through per-
answer to this question begins with survey findings that stu- sonal experience. But personal theories are usually not quite as
dents who have been in the workforce for some time typically precise as they need to be. Perhaps they explain and predict some
point to OB as one of their most valuable courses. Why? Be- situations, but not others. For example, one study found that
cause they have learned through experience that OB does make when liberal arts students and chief executive officers were asked
a difference to one’s career success.11 There are three main rea- to choose the preferred organizational structure in various situa-
sons why OB theories and practices are personally important tions, their commonsense answers were typically wrong because
to you (see Exhibit 1.1). they oversimplified well-known theory and evidence on that
topic.14 (We discuss organizational structures in
Chapter 12.) Throughout this book you also will
Exhibit 1.1 Importance of Organizational Behavior discover that OB research has debunked some
ideas that people thought were “common sense.”
Overall, we believe the OB knowledge you will
gain by reading this book will help you challenge
and refine your personal theories, and give you
Comprehend and more accurate and complete perspectives of
Influence
predict work events
organizational events organizational events.
• Work well with others • Satisfy curiosity
• Accomplish personal • Reduce anxiety
and organizational
• Predict future events Influence Organizational Events Proba-
goals bly the greatest value of OB knowledge is that
Why Study it helps us get things done in the workplace by
Organizational influencing organizational events.15 By defini-
Behavior? tion, organizations are people who work to-
gether to accomplish things, so we need a
toolkit of knowledge and skills to work suc-
cessfully with others. Studies consistently ob-
Adopt more accurate
serve that the most important knowledge and
personal theories
skills that employers desire in employees re-
• Confirm and refine personal
theories
late to the topics we discuss in this book, such
• Correct false common sense as building teams, motivating coworkers, han-
dling workplace conflicts, making decisions,
and changing employee behavior. No matter
what career path you choose, you’ll find that
Organizational Behavior Is
for Everyone Organizational
behavior is discussed by some
writers as a topic for managers.
Effective management does de-
pend on OB concepts and prac-
tices, but this book pioneered the
broader view that OB is valuable
for everyone who works in and
around organizations. Whether
you are a software engineer, cus-
tomer service representative, for-
eign exchange analyst, or chief Probably the greatest value of OB knowledge is that it helps us get things done in the workplace
executive officer, you need to by influencing organizational events.
understand and apply the many ©ColorBlind Images/Blend Images LLC
organizational behavior topics
that are discussed in this book. In fact, OB knowledge is probably
more valuable than ever before because employees increas- LO1-2 Debate the organizational opportunities and
ingly need to be proactive, self-motivated, and able to work challenges of technological change, globalization, emerging
effectively with coworkers without management intervention. employment relationships, and workforce diversity.
In the words of one forward-thinking OB writer more than four
decades ago: Everyone is a manager.16
6 PART 1 | Introduction
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otros tiempos había dado de sí todo lo que podía. No debía esperarse
nada de ella, nada, ni energías, ni gloria, ni trabajo, ni regeneración
¿Se había hecho algo por conseguirlo después de la catástrofe? Nada
todo seguía igual, es decir, peor. La política, campo de ambiciones y
envidias; el arte, convertido en comercio; la industria, viviendo de viles
imitaciones; la aristocracia, anémica; el pueblo, inculto; la clase media
postrándose a los pies del becerro de oro, subyugada por el lujo, por la
ostentación y la apariencia, la lucha diaria del quiero y no puedo; y
como consecuencia de todo esto, los negocios de mala fe, el agio en
todas su manifestaciones, el soborno, el chanchullo, las quiebras, las
deudas, las ruinas inesperadas... ¿Y todo por qué? Por esta atmósfera
de holgazanería que pesa sobre todos nosotros y nos impide alzar un
dedo para trabajar. ¡Ah, la holgazanería, la tremenda enfermedad
nacional, más espantosa y más terrible que todas las epidemias juntas
enfermedad crónica que todos padecemos, ricos y pobres, artistas y
burgueses!
