SOLVED QUESTION & ANSWERS ON MODULE 2

Dipankar Deb, Rajeeb Dey, Valentina E.Balas

1. WHAT ARE THE PRIMARY GOALS OF CONDUCTING A

LITERATURE SURVEY/ REVIEW IN ACADEMIC RESEARCH? [2022-23]

Ans. A literature survey is a review of existing research and writings on a particular topic. It's
like gathering all the important information, findings, and ideas from various sources to
understand what has already been studied and what gaps might still exist.

Example: Imagine you want to write a paper about the effects of social media on mental
health. A literature survey would involve:

1. Collecting Sources: You'd look for books, articles, and studies that discuss social
media and mental health.
2. Summarising Findings: You'd summarise what these sources say, like how some
studies show social media can lead to anxiety, while others suggest it helps people
feel connected.
3. Identifying Gaps: You might notice that there's not much research on how different
age groups are affected differently.

A literature review helps you understand what's already known about a topic, allowing you to
clearly identify a problem and choose the best approach to study it.

It shows you how other researchers have tackled similar issues and helps you pick the right
methods for your research.

The goal is to ensure your research adds something new and valuable. A good literature
review should cover a wide range of information, be clear and thorough, and provide solid
analysis. Here are the primary goals of conducting a literature survey or review in academic
research, explained in detail:

1. Understanding the Current State of Research

● Goal: To grasp what is already known about a topic.

● Explanation: A literature review provides an overview of existing research, theories,
and findings in the field. It helps researchers understand the context of their study and
the evolution of ideas over time.

2. Identifying Gaps in Knowledge

● Goal: To find areas that have not been thoroughly explored.

 ● Explanation: By reviewing what has been studied, researchers can pinpoint gaps or
unanswered questions. This identification is crucial for developing new research
questions or hypotheses.

3. Establishing a Theoretical Framework

● Goal: To create a foundation for the research based on existing theories.

● Explanation: A literature review allows researchers to identify relevant theories and
models that can inform their study, providing a structured approach to analysing their
research question.

4. Informing Research Design and Methodology

● Goal: To learn about effective research methods previously used.

● Explanation: By examining methodologies from other studies, researchers can
choose appropriate methods for their own work or adapt existing ones to better fit
their research goals.

5. Supporting the Importance of the Research

● Goal: To demonstrate that the research addresses a significant problem.

● Explanation: A well-conducted literature review shows the relevance and urgency of
the research topic, helping to justify the need for the study and its potential
contributions to the field.

6. Avoiding Duplication of Efforts

● Goal: To ensure that the research is original and not redundant.

● Explanation: Reviewing existing literature helps researchers confirm that their work
is unique and that they are not repeating studies that have already been conducted.

7. Establishing Credibility and Building a Research Narrative

● Goal: To show familiarity with the topic and build a cohesive argument.
● Explanation: A comprehensive literature survey enhances a researcher’s credibility.
It helps craft a narrative that connects their research to existing knowledge,
illustrating how it fits into the broader academic conversation.

8. Facilitating Theoretical and Practical Growth

● Goal: To foster advancements in both theory and practice within the field.
● Explanation: A literature review can reveal trends, challenges, and emerging issues
in a field, opening avenues for further theoretical exploration and practical
application.
Conclusion : By achieving these goals, a literature survey becomes an essential step in the
research process, guiding researchers in shaping their studies and contributing effectively to
their fields.

2. HOW DOES THE NEW AND EXISTING KNOWLEDGE CAN

CONTRIBUTE TO THE RESEARCH PROCESS? EXPLAIN WITH
RELEVANT POINTES. [2022-23]imp

Ans. 1. New Knowledge Relies on Existing Knowledge

● Explanation: New research builds on what we already know. You can't understand
new ideas without a background in the existing knowledge.
● Example: If you're studying a new treatment for a disease, you need to know about
previous treatments and their effects to see how your new treatment is different or
better.

2. Importance of Existing Knowledge

● Explanation: To prove there's a problem worth studying, you must refer to what's
already known in the field.
● Example: If you claim that social media affects mental health, you should cite studies
that show the rising rates of anxiety linked to social media use.

3. Identifying Gaps in Knowledge

● Explanation: By reviewing existing research, you can highlight what hasn’t been
studied yet, showing your research is original.
● Example: If many studies show the effects of social media on adults but few focus on
teenagers, you can argue that your study fills that gap.

4. Finding Knowledge in Literature

● Explanation: You find existing knowledge by reading older and newer research
articles and textbooks in your field.
● Example: A textbook on psychology might give foundational theories, while recent
journal articles provide new findings on those theories.

5. Building a Strong Foundation

● Explanation: Having a solid background in existing research makes your new

findings harder to challenge.
● Example: If you back your claims with numerous references, it shows you’ve done
thorough research, making your argument stronger.

