General Education

COMPETENCIES:

4.1. Exhibit competence in Mathematical concepts and procedures

4.2. Relate Mathematics with the real and the concrete through problems that occur in
daily life.

LECTURE:
PATTERNS AND EXAMPLES OF PATTERNS
Patterns in nature are the regular arrangements of objects in any form found everywhere- plants, animals, humans, earth formations, and
many objects. These include symmetries, spirals, waves, arrays, cracks, stripes, etc.

Below are examples of various patterns:

Logic Patterns - classifying things. One kind of logic pattern deals with the characteristics of various objects while another deals with order.

Number Patterns
- Arithmetic Sequence is formed by adding or subtracting a constant number to consecutive terms

- Geometric Sequence needs to be multiplied or divided with same value each time we want to get the next term in the sequence.

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Geometric Patterns. A geometric pattern is a motif or design that depicts abstract shapes like lines, polygons, and circles, and typically repeats like
wallpaper.

Word Patterns. The focus here is patterns in form and in syntax, which lead directly to the study of language in general and digital communication in
particular.

THE FIBONACCI SEQUENCE AND THE GOLDEN RATIO

The Fibonacci sequence is the sequence formed by the infinite terms 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ... In simple terms, it is a sequence in
which every number in the Fibonacci sequence is the sum of two numbers preceding it in the sequence. Its first two terms are 0 and 1. The terms of
this sequence are known as Fibonacci numbers.

To find the nth term Fibonacci number without using recursion formula, the following is evaluated using a calculator.

This form is known as the Binet form of the Fibonacci number.

Golden Ratio “φ” (1.6180339887)

The value approached by dividing two consecutive Fibonacci numbers, that is Bigger Fn/Smaller Fn is called the Golden Ratio.
We divide a line into two parts so that the longer part ÷ the smaller part = the whole length ÷ longer part will have the Golden Ratio

MATH IN REAL WORLD (SOME REAL-LIFE EXAMPLES)

1. Managing Time
When we get up in the morning, we see the time of waking to verify whether we have enough time to complete various tasks. (Awareness of
time, reading a clock/watch, planning one’s routine)

2. Budgeting
How much is this shirt or blouse going to cost once the 50% sale is applied? What about once the taxes are added? That takes math
knowledge and at least a basic understanding of how percentages work.

3. Exercising and Dieting

We set our routine according to our workout schedule, count the number of repetitions while exercising, etc.

4. Sports
Basic knowledge of math also helps keep track of scores for every sports activity. It can help them find the best way to hit a ball, make a
basket or run around the track.

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5. Cooking
The recipe calls for “2 cups,” but you only have a quarter cup measuring tool and a half cup measuring tool. How much adds up to “2”? You
may know the answer. But that’s because you understand math, fractions, and conversions.

6. Driving
How many kilometers are needed to reach the destination? How much petrol is in the car? How many kilometers per hour am I able to drive?
How many kilometers per liter does my car get?

7. Home Decorating
How many rolls of wallpaper do we need for this wall? What’s the difference between a meter and a square meter? Do we have enough space
to fit in your favorite couch? Common questions when you are trying to set up your new space or apartment.

8. Stitching
From taking measurements, estimating the quantity and quality of clothes, choosing the color theme, estimating the cost and profit, to produce
cloth according to the needs and tastes of the customers, math is followed at every stage.

9. Critical Thinking
Technically ‘critical thinking’ is not even Math as there are no numbers involved. But knowledge of Math surely increases the ability to think
critically. The more math skills you gain, the more you observe the minute details, question the available data, rule out unnecessary data and analyze
it further for your benefit.

10. The Base of All Other Subjects

Though math is itself a unique subject. But you would be surprised to know that it forms the basis for every subject. The subjects like physics,
chemistry, economics, history, accountancy, statistics, in fact; every subject is based upon math.

SETS
A set is a well-defined collection of objects such as numbers and variables. The objects in the set are called elements of the set.

A = {𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢}
Rooster Method

Sets like A which has a definite number of elements in roster method where the elements are listed. Commas are used between each
element and a pair of braces are used to enclose the list elements.

𝑁 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝑍}
Set-builder Method

This is read as “Set 𝑁 is the set of all values of x such that 𝑥 is an integer”. Sets like Set N which has an indefinite number of elements are
written in set-builder method.

More Concepts to Learn about Set

• Finite Set is a set whose elements are countable.
Example: Set B is the set of integers greater than zero but less than five.

• Unit Set is a finite set that has only one element.

