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Technical competency and challenges in coffee production in Odisha, India

Article · May 2020

DOI: 10.22271/phyto.2020.v9.i3Sb.11825

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 Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2020; Sp 9(3): 46-52

E-ISSN: 2278-4136
P-ISSN: 2349-8234
www.phytojournal.com
Technical competency and challenges in coffee
JPP 2020; Sp 9(3): 46-52
Received: 03-04-2020
production in Odisha, India
Accepted: 05-05-2020
Siddhartha Das, Sudeepta Pattanayak and Biswajit Mallick
Siddhartha Das
Department of Plant Pathology, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2020.v9.i3Sb.11825
MS Swaminathan School of
Agriculture, Centurion
University of Technology and Abstract
Management, Paralakhemundi, Coffee is a brewed drink prepared by processing of roasted coffee beans. It differentiated from other
Odisha, India beverage in aroma, taste and quality drinks. Most of the countries have grown, processed and consumed
as well as exports coffee products to get good income. In this race, India also takes part and has a great
Sudeepta Pattanayak role in coffee production and export to international markets. Indian coffee fetched an international trade
Department of Plant Pathology, value for it’s special characters like blending quality, mild and less acidic nature. India divided into two
MS Swaminathan School of parts as traditional and non-traditional region of coffee production. Almost 97% of coffee produced from
Agriculture, Centurion traditional area having Western Ghats and rest 3% from non-traditional area having Eastern Ghats and
University of Technology and north-eastern states. South-western part of Odisha covered by Eastern Ghats has evidence of coffee
Management, Paralakhemundi, production since 1930’s. Coffee production started a long year ago but a number of constrains and
Odisha, India challenges reduce quantity and quality of coffee in Odisha. Lack of education and awareness among
tribal plays an important factor for lesser amount of cultivation. Unavailability of land, laborers,
Biswajit Mallick
Department of Plant Pathology,
uncertainty in seasonal rainfall ceases production. Inappropriate market structure, large marketing
MS Swaminathan School of channels and selling price is not satisfactory to attract new growers. Biological challenges like insect pest
Agriculture, Centurion infestation, newly emerging diseases are harmful for quality coffee beans. Except all dearth of interest
University of Technology and and government supports coffee cultivation is merely difficult in Odisha. This article aims to forecast a
Management, Paralakhemundi, clear view of coffee production and challenges in Odisha region.
Odisha, India
Keywords: Coffee production, beverage, challenges, biotic stress

Introduction
Coffee (Coffea spp.) belongs to the family Rubiaceae. More than 120 varieties of coffee
existed from which mainly two varieties Arabica (Coffea arabica) and Robusta (Coffea
canephora) are widely cultivated and well known for flavor and taste. It is a bushy shrub
evergreen perennial plant well grown in tropical and sub-tropical region. Main vertical trunk
along with plagiotropic growth habit resembles a tree like structure, so it needs regular pruning
to attain a desirable plant height. Plant has dark to light green, waxy and shiny leaves. Axil of
coffee leaves bear small white sweet smelled flowers in cluster. Fruits developed from
fertilized flowers once in a year.
It is believed that coffee is native to Ethiopia. It has history of cultivated and used for drinks
since ancient age. Coffee suffered a long journey to reach in Middle East and India by
16thcenturies. It introduced in India by a Sufi saint named ‘Baba Budan’ in 1670. He smuggled
seven raw coffee beans from Yemen to India and planted on Chandragiri hills in Chikmagalur,
Karnataka. Afterwards it extended to states Kerala and Tamil Nadu so called traditional area of
coffee cultivation, which accounts 97% of production followed by Andhra Pradesh, Odisha
and north-eastern states known for non-traditional area accounts rest 3% of coffee production.
In the laps of time, coffee acquired a place in Odisha. During 1930s king of koraput,
Rajbahadur Ram Chandra Deo planted a coffee estate near to Kolab basin Jeypore, Koraput.
Since 30s cultivation of coffee increased dramatically and covers six districts Koraput,
Kalahandi, Ganjam, Gajapati, Phulbani, Keonjhar of Odisha. Koraput is fascinating
manifestation of creation as a part of Eastern Ghats. It has an average elevation of 870m along
with highest hill peak Deomali situated an elevation about 1,672 m. High altitude, laterite soil and
conducive climate has a good impact on coffee cultivation. Government of Odisha promoted
cultivation of coffee since 1970. Most of private growers, tribal along with coffee board took part to
Corresponding Author:
increase the cultivable area and production. Currently in Koraput 3,200 hectares under coffee
Siddhartha Das
Department of Plant Pathology, cultivation from which coffee board and private planters hold 10.54 and 943 ha respectively, where
MS Swaminathan School of rest area belongs to tribal coffee growers. Coffee plantation and characterized plant morphology is
Agriculture, Centurion represented through Figure 1. Now a day’s Koraput being well-known for its tribal (Adivasi) coffee
University of Technology and products. The district has capability of 10,000 ha area for coffee production, but more or less
Management, Paralakhemundi, constrains remain minimize the production. Odisha holds fifth rank among the top coffee producing
Odisha, India states in India.
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Arabica variety of coffee mostly cultivated with a production

