DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF TRICIRCULAR DUAL

BAND MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR

W IRELESS
APPLICATIONS
A Design and Simulation of Antennas report submitted
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

ELECTRONICS& COMMUNICATIONENGINEERING
by

PRATHIPATI MOUNIKA

(22761A04B1)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
LAKIREDDY BALI REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
L.B.Reddy Nagar, Mylavaram –521230.
Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Accredited by NBA and
NAAC Certified by ISO
9001-2015 November -
2024
 LAKIREDDY BALI REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
L.B.Reddy Nagar, Mylavaram –521230.
Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi Accredited
by NBA and NAAC, Certified by ISO 9001-2015

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Design and Simulation of Antennas report entitled

“DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF TRICIRCULAR DUAL BAND MICROSTRIP PATCH
ANTENNA FOR W IRELESS APPLICATIONS ” is duly presented and submitted by
PRATHIPATI MOUNIKA (22761A04B1) in partial fulfillment of requirement for the
award of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics andCommunicationEngineering
in LakireddyBali Reddy College of Engineering (A),Mylavaram,during the
academicyear 2024-2025.

Internal ExaminerExternal Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task
would be incomplete without the mention of people whose ceaseless co-operation

made it possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement crown all efforts
 with success.

I humbly express my thanks to our Principal Dr. K. Appa Rao for extending

his support and for providing us with an environment to complete our project

successfully.

I would also like to thank our Vice Principal, Dr. B.Ramesh Reddy for
encouraging us which certainly helped to complete the project in time.

I deeply indebted to our Head of Department Dr. G.Srinivasulu, who

modeled us both technically and morally for achieving greater success in life.

I extremely thankful to my guides Dr. P. Rakesh Kumar, Dr. V. Ravi Sekhara

Reddy, Dr. Y.V.N.R. Swamy and Smt. M.V.L. Bhavani, Department of Electronics and

Communication Engineering, for their excellence guidance, timely and valuable

suggestions and encouragement that enabled the success of the project.

I would like to thanks Advanced Communication lab technician Mr M. Anji

Reddy, Department of Electronics and Communication for his support throughout

the period of our project work for making it a successful one.

I would like to express my heart full thanks to our parents for their unflinching

support and constant encouragement throughout the period of our project work

for making it a successful one.

I would like to thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff members of

Electronics and Communication Engineering who have extended their full co-

operation during the course of our project.

I thank all my friends who helped us sharing knowledge and by providing

material to complete the project in time.

PRATHIPATI MOUNIKA
22761A04B1
 CONTENTS
Page No
List of Figuresi

List of Tablesiv

Abstractv

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1

1.1
INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNAS1

1.2MICROSTRIPANTENNAS1

1.3SUBSTRATES2

1.4FEEDINGTECHNIQUES4

1.4.1
Microstrip line4

1.4.2 Co-axial feed4

1.4.3 Aperture coupling5

1.4.4 Proximity coupling5

1.5RADIATIONMECHANISM6

1.6SIMULATION TOOL USED8

1.6.1
Applications to HFSS9

1.6.2 System requirements to run HFSS9

1.7FABRICATIONMETHODS10

1.7.1
Photolithography process10

1.7.2 PCB prototype modelling11

1.8 AMENITIESFORANTENNA MEASUREMENT12

1.8.1Anechoic chamber12
 1.8.2 Vector Network Analyzer12
1.9 DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE13

1.10RESEARCH MOTIVATION13

1.11OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH14

1.12ORGANIZATION OF THESIS15

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY16

2.1MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS16

2.2 MULTIBANDMICROSTRIPPATCH ANTENNAS17

2.3 WIDEBAND MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS 18

2.4 WIDEBAND MICROSTRIP PATCH

ANTENNAS USING DEFECTED

GROUND STRUCTURE 19
2.5 DUAL BAND MICRO STRIP PATCH
ANTENNA 19

CHAPTER 3 THEORITICAL ANALYSIS 21

3.1 PROPOSED DESIGN 21

3.2 DIMENSIONS OF PROPOESD

ANTENNA 22
3.3 DESIGN S P E C I F I C A T I O N S 23
3.3.1Frequency of operation 23
3.3.2 Dielectric constant of the substrate 23
3.3.3 Height of Substrate 23

CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF MICRO STRIP PATCH

USING HFSS27
4.1OUTLINE OF A PATCH ANTENNA27

4.2 DRAWING A SUBSTRATE30

4.3 PATCH31

4.4 GROUND PLANE33

4.5 MICROSTRIP FEED LINE34

4.6 ASSIGN EXCITATION35

4.7 ANALYSIS SETUP35

4.8 SOLUTION SETUP35

4.9 ADD FREQUENCY SWEEP36

4.10MODEL VALIDATION36

4.11ANALYZE36

4.12CONCLUSION36

CHAPTER 5 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS39

5.1ANTENNA DESIGN39

5.2ANALYSING OF VARIOUS SUBSTRATES41

5.3 VSWR48

5.4 CONCLUSION48

CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION AND FUTTURE SCOPE49

6.1CONCLUSION49
6.2 FUTURE SCOPE49

REFERENCES50
 List of Figures

Fig No Figure Name Page No

1.1 Structure of Microstrip antenna 02

1.2 Different feeding techniques 04

1.3 Radiation mechanism 06

1.4 Curved wire 06

1.5 Bent wire 07

1.6 Discontinuous wire 07

1.7 Terminated wire 07

1.8 Two-wire Transmission line 08

1.9 Photolithography Process 11

1.10 PCB Prototype machine 11

1.11 Anechoic chamber 12

1.12 Vector Network Analyzer 13

3.1 Design of tri circle patch antenna 21

3.2 Design flow of Proposed Antenna 25

4.1 (a) Original Design of Antenna top view 27

(b) Side view 27

4.2 Solution type Selections 28

4.3 Choose of default value 29

4.4 (a) Drawing of substrate 30

(b) Dimensions of substrate 30

4.4Patch modelling31
 4.6Patch dimensions modelling31

4.7.1 Uniting of objects32

4.7.2Subtracting of objects32

4.8.1Ground formation33

4.8.2Ground formation with dimensions33

4.9.1 Feed line formation34

4.9.2Feed line dimensions34

4.10Validations checked36

5.1Iteration-137

5.2 Wave forms of iteration 137

5.3Iteration-238

5.4 Wave forms of iteration 238

5.5 Iteration-339

5.6Wave forms of iteration 339

5.7Schematic configuration of Iterations-1,2,340

5.8 Simulated return loss for different iterations (1,2,3)

40
5.9 Representing the structure along with properties of41

substrate with material FR-4 epoxy

5.10 Representing the S11and VSWR plots for FR-4 epoxy

Substrate42
5.11 Representing the structure along with the properties
 of substrate with material Duroid43

5.12 Representing the S11and VSWR plots for

Duroid material substrate44

5.13 Representing the structure along with the properties

of substrate with Rogers material45

5.14 Representing the S11and VSWR plots for Rogers

Substrate46
5.15 Representing the S11plots for three substrates47

5.16 Representing the VSWR plots for three substrates44

List of Tables

Table No Table Name Page

No
1.1 Various substrates used for design of

Patch antenna 03

1.2 Comparison of various feeding techniques 05

3.1 Dimensions of the proposed antenna 22

5.1Parametric performance analysis of various

Parameters variation48

ABSTRACT
 Microstrip antenna is the main key building for wireless communication
and global positioning system, to support the high mobility necessity for a

wireless communication, low volume and light weight antenna is preferred.

The espousal of microstrip patch antenna is applicable for different areas

specifically military, telecommunication satellites and surgical applications

many more, but microstrip antennas have some disadvantages such as low
gain and narrow bandwidth.