Example: Set D is the set consisting of the number that is neither prime nor composite.

Example: Set F is the set of positive integers.

• Infinite Set is a set where the number of elements is unlimited or not countable.

• Empty or null set is a set that has no elements.

Example: Set H is the set of months that start with the letter Z.

• Cardinality or cardinal number of a set is the number of elements in it.

Example: A = {red, yellow, blue, orange, green} n (A) = 5

• Equivalent Sets are sets that have the same number of elements. In other words, they have the same cardinality.
Example: (𝐶) = (𝐷) C~D

If 𝑉 = {𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢} and 𝑊 = {𝑖, 𝑒, 𝑜, 𝑎, 𝑢} , then Sets 𝑉 and 𝑊 are equal denoted by 𝑉 = W

• Equal sets are sets that have exactly the same elements.

SET OPERATIONS

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The union of two sets A and B is the set composed of elements that belong to either Set A and or Set B or both sets and is denoted by A ∪
Union

B which read as A union B.

The intersection of two sets A and B is the set composed of elements that belong to either Set A and or Set B or both sets and is denoted by
Intersection

A ∩ B which read as A intersection B.

The difference of two sets A and B is the set of elements in set A, but its common elements with Set of B is taken out and is denoted by A −
Difference

B which is read as” A minus B. “A − B can be understood also as the set composed of the elements of A with the elements of its intersection with
B removed or in symbols, A − B = A − (A ∩ B).

The complement of a Set X relative to a universal set 𝑈 is the set of elements in U that are not in X and is denoted by X’ (read as” 𝑋
Complement

of all elements of U with its common elements with 𝑋 taken out, or in symbols, X’=U − X.
prime”). The universal set is the totality of all elements that are included under a defined condition. X’ can be understood as the set that is composed

SIMPLE STATEMENTS AND COMPOUND STATEMENTS

INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING

Inductive Reasoning
Is the process of getting a general conclusion by observing the specific examples or set.

Deductive Reasoning
Is the process of reaching a conclusion by general assumption, procedures, or principle. It is distinguished from inductive reasoning since
deductive reasoning is finding conclusion by applying general principle and procedure in the observation.

POLYA’S 4 STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING

George Polya was a Hungarian who immigrated to the United States in 1940. His major contribution is for his work in problem solving.

George Polya created his famous four-step process for problem solving, which is used all over to aid people in problem solving:
1. Understand the problem.
2. Devise a plan. (Translate)
3. Carry out the problem. (Solve)
4. Look back. (Check and interpret)

Problem Solving Strategies - these are the different problem-solving strategies that you can use in Mathematics.
• Look for a pattern.
• Make an organized list.
• Guess and check
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• Make a table.
• Work backwards
• Use logical reasoning.
• Draw a diagram.
• Solve a simpler problem.
• Read the problem carefully.
• Create problem solving journals.

RECREATIONAL PROBLEMS USING MATHEMATICS

Sudoku is a logic-based, combinatorial number-placement puzzle. The objective is to fill a 9×9 grid with digits so that each column, each row,
and each of the nine 3×3 sub grids that compose the grid contains all of the digits from 1 to 9.

Magic Square is a square array of numbers consisting of the distinct positive integers 1, 2, 3… arranged such that the sum of 𝑛 numbers in
any horizontal, vertical, and main diagonal line is always the same.

KenKen Puzzle is an arithmetic-based logic puzzle that was invented by the Japanese mathematics teacher Tetsuya Miyamoto in 2004. The
noun “ken” has “knowledge” and “awareness” as synonyms.

Tower of Hanoi invented by Edouard Lucas in 1883. The Tower of Hanoi is a puzzle consisting of three pegs and a number of disks of distinct
diameters piled.

MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

A measure of central tendency is a summary measure that attempts to describe a whole set of data with a single value that represents the
middle or center of data set. Most commonly used measures of central tendency or type of averages are arithmetic mean, median and mode.

Mean

The arithmetic mean or just simply mean is the sum of the value of each observation in a data set divided by the number of observations.
Mean is nothing but the average of the given set of values. It denotes the equal distribution of values for a given data set.

Mean Formula:

Mean = Sum of the Given Data/Total number of Data

To calculate the arithmetic mean of a set of data we must first add up (sum) all of the data values (x) and then divide the result by the number
of values (n). Since ∑ is the symbol used to indicate that values are to be summed (see Sigma Notation).

Example #1
Six friends in a CBE 3 class of 25 students received test grades of 92, 84, 65 , 76 , 88 , and 90 .