6. Textbooks vs. Research Papers

 ● Explanation: Textbooks usually cover established knowledge, while research papers
discuss the latest studies.
● Example: A psychology textbook might cover classical conditioning, while a
research paper might explore new findings on its application in therapy.

7. Audience for Research Papers

● Explanation: Research papers are meant for readers who are already knowledgeable
in the field.
● Example: A paper discussing advanced genetic editing techniques assumes the
reader knows about genetics and previous technologies.

8. Linking Research Items

● Explanation: A good literature review shows how different studies relate to each
other and builds on previous work.
● Example: If your research is about the effects of sleep on memory, you would
reference earlier studies that explore sleep patterns and cognitive function.

9. Impressions on Supervisors

● Explanation: A thorough literature survey impresses your supervisor, showing you

understand your field.
● Example: If you present a well-organised review of the current research on climate
change impacts, your supervisor will see you’re well-prepared for your project.

10. Avoiding Hasty Conclusions

● Explanation: Don’t jump to conclusions; instead, analyse each source carefully to

understand its details.
● Example: Instead of saying all social media is harmful, look at studies that show both
positive and negative effects and understand why they differ.

11. Two-Step Literature Survey Process

● Explanation: Break down your literature review into major topics and categorise
your sources.
● Example: If researching pollution, you might have topics like air quality, water
contamination, and effects on health, then place articles accordingly.

12. Highlighting Important Information

● Explanation: While reading, mark important sections so you can revisit them later.
● Example: If you find a statistic about rising pollution levels that supports your
argument, highlight it to ensure you remember to include it in your paper.
13. Comprehensive Analysis and Synthesis

● Explanation: Your literature survey should analyse existing work and show how it
supports your research direction.
● Example: If studying renewable energy, you’d synthesise various studies on solar,
wind, and hydro energy to show where improvements can be made.

Conclusion : By following these steps, you can create a strong literature review that helps
you clearly position your research within the existing body of knowledge!

Example for understanding purpose (ps : don't write this in exam )

Example : The Journey of Maya: Exploring Climate Change in Agriculture

Maya was a graduate student passionate about the environment, particularly how climate
change affected agriculture. As she set out to write her thesis, she realised she needed to
understand what had already been discovered in this field.

1. Understanding the Current State of Research

Maya started her journey by diving into existing studies. She spent weeks reading articles and
reports, discovering that many researchers had focused on the effects of rising temperatures
on crop yields. She learned about various studies that highlighted how different crops
responded to climate shifts. This knowledge gave her a solid foundation to understand the
current landscape of climate change research.

2. Identifying Gaps in Knowledge

As she reviewed the literature, Maya noticed something intriguing: most studies concentrated
on large farms in developed countries, while smallholder farmers in developing nations
received little attention. This realisation sparked her curiosity. She saw a gap that needed to
be filled and decided to focus her research on how climate change impacts smallholder
farmers in her home country.

3. Establishing a Theoretical Framework

To support her research, Maya looked for theoretical frameworks that could guide her study.
She discovered a model that explained how environmental factors influenced agricultural
productivity. By using this model, Maya could structure her research and ensure it was
grounded in established theories.

4. Informing Research Design and Methodology

Maya also found that many researchers used interviews and surveys to gather data from
farmers. Inspired by these methodologies, she designed her own research plan to conduct
interviews with local farmers. This approach would help her gather firsthand insights about
their experiences with climate change.
5. Supporting the Importance of Her Research

In her literature review, Maya highlighted the increasing threats of climate change to food
security. She emphasised that understanding the challenges faced by smallholder farmers was
crucial for developing effective adaptation strategies. This helped her articulate why her
research mattered and how it could contribute to the field.

6. Avoiding Duplication of Efforts

Through her thorough review, Maya realised that several researchers had already studied
specific adaptation techniques, such as crop rotation. Instead of repeating this work, she
decided to focus on less-explored strategies, like community-based approaches to water
management.

7. Establishing Credibility and Building a Research Narrative

By the time Maya finished her literature survey, she had crafted a compelling narrative that
linked her research to existing knowledge. She cited numerous studies, demonstrating her
familiarity with the topic and establishing her credibility as a researcher. This comprehensive
background made her confident in presenting her thesis proposal to her supervisor.

In the end, Maya’s literature survey not only guided her research but also equipped her with
the tools to make a meaningful contribution to the understanding of climate change and its
impact on smallholder farmers. Her journey illustrates how a well-conducted literature
review lays the groundwork for successful research.

3. WHAT ARE DATASHEETS AND WRITE THEIR CONTENTS ?

[202-23]

Ans. Reading a Datasheet

Researchers in various engineering fields, especially electronics, need to read datasheets for
electronic components. Even those in other fields may need to consult these documents when
using electronic parts.

