INDIAN SCHOOL AL MAABELA

(ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED INSTITUTION)

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
NOTES_CH 10: LIGHT

Light is a form of energy, which gives us the power of vision.

In this chapter we will study the phenomena of reflection and refraction using the property
of light i.e. straight line propagation (Light wave travel from one point to another, along a
straight line).

Ray of light : It is a line in the direction of movement of light.

Beam of light : It is bucnh of rays of light.
Parallel beam : All the rays are parallel.

Reflection of Light
When the light is allowed to fall on highly polished surface, such as mirror, most of the light
gets reflected.

Laws of Reflection

1. The angle of incidence is always equal to angle of reflection.

2. The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal to the reflecting surface at the point of
incidence lie in the same plane.

Image formed by Plane Mirror (Plane reflecting surface)

 INDIAN SCHOOL AL MAABELA
(ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED INSTITUTION)
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
NOTES_CH 10: LIGHT

1. Virtual (imaginary) & Erect : The image that do not form on screen.
Real images can be recorded on the screen.
2. Laterally inverted (The left side of object appear on right side of image)
3. The size of image is equal to that of object.
4. The image formed is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.

Reflection of light by spherical Mirrors

Mirrors, whose reflecting surface are curved inward or outward spherically are called
spherical mirror.
For example - Spoon The curved surface of shinning spoon can be considered as curved
mirror.

If it is curved inward Act as concave mirror

If it is curved outward Act as a convex mirror.

Few Basic terms related to Spherial Mirror

 INDIAN SCHOOL AL MAABELA
(ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED INSTITUTION)
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
NOTES_CH 10: LIGHT

1. Principal axis : Line joining the pole and centre of curvature of the spherical mirror.
2. Pole : The geometrical central point of the reflecting spherical surface. (aperture),
denoted by (P).
3. Aperture : The width of reflecting spherical surface.
4. Centre of curvature : The centre of the hollow glass sphere of which the spherical
mirror is a part is called as centre of curvature.
5. Radius of curvature : The distance between the pole and the centre of curvature. i.e.
PC = R or The radius of the hollow sphere of which the mirror is a part.
6. Focus point : The point on the principal axis, where all parallel rays meet after reflection
is called as Principal Focus or Focus. It is denoted by letter ‘F’.
7. Focal length : The distance between the pole and focus point i.e. PF = f
8. Relationship between focal length and Radius of curvature.

Image Formation by Spherical Mirror

Before we learn the formation of image or ray diagram, let us go through few tips

(a) Remember, a ray of light which is parallel to principle axis always pass through focus
(meet at focus) or vice-versa.
 INDIAN SCHOOL AL MAABELA
(ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED INSTITUTION)
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
NOTES_CH 10: LIGHT

(b) A ray of light which passes through centre of curvature (it is also known as normal at the
point of incidence on spherical mirror) will retrace their path after reflection.

(c) A ray of light falling on pole get reflected at the same angle on the other side of principal
axis.

Note : A ray of light passes through centre of curvature of reflecting spherical surface always
act as normal at the point of incidence. If we know the normal we can draw angle of
 INDIAN SCHOOL AL MAABELA
(ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED INSTITUTION)
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
NOTES_CH 10: LIGHT
incidence and angle of reflection
 INDIAN SCHOOL AL MAABELA
(ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED INSTITUTION)
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
NOTES_CH 10: LIGHT

Note 1 : The image will only form when two or more rays meets at a point. Image formation
by a concave mirror for different position of the object.
The ray diagrams given in NCERT Books are also good to be followed.

Image Formation by Concave Mirror

Image formation by Convex Mirror

Uses of Concave Mirror

1 Used in torches, search light and headlight of vehicle.
2. Used to see large image of face as shaving mirror
3. Used by dentist to see large images of the teeth
4. Large concave mirror used to focus sunlight (heat) in solar furnaces.

Uses of Convex Mirror

Used as rear-view mirror in vehicles because it gives erect image. Italso helps the driver to
view large area.

Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirror

1. The object is always placed to the left side of mirror.

2. All distance should be measured from pole (P); parallel to principal axis.
3. Take 'P' as origin. Distances measured
Right of the origin (+x-Axis) are taken positive
Left of the origin (–x-Axis) are taken negative

Perpendicular to and above principal axis (+y-Axis) are taken positive

Perpendicular to and below principal axis (–y-Axis) are taken negative

Mirror Formula

f distance between F and Pole

v distance of image from Pole
u distance of object from Pole
R distance between centre of curvature and pole.

Where

Magnification

It is expressed as the ratio of the height of the image to height of the object.

From 1 and 2 equation

When image height from principle axis.

 Object height from principle axis

Few tips to remember sign convention for Spherical mirror

f u v

-ve(real)
CONCAVE -ve(real) -ve(real)
+ve(virtual)

CONVEX +ve +ve +ve

h – is always +ve
h´ – is +ve for virtual , –ve for Real.
 Refraction of Light

Refraction of Light : Happens in Transparent medium when a light travels from one
medium to another, refraction takes place.
A ray of light bends as it moves from one medium to another Refraction is due to change in
the speed of light as it enters from one transparent medium to another.

Speed of light decreases as the beam of light travel from rarer medium to the denser medium.