of 550 Metric Tonnes per year. State earns huge foreign
exchange by exporting coffee products. Seems it has enough
opportunity for coffee production, day-by-day coffee losing
its identity in many region.

Fig 2: Harvesting of (A) Arabica coffee (B) Robusta coffee

Table 2: Soil and Climate

Characteristic Arabica Robusta
Deep, friable, Fertile, Deep, friable, Fertile,
Soil Irrigated, slightly acidic Irrigated, slightly acidic
(pH 6-6.5) (pH 6-6.5)
Elevation 1000m-1500 m 500m-1000m
Rainfall 1600-2500mm 1000-2000mm
Humidity 70-80% 80-90%
Temperature 15-25o C, cool 20-30oc, Hot and humid
Blossom shower March-April February-March

Preparation of seeds
Especially plants are screened properly before for seed
Fig 1: (A) Shady coffee garden canopy (B) Appearance of nodal purpose. Fully ripped healthy and well-developed berries are
blossom (C) Coffee flowers (D) Appearance of fruits collected, pulped and sieved. Seeds are mixed with sieved
wood ash prior to dry in shade place. After discarding cut,
Varieties of Coffee triangular and elephant beans seeds are treated with
Coffee plant has a long life span of 70-80 years, but it fungicides like captan or thiram.
produces quality fruit up to 50 years. To maintain proper
frame and shape of plant, pruning is important operation in Nursery Practices
every year. Both Arabica and Robusta type of coffee Light loamy soil of good drainage, high organic matter
cultivated in Odisha climatic condition. Arabica has cauvery, content with water and shade facilities place is important for
Chandragiri, Ruiru-ii, 4643 Sln-795 and Robusta has B-4, nursery bed. Raised beds of 15 cm height, 1m width and
Sln-274, Sln-270 varieties. Harvesting of Arabica and convenient length required. Incorporate well-decomposed
Robusta coffee is shown through Figure 2. compost of 10 kg and 2 kg fine sieved agricultural lime. Lime
helps to neutralized soil pH. Make nursery beds at a distance
Table 1: Characteristic of Arabica and Robusta coffee of 40-45 cm for better drainage. An overhead pandal should
Characteristic Arabica Robusta be present above nursery bed for appropriate shade.
Vigorous growth and
Bushy type plant with
Plant type
profuse branches.
more branches than Sowing of seeds
Arabica. January-February is the optimum time for seed sowing. Seeds
Leaves are elliptical, small. Leaves are wide and sown 1.5-2.5 cm apart with the flat side down wards in rows
Old leaves are dark green larger than Arabica, of nursery bed. Cover the rows with a thin layer of fine soil
Leaves type
where new leaves are pale leaves are pale green and a layer of paddy straw. Regular irrigation and protection
green in colour. colour.
from direct sunlight by an over head pandal is essential. Seed
Bunch of flowers arise in More bunches arise in
nodes. Minimum 25mm of nodes of Robusta in starts germination about 45 days after planting which are
Flower rainfall required for full compare with Arabica. It moved to secondary nursery made with polybags.
blossom of flowers after 7-8 takes 7-8 days for
days of rain. blossom. Secondary Nursery
It takes about 9 months to It takes about 10 months Polythene bags with numerous holes in the bottom filled with
Fruit mature fruits. 10-20 deep to mature fruits with a mixture of forest soil, FYM, and coarse sand in the ratio
red fruits on each node. light red color. 6:2:1 respectively. Sprinkle little amount of water and dig a
It is highly resistance to hole of 5cm in middle of mixture with a stick. Remove
It is less resistance to insect
attack of insect pest and seedling in capping stage, break little portion of the tap root
Resistance pest. Also highly susceptible
less susceptible to rust
to rust disease. and transplant to the polythene bag. Keep bags under shade in
disease.
Generally higher quality,
overhead pandal made before. Maintain regular irrigation in
Less quality of beans poly bags for 6 months. After coming six pair of leaves,
Berry Quality sweet smell, aromatic in
produced in Robusta. plants are ready for transplantation to the main field.
nature.