Key Points:

1. Purpose of Datasheets: They serve as instruction manuals, detailing what a

component does and how to use it. They are essential for designing and
troubleshooting circuits.
2. Initial Skimming: Start by quickly skimming the datasheet to determine if a detailed
reading is necessary.
3. Overview Information: The first page typically summarises the component’s
function, features, and specifications, often including a block diagram of its internal
functions.
 ------> this is how a datasheet looks like.

4. Pinout Information: Datasheets include a pinout, which shows the physical layout
of the component’s pins, with a special mark for pin 1 to ensure proper installation.
5. Performance Graphs: Look for graphs that display how performance varies with
factors like supply voltage and temperature, as well as the safe operating regions.
6. Truth Tables and Timing Diagrams: These sections explain input-output
relationships and how data is transmitted, which is crucial for circuit design.
7. Package Dimensions: The end of the datasheet provides the physical dimensions of
the component, important for PCB layout design.

Conclusion: Carefully reading the datasheet of a new part can save time and prevent issues
later in the research or project.

Purpose of Datasheets

Example: If you’re designing a circuit with an operational amplifier (op-amp), the

datasheet will explain its function (e.g., amplifying signals) and how to integrate it into your
circuit.

1. Initial Skimming

Example: When you first open a datasheet for a microcontroller, you might quickly look for
the section that lists its main features (like processing speed and memory size) to see if it
fits your project before diving deeper.

2. Overview Information

Example: The first page of a datasheet for a temperature sensor might summarise that it can
measure temperatures from -40°C to 125°C and has an accuracy of ±0.5°C. This helps you
decide if it’s suitable for your application.
3. Pinout Information

Example: If you’re using a specific LED driver chip, the datasheet will show a pinout
diagram. Pin 1 might be marked with a circle, indicating where to connect it in your circuit,
ensuring proper function.

4. Performance Graphs

Example: A datasheet for a voltage regulator might include graphs that show how its
output voltage varies with changes in input voltage and temperature. This helps you ensure
that the regulator will work reliably in your circuit's conditions.

5. Truth Tables and Timing Diagrams

Example: For a logic gate IC, the datasheet will have a truth table showing the output for
every possible combination of inputs. If you’re designing a digital circuit, this information is
crucial to understand how the gate will behave.

6. Package Dimensions

Example: If you're laying out a printed circuit board (PCB) and need to place a specific
resistor, the datasheet will provide its dimensions. Knowing the size helps ensure it fits
correctly on the PCB and doesn’t interfere with other components.

7. Final Tip

Example: Suppose you are working with a new Bluetooth module. By thoroughly reading its
datasheet, you might discover special configurations or shortcuts (like specific settings for
power-saving modes) that can save you hours of troubleshooting and development time later.

Summary: understanding how to read and interpret data sheets with these examples can
greatly enhance your efficiency and accuracy in engineering projects!

4. EXPLAIN THE VARIOUS STEPS INVOLVED IN THE CRITICAL

AND CREATIVE READING PROCESS.[2022-23]

Ans. Reading a research paper is a critical process. The reader should not be under the
assumption that reported results or arguments are correct. Rather, being suspicious and asking
appropriate questions is in fact a good thing.

Have the authors attempted to solve the right problem? Are there simpler solutions that have
not been considered? What are the limitations (both stated and ignored) of the solution and
are there any missing links?
Are the assumptions that were made reasonable? Is there a logical flow to the paper or is
there a flaw in the reasoning? These need to be ascertained apart from the relevance and the
importance of the work, by careful reading.

Use of judgmental approach and boldness to make judgments is needed while reading.
Flexibility to discard previous erroneous judgments is also critical.

Additionally, it is important to ascertain whether the data presented in the paper is the right
data to substantiate the argument that was made in the paper and whether the data was
gathered and interpreted in a correct manner.

Critical reading is relatively easy. It is relatively easier to critically read to find the mistakes
than to read it so as to find the good ideas in the paper.

Anyone who has been a regular reviewer of journal articles would agree to such a statement.

Reading creatively is harder, and requires a positive approach in search. In creative reading,
the idea is to actively look for other applications, interesting generalisations, or extended
work which the authors might have missed?

Are there plausible modifications that may throw up important practical challenges? One
might be able to decipher properly if one would like to start researching an extended part of
this work, and what should be the immediate next aspect to focus upon.

Example for understanding purpose ( don’t write in exam)

Reading a research paper requires both critical and creative thinking. Here’s a simplified
breakdown:

1. Critical Reading

● Explanation: Don't just accept the results or arguments as correct. Question

everything.
● Example: If a study claims a new drug is effective, ask: Did the authors address the
right problem? Are there simpler treatments they ignored? What are the study’s
limitations?

2. Asking the Right Questions

● Explanation: Consider the authors' problem-solving approach and the assumptions

made.
● Example: If the paper assumes all participants followed instructions perfectly,
question that assumption. What if some didn’t?

