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Lab 1 Slides

Uploaded by

jardanijovonovich072
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LAB 1

Network Media, Communication Medium……


Transmission Media

All computer communication involves encoding data in a form of energy, and


sending the energy across a transmission medium (i.e., the network links).

Guided and Unguided Media

Links can be categorized by the type of path used:


• Guided Media: communication follows an exact path (such as a wire)
• Unguided Media: communication follows no specific path (such as a
radio transmission)

Forms of Energy

Links can be categorized by the type of energy used for transmission:


• Electrical Energy is used on wires
• Radio Frequency Transmission is used for wireless
• Light is used for optical fibers and lazers
Copper Wire

Example 1: Twisted pair lines

A pair of wires are twisted together (signal wire and ground reference wire).
Multiple twisted pairs can be enclosed within the same cable.

Shielded twisted pairs (STP) are also used to reduce the effects of interference.

• Cat-5 is suitable for 10 - 100 Mbps for short distances (< 100m)
• In telephone networks, unshielded twisted pairs (UTP) are extensively used
with sophisticated driver and receiver circuits yielding higher bps over
longer distances
• Suffer from "skin effect" (i.e., the current of the wires flows only on the
outer surface of the wire). Result: Increases electrical resistance at higher
frequencies
Why is Twisted Pair “twisted”?
When two wires run in parallel:
• there is a high probability that
one of them is closer to the
source of electromagnetic
radiation than the other
• one wire tends to act as a shield
that absorbs some of the
electromagnetic radiation
• thus, the second wire receives
less energy.

Example: In the figure, a total of 32 units of radiation strikes in each case.


In (a): the top wire absorbs 20 units, and the bottom wire absorbs 12, producing a
difference of 8
In (b): each of the two wires is on top one-half of the time, which means that each
wire absorbs the same amount of radiation
Types of Twisted Pair
One variation is known as shielded twisted pair (STP)
• The cable has a thinner, more flexible metal shield surrounding one or
more twisted pairs of wires.
• In most versions of STP cable, the shield consists of metal foil, similar to
the aluminum foil used in a kitchen.
Example 2: Coaxial cable

The shield in a coaxial cable forms a flexible cylinder around the inner wire
that provides a barrier to electromagnetic radiation from any direction
The barrier also prevents signals on the inner wire from radiating
electromagnetic energy
ThinNet: Supports 10-100 Mbps over ~200 meters
ThickNet: Supports 10-100 Mbps over ~500 meters
Glass Fibers (or Optical Fibers)

Optical fiber:
• carries the transmitted information as a fluctuating beam of light
• is immune to electromagnetic interference and crosstalk
• is good for security, because it is difficult to tap an optical fiber cable
• supports transmission rates of hundreds of megabits per second over
several kilometers.

Components:
• Single glass fiber for each signal
• Optical transmitter (light-emitting diode (LED) or injection diode (ILD))
converts from electrical signals to a light signal
• Optical Receiver (photodiode or photo transistor) converts from light
signals to electrical
:: WHAT IS SPLICING? mechanical
splicing and fusion splicing
Radio

A network that uses electromagnetic radio waves is said to operate at radio


frequency. The transmissions are referred to as RF transmissions.
The lower frequency radio transmission can be used to replace fixed wire links.
Data rates are typically in the tens of kbps to hundreds of Mbps.

Electromagnetic (Radio) Spectrum


As the figure below shows:
• one part of the spectrum corresponds to infrared light described above
• the spectrum used for RF communications spans frequencies from
approximately 3 KHz to 300 GHz
• it includes frequencies allocated to radio and television broadcast as well as
satellite and microwave communications
Satellites

Satellites transmit data as electromagnetic (radio) waves through free space.

• A satellite contains a transponder that consists of a radio receiver and


transmitter.
• A transponder (covering a
particular range of frequencies)
receives the signal and
retransmits it
• A single satellite usually
contains 6-12 transponders
that operate independently.
• Each transponder uses a
different frequency
(or channel).
Microwave

Microwave transmissions are electromagnetic radiation beyond the frequency


range (i.e., a higher range) used for radio and TV.

Microwaves can be aimed in a single direction.


• helps prevent interception
• can not go through metal
• can carry more information than lower frequency RF

Infrared

Example: Remote controls for TVs, VCRs, etc.

Infrared communication:
• is good for a single room
• must point at the receiver
• is cheap
• needs no antennae
• can be used to set-up a computer network in a single room
Light from a Laser

Light from a laser can be transmitted through the air (not just through fiber
optics) to send information.

The laser beam must be sent in a straight line between the transmitter and the
receiver (e.g., point-to-point).

Laser beams cannot penetrate snow, fog, vegetation, etc.

Our Goal

In networking, we are interested in the number of bits we can successfully


transmit per second (or bps) across the network.

The bps is dependent on the type of transmission medium used.

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