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Shade Management fruits. Once in a year during December to January ripen

Coffee grown under canopy of trees as it is a shade-loving coffee fruits ready for harvest with hand picking. 2-3 hand
tree. Approximately 60% shade and 40% sunlight are picking done of harvesting of berries. Perfect time for harvest
necessary for better growth of plants. A minimum time of 3 coffee is when 3/4th portion of fruits ripen. Ripen fruits are
years time period required for shade before coffee plantation. used for parchment and unripen are used for cherry coffee.
Evergreen, perennial and profuse branches with fast growing
plants meant for shade in main field. Silver oak and dadap Yield
trees are commonly used for shade in coffee estate. Silver oak Coffee yield depend up on various factors including biotic,
trees are planted during June-July in beginning of south-west abiotic and time of harvest. In average Arabica coffee yields
monsoon. about 800-1000 kg/ha where Robusta coffee yields about 500-
800 kg/ha per year.
Main field preparation and planting
Well maintained field with shade trees important before Post-harvest management
planting of coffee. Pits size of 45cm x 45cm x 45cm are dug Pulping leads to extraction of two coffee beans inside a coffee
at appropriate distance according to varieties after summer cherry means separation of parchments from red skin. Ripen
showers. Generally, spacing of 2.1 x 2.1 m is appropriate for fruits need to pulp within 6 hours of harvesting to prevent
most of the varieties. The pits are open for weathering up to fermentation. A mechanical or hand operated pulper is used
15-20 days and marked middle of the pit with help of a stick. for pulping of cherries. After pulping parchments washed and
With commence of monsoon plants are ready to transplant in transfer to the drying yard.
main field. Plants kept middle of the pit and heaped with soil. For drying of parchments, a cemented drying yard require in
At the time of filling, apply 500 g of rock phosphate per pit an open place. Parchments spread in a layer of 3-4 cm
along with top soil. In sloppy area follow the planting along depending on weather. In sunny days, it needs 7-8 days for
with contour. After planting, tie two stakes in criss-cross proper drying. In evening parchment should be kept in a lump
position to keep plant straight and strong. Apply manures and in drying days. After removing 30-40% moisture, it should be
maintain irrigation in newly planted trees. ready for packing.
Dried and cleaned gunny bags are best for storing dried
Harvesting parchments. Well-dried parchments are packed in bags, weigh
Fruiting starts after third year of plantation. Flowers blossom and keep in dry place for long storage. Different coffee plant
in month of March and it take 8-9 months for fully developed operations are represented through Figure 3.