In this project, a novel ultra-wideband microstrip patch antenna with

defected ground structure is proposed and explored for ultrawideband (UW B)

3
applications. The proposed antenna having dimensions of 28 X 34 X 1.6 mm

using a FR-4 epoxy substrate having relative permittivity of εr =4.4.

Rectangular patch and ground plane are modified by introducing circular slots

at each corner, the functionality of the proposed antenna is analyzed with

parameters like VSW R, return loss, gain characteristics, field and current

distributions, radiation pattern. The proposed antenna suitable for wireless

applications such as W iMAX (3.5-5.5GHz), W LAN (5.15-5.825GHz),

Implementation of 5G(3.3-4GHz),

Satellite and communications(8.49.2GHz) and. The simulated and measured

results are in good agreement.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNAS

Antenna is usually a metallic device (as a rod or wire) for radiating

or receiving radios waves. In other words, an antenna is a transitional

structure between free space and a guiding device which is used to

transport electromagnetic energy from the transmitting source to the

antenna and also from receiver to antenna. Antennas can be classified

 into two types. They are omni directional and directional

antennas. In omnidirectional antennas radiating energy is approximately

equal in all directions whereas directional antennas radiate energy along

one direction than others. Sir Jagadeesh Chandra Bose pioneered

theinvestigation of radio and microwave optics. His remarkable microwave

research is that he had reduced the waves to the millimeter level about

5mm wavelength and also, he is the first person to detect radio waves
using semiconductor junction.

Antennas are characterized by a number of performance measures

which a user would be concerned with in selecting or designing an

antenna for a particular application . The parameters of antenna are gain,

beam-width, radiation pattern, impedance and polarization.

1.2 MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS

In telecommunication, a microstrip antenna means an antenna

fabricated using microstrip techniques on a printed circuit board and are

mostly used at microwave frequencies. Microstrip antenna consists of a

patch of various shapes on the surface of a PCB with a ground plane onthe

other side of the PCB [8-11]. The RF current is given between the antenna

and ground plane. In recent years, these antennas have their importance

due to their thin planar structure used in various products, aircraft and

missiles, their ease of fabrication using different techniques etc. A patch

antenna is a narrow-band, large beam antenna fabricated by

removing the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an

insulating dielectric substrate, such as a printed circuit board, with ametal

layer attached to the opposite site of the substrate which creates a ground
plane.

Microstrip patch antenna is made of three materials as shown in figure.1.1.

They are 1) ground 2) patch 3) substrate

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

Figure.1.1Structure of Microstrip antenna

Microstrip antennas can be of different like square, rectangular, circular,

elliptical and also any continuous possible shape .

1.3 SUBSTRATES

The usage of substrate is principally needed in microstrip antennas for the

mechanical support of the antenna. In order to support stability substrate

should consist of a dielectric material which effects the electrical

performance of the antenna and transmission line .

Table.1.1Various substrates used for design of patch antenna

Name of the substrate Relative permittivity

Diamond 1
Teflon 2.1
Taconic RF-35 3.5
Rogers RT/duroid 5880 2.2
 Rogers RO4350 3.66

Epoxy Glass 3.4

FR4 Epoxy 4.4

Dielectric Substrate: FR-4 (high loss, low gain antenna, cheap, easy

availability); low loss and low permittivity (RT Duroid 6002, PTFE, high gain

antennas); portable n mobile (RO4730, high performance, low weight, low

permittivity, low loss, low distortion); ceramic (Rogers RO 3200, low cost,
GPS patch antenna) etc. Dielectrics are used for improved mechanical

and electrical stability. They are utilized to decreasethe size of the antenna

(higher permittivity, lower size) and can assist with creating displacement

current which produces time changing Magnetic Field (by Ampere's Law).

This can thus deliver time differing Electric Field (by Faraday's law) and a

propagating EM field is created. Thus, a substrate can improve antenna's

radiation capacity.