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Find the mean of these test scores.

Solution:

92 + 84 + 65 + 76 + 88 + 90

Median
The median is the middle number of the mean of the two middle numbers in a list of numbers that have been arranged in numerical order from
smallest to largest or largest to smallest. Any list of numbers arranged in numerical order from smallest to largest or largest to smallest is a ranked
list.

Example:
Find the median of the data in the following lists.
a. 4, 8,1,4,9,21,12 b. 46, 23, 92, 89,77, 108

Solution:
a. The list 4, 8,1,4,9,21,12 contains 7 numbers. The median of a list with an odd number of entries is found by ranking the numbers and finding
the middle number. Ranking the numbers from smallest to largest gives
1, 4, 8, 9, 12, 14, 21
The middle number is 9. Thus 9 is the median.

b. The list 46, 23, 92, 89,77, 108 contains 6 numbers. The median of the list of data with an even number of entries is found by ranking the
numbers and computing the mean of the two middle numbers. Ranking the numbers from smallest to largest gives
23, 46, 77, 89, 92, 108
The two middle numbers are 77 and 89. The mean of 77 and 89 is 83. Thus 83 is the median of the data.

Mode
A list of numerical data can have more than one mode. For instance, in list 4, 2 6, 2, 7, 9, 2, 4, 9, 8, 9, 7, the numbers 2 and 9 occurs three
times. Thus 2 and 9 are both modes of the data.

Example:
Find the mode of the data in the following lists.
a. 18, 15, 21, 16, 15, 14, 15, 21

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b. 2,5, 8, 9, 11, 4, 7, 23

Solution
a. In the list 18, 15, 21, 16, 15, 14, 15, 21, the number 15 occurs more often than the other numbers. Thus 15 is the mode.

b. Each of the number in the list 2,5, 8, 9, 11, 4, 7, 23 occurs only once. Because no number occurs more often than others, there is no mode.

The mean, median, and mode are all averages; however, they are generally not equal. The mean of a set of data is most sensitive of the
averages. A change of the numbers changes the mean, and the mean can be changed drastically by changing an extreme value. In contrast, the
median and the mode of a set of data are usually not changed by changing an extreme value.

MEASURE OF DISPERSION

MEASURE OF RELATIVE POSITION

The measures of relative position of a given value show where the value stands in relation position of a given value to other values in the same
set of data. The most common measures of relative position are quartiles, deciles, percentiles, and standard scores.

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

One of the most important statistical distributions of data is known as a normal distribution. This distribution occurs in a variety of applications.
Types of data that may demonstrate a normal distribution include the lengths of leaves on a tree, the weights of newborns in a hospital, the lengths of
time of a student’s trip from home to school over a period of months, the SAT scores of a large group of students, and the life spans of light bulbs.

A normal distribution forms a bell-shaped curve that is symmetric about a vertical line through the mean of the data. A graph of a normal
distribution with a mean of 5 is shown below.

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Properties of a Normal Distribution

Every normal distribution has the following properties.

 The graph is symmetric about a vertical line through the mean of the distribution.
 The mean, median, and mode are equal.
 The y-value of each point on the curve is the percent (expressed as a decimal) of the data at the
corresponding x-value.
 Areas under the curve that are symmetric about the mean are equal.
 The total area under the curve is 1.

Example:
A survey of 1000 U.S. gas stations found that the price charged for a gallon of regular gas could be closely approximated by a normal
distribution with a mean of $3.10 and a standard deviation of $0.18. How many of the stations charge:
a. between $2.74 and $3.46 for a gallon of regular gas?
b. less than $3.28 for a gallon of regular gas?

Solution:

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PERCENT

Percent Conversion
To change a percent to a decimal, drop the % sign and move the decimal point two places to the left.
Example: 80% = 0.80
To change a fraction to a percent, first change the fraction to a decimal by dividing, then change the decimal to a percent.

SIMPLE INTEREST AND COMPOUND INTEREST

Interest is defined as the cost of borrowing money, as in the case of interest charged on a loan balance. Conversely, interest can also be the
rate paid for money on deposit, as in the case of a certificate of deposit. Interest can be calculated in two ways:

• Simple interest is calculated on the principal, or original, amount of a loan.

Thus, if simple interest is charged at 5% on a Php10,000 loan that is taken out for three years, then the total amount of interest payable by the
borrower is calculated as Php10,000 x 0.05 x 3 = Php1,500.
Interest on this loan is payable at Php500 annually, or Php1,500 over the three-year loan term.