Fig 3: Different coffee plant operations (A) Pulper machine (B) pulping operation (C) fruits feeding to pulper (D) collection of parchment

Table 3: Production details (per tons) of Coffee Board, Koraput

Year 2018-19 2017-18 2016-17 2015-16 2014-15
Quantity of clean coffee 4203 5272 4392 5383 5831
Grade-A 1853 1200 2749 3348 3997
Percentage 44% 22.76% 62.6% 62.19% 68.54%
Grade-B 1536 600 854 1116 907
Percentage 36.54% 11.38% 19.45% 20.73% 15.5%
Grade-C 385 85 133 141 140
Percentage 9.16% 1.61% 3.02% 2.11% 2.4%
Grade-PB 375 537 563 587 575
Percentage 8.9% 10.18% 12.81% 10.9% 9.86%
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Fig 4: Comparative analysis of different varieties of coffee production from 2014-15 to 2018-19

Tough coffee production gains such an important position but coffee berry. Adult female made about 1mm diameter
if we follow 2014-15 to 2018-19 production rates, then we get perforation on upper surface of berry. Holes filled with debris
consecutive years havoc yield or production loss. To find out are clearly visible on naked eye, which deposit over the berry.
the exact cause of such types of production loss we get major It may be brown or grey in color. Female found in the
biotic stresses takes an important role for this cause. mesoderm of two seeds. Sometimes un ripen berry rotten by
Production loss is represented through Figure 4. Major borer.
challenges of coffee production describe below.
Management
Major challenges in coffee production Cultural practices and phytosanitary measures are important
Coffee is known as cash crop. Cultivars can get a long-term to check attacks of berry borer. After harvest left over berries
benefit up to 50 years from coffee estate for doing one time are main source of borers that infect new berries, so harvest
investment. It helps in strengthening economic condition of healthy along with infected berries reduces borers attack from
farmer as well as known for GDP grower of the state. Coffee 70% to <6% (https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Finsects7010006).
estate maintains and conserves bio diversity of forest, Cephalonomia stephanoderis and Proropsnasuta have
prevents soil erosion, forest fire and reduces podu cultivation. parasitoid effect whereas C. stephanoderis reduces 16-45%
It also creates a better livelihood for human being and a safe attack of borers. Quinalphos 25 EC @ 1.7ml/L or
place for different animals. However, many benefits from lamdacyhalothrin 5 EC 0.6-0.8ml/L effective against berry
coffee cultivation still growers are not interested. Biotic, borer.
abiotic and social stress plays a major role for diminution of
the coffee production. White stem borer
Being a producer one has to live in uncertainty until coffee is White stem borer (Xylotrechus quadripes) severely attacks on
processed, bagged and the actual price has been paid. Arabica variety grown without shade. Primarily larvae enter
Unpredictable weather causes damage to coffee production. into hardwood by making tunnels and filed with excreta of the
Currently, change in climate leading to raise in temperature grubs. Ridges around stem showed symptoms with yellowing
and diversified rainfall patterns creates threat to coffee and wilting of leaves. Young plants may die within a year of
cultivation. Sudden and heavy rainfall during harvesting and infection. Symptomatic characterization is exactly similar as
processing period have a negative impact on quality coffee described by Venkatesha, 2001 [7].
production. Rise in diurnal temperature reduce growth and
flowering ability as plants are sensitive. Landslides destroy Management
hectares of cultivable area and soil become unfertile and large Optimum shade management in coffee estate controls stem
sloppy area become unfit for cultivation. borer. Regular pruning of branches with uprooting and
Coming to social stress education is an important factor. burning of infected plants ceases pest infestation. Severity of
Illiterate farmers are not aware about package of practices for stem borer on Arabica coffee and it’s management described
cultivation. Over 90% of farmers are small and medium. by Venkatesha in 1999 [9]. Spraying of neem kernel extract
Economic condition of tribal does not support for initial around stem region found to be effective. Natural predators
investment without any production up to three years. Due to Apenesia spp. has effective against the pest in field condition.
less price of parchments, problem in marketing and lack of
government support farmers are not interested for coffee Mealybugs
cultivation. Planococcus lilacinus is important sucking pest of coffee.
Biotic stress like insect pest (Le Pelley, 1968) [5] and disease Both nymphs and adults suck sap from young leaves.
incidence causes huge loss in coffee plantation. Management Mealybugs infect nodes, branches, spikes and berries. In sever
of coffee disease pests were characterized and estimated by stage honeydew excretion develops sooty mould which
Venkatesha, 1998 [8]. Some important insect pests are cited affects photosynthesis.
below.
Management
Coffee berry borer Proper shade management in coffee estate controls pest
Berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) is one of the harmful infestation. Removal and destruction of ants is important in
pests among all pests seen in coffee cultivated area. After field condition. Dusting of Malathion 5% or quinalphos 1.5%
eight week of flowering borer attacks near the apex region of is effective predators like lady bird beetle controls pests.