3. Using Judgement

● Explanation: Be bold in your evaluations. Make judgments about the paper's validity.
 ● Example: If the methods seem flawed, don’t hesitate to point that out in your notes.

4. Flexibility in Judgments

● Explanation: Be open to changing your views if you find new evidence.

● Example: If you initially thought a study was weak but later read more about the
methods used, you might reconsider its value.

5. Assessing Data Quality

● Explanation: Check if the data used supports the authors' arguments and is properly
interpreted.
● Example: If a paper presents data on energy consumption, verify if the data
collection methods were sound and relevant.

6. Finding Mistakes vs. Good Ideas

● Explanation: It’s easier to identify errors than to uncover valuable insights.

● Example: While reviewing a paper, you might notice statistical errors, but you also
want to find innovative ideas that could inspire your own work.

7. Creative Reading

● Explanation: This is harder and involves actively seeking new applications or ideas.
● Example: If a paper discusses a new algorithm for data analysis, think about how it
could be applied to a different field, like healthcare or education.

8. Exploring Further Research

● Explanation: Consider what future research could stem from the paper.
● Example: After reading about a new technology, you might realise there’s potential
for research on its environmental impacts, prompting you to explore that angle.

In summary, critical reading involves questioning and analysing a paper, while creative
reading focuses on finding new ideas and applications. Both approaches enhance your
understanding and can inspire your own research.

5. DEFINE THE TERM CITATION. DESCRIBE 3 FUNCTIONS OF

CITATION [2022-23] imp**

Ans. Citation refers to a reference to a source of information or an idea within academic or

professional writing. It typically includes details like the author’s name, the title of the work,
the publication date, and other relevant information, allowing readers to locate the original
source. Citations serve several important purposes, including:

1. Giving Credit: Acknowledging the original authors and their contributions.

2. Supporting Arguments: Providing evidence for claims made in your work.
 3. Facilitating Research: Helping readers find additional information on the topic.

Three Main Functions of Citation

1. Verification Function
○ Explanation: Citations allow readers to check if the research is accurate.
They help identify any distortions or misleading information.
○ Example: If a study claims that a new drug is effective, the reader can look up
the original study cited to see if the results were reported correctly and if the
conclusions are valid.
2. Acknowledgment Function
○ Explanation: Citations give credit to researchers for their ideas and work.
This recognition is important for their careers, as funding organisations often
consider citations when awarding grants or promotions.
○ Example: If a researcher’s work is frequently cited, it enhances their
reputation in the field, making it easier for them to secure research funding or
job opportunities.
3. Documentation Function
○ Explanation: Citations document the development of scientific ideas and
technologies over time. They create a record of how concepts have evolved.
○ Example: By citing previous research on renewable energy, a new study can
show how the understanding of solar panels has changed, providing context
for its findings.

Academic Writing and Citation Practices

1. Importance of Rules: Academic writing follows specific rules and conventions.

○ Example: Different styles like APA or MLA dictate how to format citations.
2. Citing: This means quoting or referring to other authors' works in your writing.
○ Example: "According to Smith (2020), climate change impacts agriculture."
3. Referencing: This is listing full details of the works cited, helping readers find them.
○ Example: In the reference list, you would include: Smith, J. (2020). The
Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture. Publisher.
4. Acknowledgment: This shows who contributed to the research or ideas.
○ Example: "We thank Dr. Jones for her insights on data analysis."
5. Differences: Acknowledgment, attributions, and citations have distinct purposes.
○ Example: Citation is for direct quotes, acknowledgment is for contributions,
and attribution is about crediting specific ideas.

Understanding Citations

1. Purpose of Citations:
○ Credit Others: Citations give credit to the original authors and allow readers
to trace the source.
 ○ Example: If you use data from a study, you would cite it like this: "According
to Doe (2021)..."
2. Use of Others' Work:
○ Clear Attribution: Any portion of someone else's work, including text,
images, or sounds, must be cited to avoid plagiarism.
○ Example: If you include a graph from another study, you need to reference
the source.
3. Building Connections:
○ Link to Previous Work: Including citations connects your new research to
existing studies.
○ Example: A bibliography at the end of your paper shows how your work
relates to prior research.
4. Verification Function:
○ Check Accuracy: Citations help readers verify if the information is correctly
represented.
○ Example: Readers can check if you accurately described findings from a cited
study.
5. Acknowledgment Function:
○ Credit Researchers: Citations recognize the contributions of original authors,
which can enhance their reputation and secure funding.
○ Example: Frequent citations of a researcher’s work may help them gain
recognition in their field.
6. Documentation Function:
○ Record Progress: Citations document scientific concepts and the history of
technological developments.
○ Example: Citing key studies over the years shows how ideas evolved.
7. Types of Materials to Cite:
○ Variety of Sources: You can cite journal articles, books, theses, websites, and
more.
○ Example: A citation list might include: Smith, A. (2020). Understanding
Machine Learning. Publisher.
8. In-Text and References:
○ Two Citations Required: You must cite sources both in the text (in-text
citation) and in the reference list at the end.
○ Example: In-text: "Research shows (Johnson, 2019)..." Reference: Johnson,
L. (2019). Innovations in AI. Publisher.
9. Using LaTeX:
○ Document Formatting: LaTeX can automatically format citations, making it
easier for researchers.
○ Example: Using LaTeX, you can manage your citations seamlessly
throughout your document.