Luis, arrellanado en el diván, le escuchaba sonriendo. Era delicioso y
entretenido este Boncamí. Él, impávido, seguía hablando, exaltándose
poco a poco sin darse cuenta.
—En todas las manifestaciones del arte y de la ciencia
marchábamos a la cola de los pueblos cultos. ¿Dónde estaban nuestros
hombres, dónde estaban nuestros genios? En poesía nadie había
llenado aún el vacío que dejaran Zorrilla y Campoamor. En el teatro, e
género chico acababa sin esfuerzos con los efectismos del grande. De
filosofía no hablemos, no había un solo filósofo. En música teníamos
que contentarnos con el talento sin inspiración de Bretón, y la
inspiración sin talento de Chapí. El único literato, Valera, no trabajaba
Palacio trabajaba poco. Galdós, el gran Galdós, el inmenso Galdós
fracasado en sus últimas novelas Nazarín, Halma y, sobre todo, en
Misericordia, había tenido que recurrir por cuarta vez a sus Episodios
nacionales. Solo en pintura marchábamos medianamente
medianamente nada más, porque si bien es cierto que en dibujo y
colorido había verdaderos maestros, carecían de ideas, y los pocos que
las tenían no sabían pintar. Era muy curioso lo que había sucedido con
la pintura. Toda ella giraba alrededor de tres o cuatro ideas
fundamentales. El Olimpo nos dio tema para millones de obras. E
cristianismo nos inundó de vírgenes y santos. Agotada la religión y la
mitología, los pintores buscaron sus asuntos en César Cantú. Efectistas
ante todo, no vimos por todas partes más que crímenes, asesinatos
batallas y demás barbaridades por el estilo. Hoy dicen que los asuntos
históricos están gastados, y ahí tiene usted a los pintores con los
pinceles secos sin saber qué hacer. Las luchas del socialismo han
abierto un pequeño campo, las del anarquismo vendrán también y
desaparecerán en seguida porque las tendencias en arte viven
únicamente lo que vive el inventor. Aquí, la mayoría se ha concretado a
emborracharse de color y de luz. ¿Y sabe usted por qué? Pues porque
nuestros pintores carecen de ideas, porque no piensan, porque creen
que para hacer una obra de arte basta con saber dibujo y colorido, con
copiar fielmente la naturaleza. Y no es eso, no, ¡canastos!; para crea
una obra de arte no basta con copiar la naturaleza, no basta mirarla
es necesario verla, sentirla y al trasladarla al lienzo darle un sello de
personalidad, algo de vida. Dios con ser Dios, cuando creó al hombre
le dio un pedazo de su propia alma. Una puesta de sol, una marina, un
campo de trigo que brilla como el oro a los ardientes rayos de un so
de julio, unos marineros cosiendo una vela, pueden ser cosas muy
bonitas, no cabe duda, pero que nada expresan. Es necesario más
algo más. Nuestro público ya no se contenta con sentir, necesita senti
y pensar; por eso no le gusta la música italiana, por eso no lee la
novela romántica, por eso no quiere el efectismo en el teatro, por eso
desprecia el impresionismo en la pintura. Ideas, faltan ideas, faltan
energías, falta vida, ya que la vida al fin y al cabo solo es una lucha de
fuerzas. Antes, para conquistar la gloria, bastaba con sacrificar un
corazón; hoy es necesario arrojar un cerebro... Sí, ya sé que estas
ideas no son las de usted; que usted cree precisamente todo lo
contrario. Usted funda el arte en la exageración de la sensibilidad, en
la sensación intensa que emociona y pasa; yo en la vida que queda
Usted quiere que triunfe el sentimiento, y yo que venza la razón. ¿Cuá
de los dos está en lo firme? Quizá los dos..., quizá ninguno.
Boncamí calló un momento. Mínguez le aprovechó para acercarse a
la mesa y saludarle.
—Siéntese usted —le dijo el pintor—; ¿por qué no ha venido usted
antes?
—Como los veía a ustedes tan..., tan animados, y no sabía de qué
trataban...