Future Value = Principal + Interest

A = P + I or A = P(1+rt)

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Finding the Principal, Rate or Time

• Compound interest is calculated on the principal amount and the accumulated interest of previous periods, and thus can be regarded as “interest
on interest.”

Compound Interest = total amount of principal and interest in future (or future value) less the principal amount at present, called present value
(PV). PV is the current worth of a future sum of money or stream of cash flows given a specified rate of return.
Continuing with the simple interest example, what would be the amount of interest if it is charged on a compound basis? In this case, it would
be:
3
Interest = Php10,000 (1+ (0.05) – 1)
= Php10,000 (1.157625 – 1)
= Php1,576.25

While the total interest payable over the three-year period of this loan is Php1,576.25, unlike simple interest, the interest amount is not the
same for all three years because compound interest also takes into consideration the accumulated interest of previous periods.
Year Opening Balance Interest at 5% (I) Closing Balance
(P) (P+I)
1 Php10,000.00 Php500.00 Php10,500.00
2 Php10,500.00 Php525.00 Php11,025.00
3 Php11,025.00 Php551.25 Php11,576.25
Total Interest Php1,576.25

Compounding Periods
When calculating compound interest, the number of compounding periods makes a significant difference. Generally, the higher the number of
compounding periods, the greater the amount of compound interest.
In the formula for calculating compound interest, the variables “i” and “n” must be adjusted if the number of compounding periods is more than
once a year.
That is, within the parentheses, “i” or interest rate must be divided by “n,” the number of compounding periods per year. Outside of the
parentheses, “n” has to be multiplied by “t,” the total length of the investment.
Therefore, for a 10-year loan at 10%, where interest is compounded semiannually (number of compounding periods = 2), i = 5% (i.e., 10% ÷ 2)
and n = 20 (i.e., 10 x 2).
To calculate the total value with compound interest, you would use this equation:

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PRACTICE TEST:
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1. Which of the following is an example of a pattern in nature?

A. Snowflakes C. Rocks
B. Cars D. Trees

The correct answer is A.