Types of Citation Issues: (imp)***

 1. Spurious Citations:
○ Unnecessary Citations: Including a citation when it’s not needed or relevant.
○ Example: Citing a study that has no relation to your topic just to fill space.
2. Biassed Citations:
○ Selective Credit: Citing friends' work without significance or ignoring
important studies.
○ Example: Citing a colleague’s work while overlooking a crucial study that
contradicts your claims.
3. Self-Citations:
○ Citing Your Own Work: This is acceptable if relevant to your current
research.
○ Example: Referring to your previous paper on the same topic to show
continuity.
4. Coercive Citations:
○ Pressure to Cite: Editors may pressure authors to cite works from their
journals to boost impact factors.
○ Example: An editor suggests you cite their journal’s articles, even if they are
not relevant.

Summary: Citations are essential for crediting original authors, verifying information, and
documenting research. Proper citation practices enhance academic integrity and help readers
navigate your work effectively.

6. EXPLAIN HOW KNOWLEDGE FLOWS THROUGH A

CITATION NETWORK USING A FLOW DIAGRAM. [2022-23] imp**

Ans. Knowledge Flow Through Citation can be given as,

1. Forms of Knowledge Flow:

○ Knowledge is shared through various media, including:
■ Verbal Communication: Conversations and presentations.
■ Written Materials: Books, articles, theses, patents, and reports.
■ Multimedia: Videos, audio recordings, and images.
○ Example: A researcher might present findings in a conference talk and then
publish a paper summarising that talk.
2. Importance in Engineering Research:
○ In engineering, knowledge primarily flows through technical documents like
books, theses, and research articles.
○ Example: An engineer developing a new type of battery will cite previous
studies on battery technology to build on existing knowledge.
3. Role of Citations:
○ Citing sources helps transfer knowledge from past research to new
innovations.
 ○ Example: If a new study on renewable energy cites earlier work on solar
panel efficiency, it shows how current findings relate to previous research.
4. Collaboration and Networks:
○ Knowledge also flows between co-authors during collaborative research and
among researchers through citation networks.
○ Example: A group of researchers working on a project may share insights and
data, leading to co-authored papers that cite each other’s findings.
5. Institutional and Field Connections:
○ Knowledge can flow between institutions, departments, research fields, and
topics.
○ Example: A study in environmental science may cite research from
engineering to discuss new technologies for reducing pollution.

1. Knowledge Flow Through Citations:

○ When Paper A is cited by Paper B, it creates a link in a citation network. This
means that knowledge is shared across different institutions and research
areas.
○ Example: If a researcher at University A cites a study from University B,
both institutions benefit from the knowledge exchange.
2. Interdisciplinary Collaboration:
○ Research today often requires collaboration among scholars from different
fields. This interdisciplinary approach helps improve the quality of research.
○ Example: An environmental scientist might work with an engineer to develop
a new pollution control technology, enhancing both fields.
3. Illustrating Co-Authorship and Citations:
 ○ Imagine three articles: X, Y, and Z.
○ Authors of Article X: A, B, and C.
○ Authors of Article Y: D, E, F, G, and A (A is a co-author of both articles).
○ Authors of Article Z: H and E.
4. References in Articles:
○ Article X cites three references:
■ X1: by authors A and P
■ X2: by authors H and R
■ X3: by author D
○ Article Y cites two references:
■ Y1: by authors Q, B, and F
■ Y2: by author R
5. Connections:
○ The authors of Articles X and Y are interconnected because they share author
A, which strengthens collaboration and knowledge flow.
○ The references cited in Articles X and Y contribute to the broader knowledge
base, allowing readers to trace the research foundations.

Summary

● Citation networks help disseminate knowledge across institutions.

● Interdisciplinary collaboration enhances research quality.
● Co-authorship and references create connections that promote further research
and innovation.

Conclusion: Knowledge flow through citation is essential for building upon past research,
fostering collaboration, and advancing innovation in various fields.

Example for understanding purpose: Real-Time Example of Citation Flow and Collaboration
Scenario: Renewable Energy Research

1. Research Articles:
○ Article A: "Advancements in Solar Panel Efficiency" by Authors Alice and
Bob.
○ Article B: "Innovative Battery Storage Solutions" by Authors Carol, Dave,
and Alice.
○ Article C: "Integrating Solar and Storage Technologies" by Authors Eve and
Frank.
2. Citation Flow: Article B cites Article A to discuss the latest solar technologies that
influence battery design.