—Usted siempre tan correcto... Pues, nada, hablábamos de arte. Le
decía a este amigo mío, don Luis Gener, don Federico Mínguez —
exclamó presentándolos—, que nuestros pintores carecen de cultura y
de ideas y que por eso sus obras son tan malas. Sí, muy malas, muy
malas. —Y de nuevo se desató en tremendas diatribas contra los
pobres pintores—. «No hay nada nuevo, todo está gastado». Desde
Salomón acá, y yo creo que mucho antes, no se oye en el mundo otra
cosa: Todo es viejo, todo está gastado. ¡Mentira! el arte es
eternamente nuevo; nosotros somos los viejos, nuestros cerebros los
gastados. Sí, amigos míos, hay asuntos, sobran asuntos; lo que sucede
es que hay que buscarlos, que trabajar, que pensar, ¡qué demonio!, no
se va a encontrar un asunto a la vuelta de cada esquina. Yo lo que les
aconsejo a ustedes es que si algún día hacen algo, lo hagan grande, no
se empequeñezcan. Una pirámide vale tanto como una Venus. Y, sobre
todo, inspírense en la realidad, siempre en la realidad; la gran maestra
Dos medios hay de llegar a la cumbre: uno volando como el águila
otro arrastrándose como el gusano. Yo, ¡qué quieren ustedes!, elijo e
primero, porque, aun en el caso de no llegar, prefiero estrellarme
contra las rocas del camino, que morir aplastado por las patas de un
burro.
El sol se había retirado de las policromas vidrieras empañando los
mármoles, desluciendo los techos, amortiguando los dorados, haciendo
más negras las estatuas que, como esfinges mudas se erguían rígidas
e inmóviles bajos los macizos candelabros, fundiendo en un solo todos
los matices, mientras que allá en el fondo, en los saloncitos interiores
las luces eléctricas, encendidas ya, arrancaban tonos brillantes de los
capiteles y del artesonado.
—¿Trabaja usted mucho ahora? —preguntó Boncamí a Mínguez.
—Sí, bastante. Dentro de unos días me iré a Barcelona. Vamos a
empezar una activa campaña de propaganda por todo el litoral. —Y les
relató minuciosos detalles de lo que proyectaban, mítines, reuniones..
—. Hay que trabajar mucho, mucho...
—Tenga usted cuidado. A ver si le meten en la cárcel.
Mínguez se encogió de hombros.
¡Bah! ¡Qué más daba! Si le prendían a él, otros se encargarían de
proseguir la tarea. Es lo bueno que tienen las ideas cuando son justas
y grandes: aunque los hombres desaparezcan, ellas quedan siempre. Y
siguió relatando sus proyectos. Conforme iba hablando, la aversión que
en un principio sintiera Luis por él, se transformaba en simpatía. Aque
hombre era sincero, no cabía duda; le había calificado bien Boncam
cuando le llamó alma primitiva y espíritu sencillo. Creía muy
convencido en el triunfo de la santa causa y daba por bien empleados
cuantas persecuciones y atropellos sufría que no eran pocos.
—Ahí está Bedmar —interrumpió Boncamí señalando la puerta.
—¡Eh, Antoñito! —agregó Luis poniéndose de pie y llamándole.
Antoñito Bedmar se aproximó a la mesa tarda y pesadamente.
—¡Hola, muchachos! ¿cómo estáis? ¿Y Manolo?
—No ha venido. Cualquiera sabe dónde está ese.
—Lo siento, quería verle. Vengo rendido. Pedrosa y Cañete me han
llevado a Recoletos a ver las máscaras. ¡Qué barbaridad! ¡Cuánta
gente! Me he mareado. Traigo una sed abrasadora. Paco, una copa de
coñac.
Se sentó en una silla y con el codo apoyado en la mesa y la cara en
la mano se quedó mirando a la muchedumbre que como sombras
chinescas pasaba tras las ventanas de colores.
Poco después llegaron Cañete, Pedrosa y Paco Gaitán, un estudiante
de medicina, alumno interno del Hospital Provincial, muy ocurrente y
muy gracioso.