Snowflakes exhibit intricate and
symmetrical patterns formed by the 2. Which measure when examining descriptive statistics, offers a central value that symbolizes the
crystalline structure of ice molecules. "typical" value inside a dataset?
Cars are not the answer because: Cars A. Mode C. Median
are human-made objects and do not B. D. Range
occur naturally. Rocks are not the The correct answer is B. Mean,
answer because: Rocks may have sometimes referred to as its average, is
various textures and shapes, but they found by adding up each value and 3. Convert 0.527 to percent.
do not necessarily exhibit clear and dividing the total by the number of A. 50.27%
repetitive pattern. Trees are not the values. It offers a core value that B. 5.27%
answer because: While trees have a stands in for the dataset's "typical" C. 52.7%
certain structure and symmetry, they value. The value that appears the most D. 527%
may not represent a clear and frequently in a dataset is its mode. It
repeatable pattern. doesn't always represent the "typical"
The correct answer is C. 52.7%.
value, even while it gives information
To change a decimal to a percent,
4. Which of the following does NOT exhibit about the most common value, a
move the decimal point two places to
natural pattern? especially if the dataset has numerous
the right. Then add the % sign. To
A. Population growth modes or a skewed distribution. The
change a percent to a decimal, drop
B. Ocean waves median is the midway value. Although
the % sign and move the decimal point
C. Animal skins it is an additional central tendency
to the left. 50.27% is not the answer
D. Leaf veins metric, it may deviate from the mean,
because it is 0.5027 in decimal. 5.27%
particularly when there are outliers. It
is not the answer because, when you
could not always be the "typical" value
The correct answer is A. convert it into a decimal, it is 0.0527.
even if it symbolizes the middle of the
Population growth is influenced by 527% is not the answer because it is
data. The difference between a 5. What
various factors such as birth rates, 5.27 in decimal.
dataset's maximum and minimum is the
death rates, and migration, and it does
values is known as its range. Instead of Fibonacci Sequence?
not inherently exhibit a natural pattern.
measuring
A. central tendency, it A series of numbers where each number is the sum of
Ocean waves are not the answer:
measures dispersion. It gives no details the two preceding ones.
Ocean waves often display patterns
regarding
B. the "typical" value. A series of numbers where each number is the product
and rhythms, influenced by natural
forces like wind and tides. Animal skins of the two preceding ones.
are not the answer: Animal skins can C. A series of numbers where each number is the difference of the two preceding ones.
exhibit patterns such as stripes, spots, D. A series of numbers where each number is the quotient of the two preceding ones.
or other markings, making them an
example of natural patterns. Leaf veins
are not the answer: Leaf veins form The correct answer is A. The
intricate patterns in the structure of Fibonacci Sequence is a series of
numbers where each number is the 6. What is the golden ratio?
leaves, serving as a network for
nutrient transport and photosynthesis. sumA.of the two preceding ones. This The sum of all Fibonacci numbers
B. is illustrated by starting with 0
pattern The ratio of a Fibonacci number to its next number
C. The product of all Fibonacci and 1, and each subsequent number is numbers
D. The ratio of two consecutive the sum of the two preceding ones (0, Fibonacci numbers
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ...). B is not the
The correct answer is B. answer: The Fibonacci Sequence is not
The golden ratio is the ratio of a generated by multiplying two preceding 7. Which mathematical principle is closely related to
Fibonacci number to its next number in numbers. It is based on addition, not the Fibonacci sequence?
the sequence. As Fibonacci numbers multiplication. C is not the answer: The A. Exponents
increase, the ratio approaches the Fibonacci Sequence is not formed by B. Squares
golden ratio, which is approximately taking the difference between two C. Primes
1.618. A is not the answer: The golden preceding numbers. It is based on D. Exponential growth
ratio is not defined as the sum of all addition, not subtraction. D is not the
Fibonacci numbers. The golden ratio is answer: The Fibonacci Sequence is not The correct answer is D.: The
a specific mathematical constant and is created by dividing one number by Fibonacci sequence is closely related 8.
not directly derived from the sum of another. It is based on addition, not to exponential growth. As the sequence Which
Fibonacci numbers. C is not the division. progresses, the ratio between of the
answer: The golden ratio is not consecutive Fibonacci numbers
obtained by multiplying all Fibonacci following is NOT a way mathematics helps approaches the golden ratio, which has
numbers together. It is a specific ratio organize patterns and regularities in the connections to exponential growth and world?
between consecutive Fibonacci A. Constructing mathematical various natural phenomena. Exponents models
numbers. D is not the answer: The to represent physical is not the answer: While exponents are
golden ratio is the specific value phenomena. a mathematical concept, they are not
obtained when you take the ratio of a B. Identifying geometric shapes in closely related to the Fibonacci nature
Fibonacci number to its next number, C. Developing algorithms for sequence. The Fibonacci sequence is solving
not the ratio of any two consecutive complex problems more connected to addition and ratios
Fibonacci numbers D. None of the above than exponentiation. Squares is not the
answer: The Fibonacci sequence is not
The correct answer is D. All the directly related to squares. It involves
provided options (a, b, c) are ways the sum of the two preceding numbers,
75 helps organize patterns
mathematics not their squares. Primes is not the
and regularities in the world. answer: The Fibonacci sequence is not
Constructing mathematical models to directly related to prime numbers. It is
represent physical phenomena is not Mathematics
based on the addition of two preceding
the answer: Constructing mathematical numbers, following a specific pattern,
models is a way mathematics helps rather than the properties of prime
organize patterns and regularities. numbers.
 General Education

9. In what ways does mathematics contribute to detecting patterns and regularities in the world?
A. By facilitating the development of predictive models
B. By enabling the identification of numerical relationships
C. By providing tools for data visualization and analysis
D. All of the above

The correct answer is D. All the

provided options (a, b, c) are ways 10. Convert 3/4 to a percent.
mathematics contributes to detecting A. 7.5% C. 34%
patterns and regularities in the world. B. 75% D. None of the above
Facilitating the development of
predictive models is part of the answer: The correct answer is B. 75%. To
Mathematics helps in developing change a fraction to a percent, first
predictive models that can forecast change the fraction to a decimal by 11. What is the primary distinction between compound
future trends and behaviors based on dividing, then change the decimal to a and simple interest?
existing patterns and data. Enabling A.
percent. 3 divided by 4 is 0.75. To While compound interest is calculated on both the
the identification of numerical change a decimal to a percent, move principal and cumulative interest, simple interest is
relationships is part of the answer: the decimal point two places to the simply calculated on the principal amount.
Mathematics enables the identification B. Then put the % sign. A is not the
right. While compound interest is calculated on a monthly
of numerical relationships, helping to answer because it is 0.075 in decimal basis, simple interest is calculated on a yearly basis.
uncover patterns and regularities in C.
and 7.5%. C is not the answer because Compound interest is never greater than simple
various datasets. Providing tools for it is 0.34 in decimal and 34%. interest.
data visualization and analysis is part D. Simple interest, commonly known as the annual
of the answer: Mathematics provides interest rate. Compound interest is interest that is earned on top of the interest that has
tools for data visualization and previously been earned, in addition to the amount saved or borrowed.
analysis, which are essential for
understanding and interpreting patterns 12. What is a crucial connection between the Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Ratio that was
in data. discussed in a dynamic, in-person class discussion?
A. The total of all successive Fibonacci numbers is the Golden Ratio.
B. The Golden Ratio is approached when each Fibonacci number is split by its predecessor.
C. There is no mathematical connection between the Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Ratio.
D. The Golden Ratio serves as the basis for the Fibonacci Sequence.