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Coffee bean beetle Management

Araecerus fasciculatus is pest of both in field and storage of Chemical treatment fails to prevent disease. Selection of
coffee beans. It severely attacks on storage by absorption of resistance variety can protect from the disease.
moisture from beans. Large sized holes are visible on beans.
In field condition fruits become shrink and black in color. Leaf rust
Causal organism: Hemileia vastatrix
Management
Proper storage environment can check pest infestation. Symptoms
Maintain optimum relative humidity, temperature and It is found that leaf rust is most severe foliar disease found in
moisture content of seeds is storage room. Disinfect gunny coffee plantation. Arabica variety of coffee is susceptible to
bags with malathion 50% EC + pyrethrum colloid @ 2g/l. rust disease. Small sized discolored spots visible underside of
the leaves as primary symptom. Later on spots enlarged with
Green scale powdery spores from yellowish-orange to bright orange color
Scale (Coccus viridis) is one the serious sucking pest of while yellow to brown discoloration in upper surface of
coffee. Both nymphs and adults sucks sap from under side of leaves. Orange lesions turn black color followed by necrosis.
leaves, green shoots and spikes. Upward curling of leaves Heavy defoliation of leaves and plants remain stunted with
with honeydew excretion develops sooty mould. low yields. Symptomatic characterization along with
germination and penetration studies of coffee rust was
Management described by Rayner in 1961. Symptomatic characterization is
Removal and destruction of infected plant parts is important represented through Figure 5.
control measures. Control ants by spraying quinolphos 25 EC
@ 0.6 ml/l. Management
Some major diseases are mentioned below. Resistance varieties recommended for cultivation. Races of
the pathogen and resistance to coffee rust were tested by
Seedling blight Rodrigues et al. in 1975 [4]. Collection and destruction of
Causal organism: Fusarium stilboides Wollenw. infected leaves should done on regular basis. Spray Bordeaux
mixture 0.5% prior to flowering during rainy season.
Symptoms
This is most common disease in nurseries and germination
beds. Cotyledons fail to open, necrotic lesions appear on stem
and seedling wilts. Later stage lesions are enlarging results the
death of seedlings. Though the causal pathogen is seed borne
but it also can spread by rain and insect. Frequent rainfall
boost up severity of infection.

Management
Disease free seeds treated with Benomyl 50%WP (1g/kg
seeds) are effective against disease.

Root Rot
Causal organism: Rosellinia arcuate

Symptoms
Fungus enters through injuries/wound on root either by insect
or nematode or by mechanical tools. Symptoms are easily
visible as the leaves wither and branches turn into dry rot.
Fig 5: Coffee rust
Management
As disease spreads through root system, uproot the infected Cercospora leaf spot
plants, cut trunk and twigs. Burning of infected plant debris Symptom
immediately should do to prevent infection. The hole made Small eye-like yellow spots appear on leaves that slowly
after uprooting of plants can be treated with methyl bromide. increase up to 5 mm. Later it turns gray-white in center while
brown color around spot. Characterization of American leaf
Wilt spot is welly characterized by Rao and Tewari in 1987.
Causal organism: Gibberella xylarioides Diseased berries dried, blackened and poor in quality.
Symptomatic characterization is represented through Figure 6.
Symptoms
Discoloration of leaves to yellow, dry up and heavy fall of Management
leaves are primary symptoms. On trunks, small cracks where Follow seed treatment with hot water. Use disease free and
bluish-black stain appears. Within few weeks or months entire resistant variety of coffee. Remove and burn infected plant
plant withers and dies. debris and clean working equipment frequently.