Article C cites Article B to explore how battery solutions can enhance solar energy usage.

3. Collaboration: Alice, who co-authored both Article A and Article B, fosters

collaboration between the solar panel and battery research teams. This connection
allows for shared insights and resources, improving the overall quality of research.

7. HOW CAN RESEARCHERS EFFECTIVELY USE

SEARCH ENGINES TO FIND RELEVANT LITERATURE IN THEIR
FIELDS?

Ans. Use Specific Keywords:Start with clear, specific keywords related to your research
topic. The more precise your terms, the better your results. Example: Instead of searching for
“climate change,” try “impact of climate change on polar bear habitats.”

Utilise Advanced Search Options: Many search engines and databases have advanced
search features that let you filter results by date, type of publication, or specific fields (like
title or abstract). Example: In Google Scholar, you can click on “Advanced Search” to look
for articles published in the last five years on your topic.

Use Quotation Marks: Put phrases in quotation marks to search for the exact phrase instead
of separate words. Example: Searching for “renewable energy sources” will give results that
include that exact phrase, filtering out unrelated content.

Explore Related Articles: After finding a relevant paper, look for links to related articles or
citations to see how other researchers are discussing the topic. Example: If you find a study
on wind energy, check the citations to find more studies that reference it for a broader
perspective.

Check References: Look at the reference list of a relevant paper to find other studies that the
authors used, which can lead you to valuable sources. Example: If a paper cites important
research on energy efficiency, follow those citations to explore that area further.

Set Up Alerts: Use tools like Google Scholar alerts to receive notifications when new
research is published on your topic. Example: You can set an alert for “solar panel
technology” to get updates whenever new articles are published.
Join Online Academic Communities: Platforms like ResearchGate or Academia.edu allow
researchers to share their work and ask questions, leading to new insights and resources.
Example: Joining a community focused on renewable energy can help you find experts and
relevant literature.

Conclusion: By using specific keywords, advanced search options, quotation marks, and
exploring related articles and references, researchers can effectively find relevant literature.
Setting up alerts and engaging with academic communities can further enhance their search
for valuable information in their fields.

8. WHAT CHALLENGES DO RESEARCHERS COMMONLY FACE

WHEN READING MATHEMATICAL CONTENT OR ALGORITHM?

Ans. Mathematics is really important in engineering because it helps us understand and solve
problems. When engineers write research papers, they often include mathematical proofs and
algorithms. Here’s a simple breakdown of the key points:

1. Maths is Fundamental:
○ Mathematics forms the base for many new ideas and advancements in
engineering. For example, if an engineer is developing a new type of bridge,
they will use maths to calculate load limits and structural integrity.
2. Reading Carefully:
○ When you read a technical paper, don’t just skim over the maths sections.
These parts contain the main ideas that explain how the authors are solving a
problem. For instance, if a paper presents a new algorithm for optimising
traffic flow, the maths will show how they derived their solution.
3. Algorithms:
○ An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem. Think of it
like a recipe: if you follow the steps correctly, you’ll get the right dish. In
programming languages like C, C++, or Java, implementing algorithms can be
tricky. Even small mistakes can lead to errors in your program.
4. Testing Algorithms:
○ Sometimes, even if you think you understand the algorithm and have coded it
correctly, it might not work. For example, you might be working on an
algorithm that sorts numbers, but if you accidentally miss a step, your
program might sort them incorrectly.

Example: Imagine you read a paper about an algorithm that predicts weather patterns.

● You notice there are equations involved (like calculating averages and variations).
● Instead of just reading the text, you take the time to understand the maths. This helps
you grasp how they came to their conclusions.
● After coding the algorithm in Java, you run the program. If it doesn’t work, you
realise that you forgot to handle a special case (like what happens if there’s no data).
Keynote:Take your time with the maths in technical papers. It’s essential for understanding
the problem and how to solve it. And remember, coding algorithms can be challenging, so
don’t rush through it. Testing and revising your code is a normal part of the process!

9. WHAT IS IMPACT OF TITLE & KEYWORDS ON CITATIONS?

EXPLAIN CITATION BASED KNOWLEDGE FLOW.

Ans. How Titles and Keywords Impact Research Citations

When researchers publish papers, several factors determine how often their work gets cited
by others. Here’s an easy explanation of how titles and keywords play a crucial role in this
process.

Key Factors Influencing Citations

1. Significance of the Journal:

○ Papers in well-known journals are more likely to be cited. For example, a
paper published in "Nature" is often cited more than one in a smaller, less
known journal.
2. Type of Research:
○ The research area matters too. Studies on hot topics (like renewable energy)
are more likely to be cited than those on less popular subjects.