13. Which of the following exhibits a pattern known as "Fibonacci sequence"?

A. Carrot
B. Tomato
C. Sunflower
D. Pumpkin

14. Which of the following is a natural pattern seen on a sunflower?

A. Spirals
B. Dots
C. Zigzags
D. Grids

15. Which of the following is NOT an example of a pattern in nature?

A. Honeycomb
B. Flower petals
C. World's population
D. Spider webs

16. What is the shape of a snowflake?

A. Triangle
B. Hexagon
C. Circle
D. Square

17. The Fibonacci sequence starts with which two numbers?

A. 0 and 1
B. 1 and 0
C. 2 and 3
D. 1 and 2

18. How does mathematics contribute to understanding patterns and regularities in the world?
A. By creating formulas that describe mathematical patterns
B. By analyzing statistical trends and correlations
C. By providing a logical framework for organizing data
D. All of the above

19. Which of the following is a characteristic of patterns and regularities that mathematics can help understand?
A. Repetition
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B. Chaos
C. Randomness
D. None of the above

20. How does mathematics assist in identifying patterns and regularities in real-world phenomena?
A. By providing a universal language for communicating mathematical ideas
B. By enabling the identification of recurring numerical sequences
C. By offering a systematic approach for examining empirical evidence
D. All of the above

PRACTICE TEST - ANSWER KEY

1 A 6 B 11 D 16 B
2 B 7 D 12 B 17 A
3 C 8 D 13 C 18 D
4 A 9 D 14 A 19 A
5 A 10 B 15 C 20 D

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TEST:
1. It is essential to everything we do in our daily lives, from measuring to counting to more intricate computations.
A. English C. Math
B. Science and Math D. Science

2. It is a motif or design that depicts abstract shapes like lines, polygons, and circles, and typically repeats like wallpaper.
A. Logic Patterns C. Word Patterns
B. Geometric Patterns D. Number Patterns

3. Patterns can also be found in language like morphological rules in pluralizing nouns or conjugating verbs for tense, as well as the metrical rules of
poetry.
A. Logic Patterns C. Word Patterns
B. Geometric Patterns D. Number Patterns

4. This is a set whose elements are countable.

A. Unit Set C. Finite Set
B. Infinite Set D. Null Set

5. These are sets that have the same number of elements.

A. Equivalent Sets C. Null Sets
B. Equal Sets D. Cardinal Numbers

6. This is the type of loan which consumers use to finance his/her everyday purchases?
A. Installment Loan C. Personal Loan
B. Credits Cards D. Students Loan

7. A sum of P 10,000 amounts to P15,000 in 4 years at the rate of simple interest. What is the rate of interest?
A. 13.5% C. 10.5%
B. 12.5% D. 11.5%

8. Daniel invested the amount of P6,000 in a fixed deposit scheme for 2 years at a compound interest rate of 5%. How much amount will Mario get
on maturity of the fixed deposit?
A. 8,620 C. 7.615
B. 6,615 D. 8,800

9. When we get up in the morning, we see the time of waking to verify whether we have enough time to complete various tasks.
A. Managing Time C. Cooking
B. Budgeting D. Sports

10. A finite set that has only one element.

A. Unit Set C. Finite Set
B. Infinite Set D. Empty or Null Set

11. A set where the number of elements is unlimited or not countable.

A. Empty or Null Set C. Finite Set
B. Unit Set D. Infinite Set

12. What is the percentage of ratio 6:7?

A. 100% C. 175%
B. 85.714% D. 180%.

13. How much is 80% of 40 greater than 4/5 of 25?

A. 10 C. 16
B. 12 D. 20

14. Ms. Julie is a seller, and she had some apples. She sells 40% apples and still has 420 apples. What is the total number of apples he had
originally?
A. 650 C. 750
B. 700 D. 800