—Pero, hombre, ¿dónde te has metido? —le preguntaron a Bedma
—. Te hemos estado buscando por todo el paseo.
—Y hemos registrado todas las tabernas de los contornos.
—No sé; yo os perdí de vista en seguida.
—Pues no sabes tú lo hermoso que estaba aquello.
Y los tres, interrumpiéndose, objetándose, confirmándose y
contradiciéndose, relataron con colores vivos la fiesta del pueblo
Estaba el paseo muy hermoso, sí por cierto, hermosísimo. Ningún año
se había derrochado más confetti ni lanzado más serpentinas.
—Pues ¿y mujeres? Estoy seguro —decía Gaitán— que hoy no se ha
quedado una bonita en casa.
—Ni una —recalcaba Cañete.
—Es que no hay mujer que parezca fea con los dichosos papelillos
Hay que ver cómo les sientan esos colorines en el pelo.
—Y máscaras, ¿qué tal?
—Pocas; desde que se ha hecho costumbre arrojar confetti, es
sabido que disminuyen las máscaras. Es natural. Con la excusa de los
papelitos se toca y se soba y se tienta a las muchachas, lo cual hay
que convenir que es mucho más entretenido y mucho más agradable
Yo, por mi parte, puedo aseguraros que me he gastado cuatro pesetas
en ellos.
—Y yo tres.
—Y yo siete.
A pesar de su corrección, Mínguez no pudo ocultar un gesto de
desagrado. Luis lo notó y se echó a reír interiormente al comprender lo
que el otro estaba pensando: seguramente el número de panecillos
que se podrían comprar con el dinero gastado aquel día en los
redondelitos de papel.
—¡Qué quiere usted! —le dijo—; esta es la vida. Unos mucho y
otros nada.
—Sí, esta es la vida —contestó Mínguez sombríamente, y dejó cae
la cabeza sobre el pecho.
Bedmar, con la mejilla siempre apoyada en la mano y el codo en la
mesa, contemplaba en silencio su copa de coñac, indiferente a la
conversación. Boncamí se había llevado a Gaitán al extremo de la mesa
y le hablaba en voz baja. Gaitán le dio dos duros. Después, con igua
fortuna, repitió la suerte con Cañete y Pedrosa. Con Bedmar y Mínguez
no lo intentó siquiera. ¿Para qué? estaba seguro de que ninguno de los
dos tenía un cuarto.
—¿Y esa revista? —preguntó Luis a Cañete—, ¿cuándo se estrena?
—El martes. Mañana por la tarde es el ensayo general. Supongo que
no faltarás, ¿eh?
—De ningún modo.
Era completamente de noche. El café estaba casi vacío.
—¿Vámonos? —dijo Boncamí—. Hace demasiado calor. Me duele la
cabeza.
—Sí, vámonos, vámonos —contestaron todos levántandose, excepto
Bedmar, que continuó en la silla sin cambiar de postura.
En la puerta del café se detuvieron un instante. A lo lejos, al final de
la calle de Alcalá, avanzaban balanceándose enormes masas negras
coronadas de vivos resplandores.
—Son las carrozas, las carrozas.
Venían solemnes, majestuosas. Las luces y bengalas que en los
costados ardían, incendiaban las fachadas con ígneos tonos de
esmeralda y púrpura. Verdes y rojas eran también las nubes que
flotaban sobre ellas, las piedras sobre que lentas rodaban y hasta las
caras y ropajes de las personas que conducían. Primero pasó una
arrastrada por cuatro bueyes con gualdrapas amarillas y los cuernos
dorados. Era un campo de rubias espigas en medio de las cuales unas
cuantas muchachas agitaban sus capuchones de amapola. Detrás
marchaba una obra de albañilería, una casa en construcción, con
máscaras vestidas con blusas y pantalones blancos. Después otra
figurando una cesta de frutas, luego otra y otra, todas solemnes
majestuosas, balanceándose gallardas como navíos de combate
incendiando las altas fachadas con sus bengalas de esmeralda y
púrpura, dejando tras sí una espesa humareda, pestilente olor de
pólvora quemada.
III