The Role of Titles

● Importance of Titles:
○ The title is the first thing people see, and it gives them an idea of what the
paper is about. A good title can grab attention and lead to more citations.
● Characteristics of Good Titles:
○ Informative: It should tell readers what the paper is about. For example,
“Improving Solar Panel Efficiency through Nanotechnology” is clear and
direct.
○ Attention-Grabbing: It should also be interesting enough to make readers want
to learn more.
● Types of Titles:
○ Informative Titles: Provide details about the study, like “Analysing the Effects
of Urban Green Spaces on Air Quality.”
○ Attractive Titles: Might sound cliche but can be vague, like “A Breath of
Fresh Air” – this doesn’t inform the reader about the study’s content.
● Length of Titles:
○ Longer titles often include details about methods or results, making them
more informative. For example, “Effects of Various Fertilisers on Tomato
Yield in Urban Gardens” might attract more attention than simply “Fertilisers
and Tomatoes.”
Impact of Keywords

● Using Keywords:
○ Keywords are important because they help categorise the paper. For example,
if your paper is about the “Effects of Climate Change on Coastal Ecosystems,”
keywords could include “climate change,” “coastal ecosystems,” and
“environment.”
● Searchability:
○ Including at least two relevant keywords in the title increases the chances that
your paper will be found by search engines and databases. For instance, a title
like “Innovative Techniques in Water Purification” uses keywords that
researchers might search for.

Additional Points

● Citations and Article Types:

○ Review articles and original research papers usually get more citations than
short communications. For instance, a comprehensive review on “Current
Trends in Renewable Energy” might be cited frequently compared to a short
note on a specific project.
● Specific Elements:
○ Titles with question marks, colons, or that refer to specific places might get
fewer citations. For example, “Can Renewable Energy Save Our Planet? A
Case Study in California” might be less effective than “Renewable Energy
Solutions: A Case Study in California.”

Conclusion: A well-thought-out title and effective keywords can significantly boost how
often a research paper is cited. Researchers should aim for titles that are informative,
engaging, and contain relevant keywords to enhance visibility and impact in their field.

10. WHAT ARE THE KEY FEATURES OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHIC

DATABASE OF THE WEB OF SCIENCE (WOS) AND HOW IS IT
COMMONLY USED IN RESEARCH?

Ans. Bibliographic Databases: Bibliographic databases are collections of information that

help you find details about research articles. They provide abstracts (summaries) and citation
information about scholarly literature.

1. How They Work:

○ These databases organise articles and make them searchable, so you can easily
find the information you need.
○ Example: If you’re looking for articles on climate change, you can search for
that topic in a bibliographic database to find relevant studies.
2. Importance of Multiple Databases:
 ○ Relying on just one database can limit your research because each database
has its own strengths and weaknesses.
○ Example: If you only use one database, you might miss important articles that
are available in others.
3. Choosing the Right Database:
○ It's essential to quickly identify which databases are most relevant to your
research topic.
○ Example: If you’re studying engineering, you might focus on databases that
specialise in technical and scientific literature.

Conclusion: Bibliographic databases are valuable tools for finding and organising research
information. Using multiple databases can enhance the quality of your research by providing
a broader range of articles and data.

Web of Science: Web of Science is a research tool that helps you find scholarly articles and
other academic materials. It used to be called ISI or Thomson Reuters.

1. Searching for Research: You can search for specific topics by selecting options like
title, author, or keywords from a dropdown menu.
○ Example: If you’re interested in “renewable energy,” you can type that in and
choose to search in the title or topic.
2. Sorting Results:
○ You can sort your search results by the number of citations (to see the most
influential papers) or by publication date (to find the most recent studies).
○ Example: If you sort by citations, you might find a highly-cited paper that
could be crucial for your research.
3. Refining Your Search:
○ You can narrow your search results using options on the left panel, like:
■ Putting phrases in quotes (e.g., “climate change”)
■ Filtering by material type (e.g., only peer-reviewed articles)
■ Selecting a specific date range.
○ Example: If you want articles only from the last five years, you can set that
filter.
4. Cited Reference Search:
○ This feature lets you find out which articles have cited a particular paper. It’s
useful for seeing how an idea has developed over time.
○ Example: If you have a paper on solar technology, you can see newer articles
that are built on that research.
5. Structured Search:
○ A structured search helps you focus on finding relevant sources quickly,
making your research process more efficient.
○ Example: If you start with a broad topic but then refine it to specific
subtopics, you’ll get more relevant results.
6. Detailed Information on Articles:
 ○ When you click on a search result, you’ll see important details like:
■ Title of the paper
■ Authors
■ Journal name
■ Volume and issue number
■ Year of publication
■ Abstract and keywords.
○ Example: This information helps you decide if you want to read the
full paper.

Conclusion: Web of Science is a powerful tool for finding and organising academic research.
It allows you to search, sort, and refine results efficiently, providing all the necessary
information to support your studies.

11. LIST AND EXPLAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF NOTE TAKING

WHILE READING RESEARCH PAPERS.