15. Kathrine invested an amount of P4,000 in a fixed deposit scheme for 2 years at a compound interest rate of 5%. How much amount will Mario get
on maturity of the fixed deposit?
A. 4,410 C. 5,550
B. 3,450 D. 2,410

16. The next term in the sequence below is found by adding the two previous terms.5, 10,20, _, _. Find the next term.
A. 1O and 30 C. 10 and 25
B. 25 and 30 D. 25 and 40

17. What is the percentage of 60 is 30?

A. 30 % C. 45 %
B. 40 % D. 50 %
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18. This is the collection of all people, plants, animals, or objects of interest about which we wish to make statistical inferences (generalizations).
A. Population Parameter C. Sample Statistic
B. Population D. Sample Population

19. He created the famous four-step process for problem solving.

A. George Boole C. George Polya
B. Girolamo Cardano D. Isaac Newton

20. The next term in this Fibonacci sequence is found by adding together the two previous terms 2, 2, 4, 6, _, _. Work out the next two terms.
A. 10 and 16 C. 4 and 5
B. 8 and 9 D. 10 and 11

21. Which of the following is NOT an example of Fibonacci sequence?

A. A Mountain Range
B. Numbers of Petals on Daisies
C. Pinecone Spirals
D. Spirals on a Sunflower

22. Which of the following is a specific objective of mathematics instruction?

A. To develop pupils’ proficiency with numbers and mathematical processes.
B. To improve kids’ ability to generalize
C. To promote pupils’ use of systematic reasoning.
D. To help students become more adept at debating the veracity and untruth of claims.

23. Which of the following statements about the nature of mathematics is true?
I. The language of mathematics is unique.
II. Any mathematical issue can always be resolved.
III. Concepts in mathematics are ethereal.

A. I and II C. II and III

B. I and III D. I, II, and III

24. What is 50% of 1000?

A. 200 C. 500
B. 100 D. 650

25. 60 is 12% of what number?

A. 300 C. 400
B. 500 D. 600

26. Makiplanta deposits P5,000.00 into a savings account. He will get 1.5% interest on her money each year. How much interest will he earn during a
ten-year period? (Assuming he does not add or subtract money).
A. P700.00 C. P750.00
B. P725.00 D. P775.00

27. Beverly takes out a P65,000.00 laptop loan with a 5% interest rate that is payable over two years. What is the total amount of interest payable on
this loan per year?
A. P6500.00 C. P3500.00
B. P6250.00 D. P3250.00

28. It was found that one particular species of bacterium multiplies at a rate of five percent every hour. After three hours, determine the total number
of bacteria if the initial count was 123,456.
A. 134,108.24 C. 136,110.24
B. 135,109.24 D. 137,111.24

29. Which number is next in the Fibonacci sequence of numbers: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21…?
A. 55 C. 8
B. 34 D. 1.62

30. What is the 10th number in the Fibonacci Sequence of 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21?
A. 34 C. 8
B. 55 D. 1.62

31. What is one way to decide if two numbers follow a Fibonacci sequence?
A. If their sum is the same as their difference.
B. If their ratio is approximately the golden ratio.
C. If each number is prime.
D. If their product is approximately the golden ratio.

32. The length of a golden rectangle is approximately 8 cm. Which of the following measures could be the width of the rectangle?
A. 4 cm C. 5 cm
B. 10 cm D. 6 cm
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33. One side of a golden rectangle is approximately 6 cm. Which of the following is NOT a possible measure for the adjacent side?
A. 9 cm C. 5 cm
B. 12 cm D. 8 cm

34. What is a fractal?

A. An object that reveals new features on smaller scales.
B. An object that is symmetric.
C. An object that has proportional features.
D. An object whose length to width ratio is the golden mean.