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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry http://www.phytojournal.com

butachlor, captan, carbendazim, carbofuran, chloropyriphos,

2,4 D, deltamethrin, dicofol, dimethoate, dinocap, diuron,
malathion, mancozeb, methomyl, monocrotophos,
oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin, quinaphos, sulfosulfuron,
thiodicarb, thiophanat emethyl, thiram, zineb, ziram etc. So,
marketing or business exposure or promotions of those
agrochemicals are restricted. Some major biotic stresses in
coffee production are coffee rust, Cercospora leaf spot, wilt,
root rot, seedling blight, berry disease, white stem borer,
mealy bug, leaf minor which affects largely and are the major
constrains in coffee production. Along with the biotic stresses
another problem important problem of coffee production is
skilled labor, investment, loans etc. Tough Government
initiated many schemes, micro to macro loans, skill based
workshop and training programmes which is very much
helpful for coffee production. Simultaneously Coffee board of
India has works on multiple problems of coffee production
Fig 6: Cercospora leaf spot of coffee since 1942. The future of Arabica type coffee industry has
been mostly dependent on rust resistant, genetically edited
Coffee berry disease hybrid vigour production with superior yield levels, bean
Causal organism: Colletotricum kahawae standards and cup quality. First success came through the
development of rust resistant varieties in India in 1940's, are
Symptom pioneering ones in the history of coffee breeding. Another
Dark brown lesions and slightly sunken spots are appeared on classical work revealed on the existence of physiological
berry which ultimately turned to black. Pulp becomes hard races in rust pathogen supplemented the breeding efforts in
and brittle. Berry mummification is common symptom visible India and worldwide. Development of improved strains was
later. Symptomatic characterization of coffee berry disease first tested through conventional breeding technique in 1925.
was explained previously by Waller et al. 1993 [10]. Production of disease resistant and pest resistant varieties is
best strategy to combat biotic stresses through eco-friendly
Management approach. As per the IDM strategy if it’s not possible then
Copper oxychloride is effective fungicide against the disease. selection of diverse biological agents against biotic stresses is
Also, select resistance variety of coffee. Remove and destroy found to be more ecofriendly management tool. Tough there
infected plant part along with mummified berries. Coffee are many barriers in coffee production but if we follow right
berry disease resistance through breeding was tested by Van IDM or IPM protocol, we can easily breaks those biotic stress
der Vossen and Walyaro in 1980 [6]. related barriers. Coffee is consider to be an essential
commodity for human consumption and its multiple
Black rot or Koleroga nutraceutical properties, aside maintain its same static value
Causal organism: Corticium salmonicolor year after year.

Symptom References
Dark brown to black decaying of leaves and twigs are basic 1. Das S, Pattanayak S. Integrated disease management on
symptom of black rot. Sclerotia appears on the leaf surface grapes – a pioneer of a reformed movement towards
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9(5):993-1005.
Management 2. Rao DV, Tewari, JP. Production of oxalic acid by
Removal of infected plant parts from field helpful for control Mycena citricolor, causal agent of the American leaf spot
disease. Application of borax is effective against black rot. of coffee. Phytopathology. 1987; 77:780-785.
3. Rayner RW. Germination and penetration studies on
Discussion coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix B. and Br.). Ann. Appl.
Coffee is an economically major important beverage crop in Biol. 1961; 49:497-505.
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agrochemical is the basic needs of sustainable agriculture. Seetharama MV, D’Souza CS et al. Behavioural
Recently Ministry of agriculture and farmers welfare, Govt. of responses of coffee white stem borer, Xylotrechus
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8. Venkatesha MG, Seetharama HG, Sreedharan K. Coffee

pests and their management. In C. S. Srinivasan (ed). A
compendium on pests and diseases of coffee and their
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