Ans. `1. Reading to Write: Good reading skills are essential for writing well. When you
read carefully, you can take effective notes, which will help you later when writing your
paper.

Example: If you're reading a research paper on climate models, good reading skills help you
understand the concepts clearly, making it easier to write about them.

2. Importance of Note-Taking: Taking notes acts as a bridge between reading and

writing. It helps you remember important points and ideas.

Example: You might jot down a key definition or a unique finding from the paper that you
want to include in your own writing.

3. The Saying: "The faintest writing is better than the best memory" means that even a
simple note is more reliable than trying to remember everything.

Example: If you write down a surprising statistic from your reading, you won’t have to rely
on memory when you need to refer to it later.

4. Note-Taking Methods: Researchers often take notes in the margins of printed papers
or digitally using tools designed for organising articles.

Example: You might highlight important sections in a paper or use a digital tool like Zotero
to store and annotate articles.

5. Highlighting Key Points: While reading, note down definitions, explanations, and
concepts that are useful for your research.

Example: If you find a clear definition of “renewable energy,” make a note of it for your
future reference.
6. Writing Down Questions and Criticisms: If you have questions or critiques about
the paper, write those down too. This will help you remember your thoughts when you revisit
the material.

Example: You might question the methodology used in a study, which can be important for
your own analysis later.

7. Summarising the Paper: After reading, write a brief summary of the paper,
highlighting its main contributions in a few sentences.

Example: “This paper presents a new model for predicting solar energy output based on
historical weather data.”

8. Comparative Perspective: To fully understand a paper's contribution, compare it

with other research in the same area.

Example: If you read a new study on battery technology, look at previous studies to see what
new insights it offers.

9. Identifying Contributions: A thorough reading will help you determine if the paper
presents new ideas, applies existing ideas in new ways, or combines different concepts.

Example: You might find that a paper not only introduces a new algorithm but also uses it to
solve a problem that previous studies hadn't addressed.

Conclusion: Taking notes while reading helps you bridge the gap between understanding and
writing. By summarising key points and comparing them with existing literature, you can
enhance your research quality and make your writing more informed and relevant.

12. WHAT TYPES OF CITATION FAIL TO ACHIEVE THEIR GOAL

AND DON’T BENEFIT THE READER? EXPLAIN.

Ans. Spurious Citations: These are citations that are included even when they aren’t
necessary or relevant. Example: If an author mentions a study just to add more references
without actually using its findings, it misleads the reader.

Biased Citations: These occur when an author cites friends or colleagues’ work, even if it’s
not significant or relevant, while ignoring more relevant research. Example: If a researcher
only cites their friend’s paper that doesn’t support their argument, rather than citing a more
credible study, it creates a skewed perspective.

Self-Citations: While it’s fine to cite your own previous work, it can become problematic if
done excessively or when irrelevant. Example: If an author references their earlier paper
repeatedly without it being necessary for the current research, it may look like they’re trying
to inflate their own importance rather than focusing on the topic.
Coercive Citations: This happens when authors feel pressured to cite certain works, often
from journals or editors, regardless of their relevance. Example: If a researcher cites a
specific journal just because the editor requests it, even if the journal’s content isn’t related to
their work, it can confuse readers.

Conclusion: These types of citations can mislead readers, create biases, and dilute the quality
of research. It’s essential for researchers to use citations thoughtfully to ensure they genuinely
add value to their work and benefit the audience.

13. WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON STYLES FOR CITATION

USED BY ENGINEERS DURING RESEARCH, AND PROVIDE AN
EXAMPLE.

Ans. ASCE style (American Society of Civil Engineers)

IEEE style (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Engineers often use specific citation styles to reference their sources in research papers. The
most common styles include:

1. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers): Often used in technical

fields, especially electrical and computer engineering.
Example:
In-text citation:
[1] Reference list:
[1] J. Smith, "Understanding Circuit Theory," Journal of Electronics, vol. 10, no. 2,
pp. 45-50, 2020.
2. ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers): Used in civil engineering.
Example:
In-text citation: (Smith
2020) Reference list:
Smith, J. (2020). "Understanding Structural Design." Journal of Civil
Engineering, 15(3), 123-130.
3. APA (American Psychological Association): Sometimes used in
engineering fields, especially when social science is involved.
Example:
In-text citation: (Smith,
2020) Reference list:
Smith, J. (2020). Engineering Ethics: A Practical Guide. New York, NY:
Engineering Press.
4. MLA (Modern Language Association): Less common but sometimes
used in interdisciplinary studies.
Example:
In-text citation:
(Smith 45) Works
Cited:
Smith, John. Introduction to Materials Science. New York: Academic Press, 2020.

Conclusion:

● IEEE is great for tech topics.

● ASCE is for civil engineering.
● APA is good for social aspects of engineering.
● MLA might be used for interdisciplinary work.

These styles help keep research organised and give credit to original ideas.