35. Which of the following is NOT an example of fractals?

A. The number of spirals on a pineapple C. Fems
B. Coastlines D. Coral

36. Fractal geometry has applications in:

A. Voting methods C. Imitating nature
B. Finding fleas on a dog D. Learning Styles

37. The perimeter of Snowflake Island is:

A. 14 miles C. Equal to 1.62 times its area
B. Infinite D. 10 miles

38. What is the median of the following data set?

32, 6, 21, 10, 8, 11, 12, 36, 17, 16, 15, 18, 40, 24, 21, 23, 24, 24, 29, 16, 32, 31, 10, 30, 35, 32, 18, 39, 12, 20
A. 12 C. 21
B. 40 D. 20

39. A sum of 12, 500 amounts of P12,500 amounts to P15,000 in 4 years at the rate of simple interest. What is the rate of interest?
A. 3% C. 5%
B. 4% D. 6%

40. Jelyssa invested the amount of Php8000 in a fixed deposit scheme for 2 years at compound interest rate 5%. How much amount will Jelyssa get
on maturity of the fixed deposit?
A. Php 8600 C. Php 8820
B. Php 8620 D. None of these

41. What method of writing set is applied in D = {x | x is a DLA student}?

A. Roster Form
B. Universal Form
C. Set Builder Notation
D. Equivalent Inequality

42. It is an operation on sets that contains all elements of both sets without repeating element/s
A. Complement of a Set
B. Difference of Two Sets
C. Intersection of Sets
D. Union Sets

43. What is the Fibonacci number pattern?

A. Counting up starting from 1 by 1.
B. Adding the two numbers before it to get the next number.
C. Multiplying the two numbers before it to get the next number.
D. Subtracting the two numbers before it to get the next number.

44. Suppose your reason as follows: If I spend 15 hours per week studying research methods, I will earn an A in the course. I will study research
methods at least 15 hours per week. Therefore, I will earn an A in the course. What type(s) of reasoning is this?
A. Inductive reasoning
B. Deductive reasoning
C. Neither inductive nor deductive reasoning
D. Both inductive and deductive reasoning

45. Jonax took 5 tests in chemistry in one semester. Her test scores are 95, 71, 90, 85, 65. Calculate the range of her test scores by using the range
formula.
A. 35 C. 45
B. 30 D. 40

46. Maria took 4 exams on her different subjects with a score of 82, 69, 87, 92. What is her average grade?
A. 86 C. 83.5
B. 82.5 D. 82

47. Find the range of 78,64,85,92,90,62,89?

A. 27 C. 29
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B. 28 D. 30

48. Some are characteristics of a credit card, EXCEPT:

A. Interest is only paid on the amount used, although there may be a minimum fee payable on the undrawn balance.
B. Once all the capital has been repaid through the payment of installment, the operation is conducted without the possibility of accessing
more money unless a new loan is arranged.
C. Interest is usually higher.
D. As the money is returned, more will become available, provided that the limit is not exceeded.

49 The patterns of the snowflake repeat six times; what is the angle of rotation?
A. 60° C. 36°
B. 6° D. 12°

50. Find the range of 23,28,22,20,30,34,27?

A. 15 C. 17
B. 14 D. 16

REFERENCES:
A. BOOKS / E-BOOKS
Blay et. Al. (2020). Mathematical Trips in the Modern World Outcomes-Based Approach. Anvil Publication Inc. Mandaluyong City

B. JOURNALS & ARTICLES

Deactivated, U. (2017, October 31). The nature of mathematics. My Teacher Education Eportfolio.
https://blogs.glowscotland.org.uk/glowblogs/mbfeportfolio/2017/10/31/the-nature-of-mathematics/

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Bhandari, S. (2023, December 7). 14 Interesting examples of the golden ratio in nature. https://www.mathnasium.com/blog/14-interesting-examples-
of-the-golden-ratio-in-nature

C. INTERNET SITES

How to calculate the mean value. (n.d.). https://www.mathsisfun.com/mean.html

Acio. (2023, December 14). Math in Daily Life: Uses, importance and facts. ALLEN Overseas. https://www.allenoverseas.com/blog/math-in-daily-life-
uses-importance-and-facts

Math in daily life. (n.d.). Cuemath. https://www.cuemath.com/learn/math-in-daily-life/

Picardo, E. (2023, August 22). Simple vs. Compounding Interest: Definitions and Formulas. Investopedia.
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/020614/learn-simple-and-compound-interest/

Bhandari, P. (2023, June 22). Correlation Coefficient | Types, Formulas & Examples. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/correlation-coefficient

Beers, B. (2023, April 1). What is Regression? Definition, Calculation, and Example. Investopedia.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/regression.asp

Hayes, A. (2023, May 22). Chi-Square (χ2) Statistic: What It Is, Examples, How and When to Use the Test. Investopedia.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/chi-square-statistic.asp

Statistics and Probability | Free Math Encyclopedia | House of Math. (n.d.). House of Math. https://www.houseofmath.com/encyclopedia/statistics-
and-probability

Bhandari, P. (2023b, June 22). Inferential Statistics | An easy introduction & examples. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/inferential-statistics

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