Some Commonly observed phenomenon due to Refraction

Your eyes.
Rainbows.
Light bending in a glass of water.
Glasses.
Camera lenses.
Object dislocation in water.
Binoculars..
Refraction through a Rectangular Glass Slab

When a incident ray of light AO passes from a rarer medium (air) to adenser medium (glass)
at point. O on interface KL, it will bends towards the normal. At ptO1, on interface NM the
light ray entered from denser medium(glass) to rarer medium (air) here the light ray will
bend away from normal OO1 is a refracted ray O B is an emergent ray. If the incident ray is
extended to C, we will observe that emergent ray O1B I parallel to incident ray. The ray will
slightly displaced laterally after refraction.

Note : When a ray of light is incident normally to the interface of two media it will go
straight, without any deviation.

Laws of Refraction of Light

The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two transparent media
at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.

The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a constant
i.e.
=
r
For given colour and pair of media, this law is also known as Snell’s Law

Constant n is the refractive index for a given pair of medium. It is the refractive index of the
second medium with repect to first medium.

Refractive Index

The refractive index of glass with respect to air is given by ratio of speed of light in air to the
speed of light in glass.

c Speed of light in vacuum = speed of light in air is marginally less,

compared to that in vacuum.

Refractive index of air with respect to glass is given by

Refractive index of water

Refractive index of water

Spherical Lens

A transparent material bound by two surfaces, of which one or both surfaces are spherical,
forms a lens.

Convex lens Concave lens

1. Bulging outwards 1. Bulging inwards.
2. Converging lens. 2. Diverging lens.

Concave Lens
A lens bounded by two spherical surfaces, curved inwards is known asdouble concave lens
(or simply concave lens)
It is also known as diverging lens because it diverges the light.

Few Basic Terms Related to Spherical Lens

1. Centre of curvature : A lens, either a convex lens or a concave lens is combination of two
spherical surfaces. Each of these surfaces forma part of sphere. The centre of these two
spheres are called centre of curvature represented by C1 and C2.
2. Principal axis :Imaginary straight line passing through the two centres of curvature
3. Optical Centre : The central point of lens is its optical centre (O). A ray of light, when
passes through 'O' it remains undeviated i.e. it goes straight.
4. Aperture : The effective diameter of the circular outline of a spherical lens.
5. Focus of lens : Beam of light parallel to principal axis, after refraction from

1. Convex lens, converge to the point on principal axis, denoted by F, known as Principal
focus

2. Concave lens, appear to diverge from a point on the principal axis known as principal
focus.

The distance OF2 and OF1 is called as focal length

Tips for Drawing Ray Diagram

1. After refraction, a ray parallel to principal axis will pass through F.

2. A ray passes through F, after refraction will emerge parallel to principal axis
Image formation by a convex lens for various position of object
Image Formation by Concave Lens

Sign Convention for Refraction by Spherical Lens

Similar to that of spherical mirror, only the difference is that all themeasurement are made
from optical centre 'O'
Lens formula

Magnification

It is defined as the ratio of the height of image to the height of object.

It is also related to ‘u’ & ‘v’

From equation (1) & (2)

If magnification
m > 1,then image is magnified
m = 1 ,image is of same size
m < 1, image is diminished

Few Tips to Remember Sign Convention for Spherical Lens

f u v

CONCAVE -ve -ve -ve(virtual image always)

+ve(real)
CONVEX +ve -ve
-ve(virtual)

h is always +ve
h´ –ve for Real and +ve for Virtual &Errect.

Power of Lens

The degree of convergence or divergence of light ray achieved by a lensis known as power of
a lens.
It is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length Represented by P.
If F is given in meter, then

If F is given in cm , then

SI unit of power of a lens is “diopter” denoted by ‘D’

I diopter or ID It is the power of lens whose focal length is I m

Power of convave lens or diverging lens is always negative

If any optical instrument has many lens, then net power will be

What you have learnt

Light seems to travel in straight lines.

Mirrors and lenses form images of objects. Images can be either real or virtual,
depending on the position of the object.
The reflecting surfaces, of all types, obey the laws of reflection. The refracting
surfaces obey the laws of refraction.
New Cartesian Sign Conventions are followed for spherical mirrors and lenses.
Mirror formula, gives the relationship between the object-distance
(u), image-distance (v), and focal length (f) of a spherical mirror.
The focal length of a spherical mirror is equal to half its radius of curvature.
The magnification produced by a spherical mirror is the ratio of the height of the
image to the height of the object.
A light ray travelling obliquely from a denser medium to a rarer medium bends away
from the normal. A light ray bends towards the normal when it travels obliquely from
a rarer to a denser medium.
Light travels in vacuum with an enormous speed of 3×108 m s-1. The speed of light is
different in different media.
The refractive index of a transparent medium is the ratio of the speed of light in
vacuum to that in the medium.
In case of a rectangular glass slab, the refraction takes place at both air-glass interface
and glass-air interface. The emergent ray is parallel to the direction of incident ray.
Lens formula, gives the relationship between the object-distance (u),
image-distance (v), and the focal length (f) of a spherical lens.
Power of a lens is the reciprocal of its focal length. The SI unit of power of a lens is
dioptre.