1.4 FEEDING TECHNIQUES

Microstrip antenna can feed by variety of methods. Those methods are of

two categories-contacting and non-contacting schemes. The foremost

popular feeding techniques are microstrip line, co-axial, proximity coupling

and aperture coupling.

Figure.1.2 Different feeding techniques

1.4.1
Microstrip Line

In this feeding technique, a conducting strip is directly connected to the

edge of the patch as shown in figure.1.2(a). This type of feed also called

Offset Microstrip line feed (contacting scheme). The advantage is that the

feed can be etched on the same substrate to provide a planarstructure. It

provides ease of fabrication, impedance matching.

1.4.2Co-axial feed

the most common feeding technique used for microstrip antennas is Co-

axial feed (or probe feed). An inner conductor of co-axial connector

extends through the dielectric substrate and is soldered or attached to the

radiating patch and the outer conductor is connected to the ground plane

as shown in Figure.1.2(b). The advantage of probe feed is that the feed can

be placed at any desired position to provide impedance matching.

1.4.3Aperture coupling

Aperture coupled feed is an indirect method of feeding the patch (non-

contacting scheme) shown in figure.1.2(c). It couples the patch antenna

with microstrip line through an aperture and creates an electric filed in the

aperture which induces surface currents on the patch. The disadvantage of

this technique is that difficult to fabricate because ofhaving multiple

layers, also increases the thickness of the antenna.

1.4.4Proximity coupling

This feeding technique also called as electro-magnetic coupling

scheme. In this feeding, two substrate materials are used so that the feed

line is given in between those two substrates and the patch is on top of the
upper substrate material shown in figure.1.2(d). Here, also the thicknessof

antenna increases.

Table 1.2 Comparison of various feeding techniques

Characteristics Co- Aperture Proximity Microstripline

axial coupled feed coupled feed

feed feed
Spuriousfeed More Less Minimum More
radiation
Bandwidth 2-5 % 21% approx. 13% approx. 2-5 %

Easeof Drilling Alignment Alignmentis Easy

fabrication & is required required

Solderi

ng
needed
Reliability Poor Good Good Better

dueto

solderin

g
Impedance Easy Easy Easy Easy
matching

1.5 RADIATION MECHANISM

The main purpose of an antenna is power radiation or reception. The

Antenna can be attached to the circuitry at the station through a

transmission line. The performance of an antenna depends upon the

radiation mechanism of a transmission line.

The radiation from an antenna occurs when the Electromagnetic field

is generated by a source is transferred to an antenna equipment

through the Transmission line and separated from the Antenna into free
 space.

Figure.1.3 Radiation mechanism

Radiating mechanism is of two types

1.single wire 2.two wire

1. Single-wire: radiation in an antenna occurs if the wire is curved,

discontinuous, bent and terminated and when the charge is oscillating
in time-domain, it radiates even the wire is straight.
Different wire configurations for single wired antenna radiation are

(i) Curved wire: helical antenna and loop antennas comes under this
category these type of antennas are used for high frequency portable
transceivers which are used in ultra-wide band communications.

Figure.1.4 Curved wire

(ii) Bent wire: the radiation takes place more efficiently when the wire is
bent, either it may be single end or at both the ends of the wire

because the flow of transmitted energy tries to escape from the

transmission line
 Figure.1.5 Bent wire

(iii) Discontinuous wire:

The flow of transmission of energy is very high when the wave is

transmitting from one boundary to another, this discontinuity in the

medium is called as discontinuous wire.

Figure.1.6 Discontinuous wire

(iv) Terminated wire: the perfect termination in an antenna occurswhen

the wire is properly terminated, this type of wired antennas can work

even in noisy-environment without any tuners.

Figure.1.7 Terminated wire

2. Two-wire:

Let us assume that a voltage source is connected to a two-conductor

transmission line which is connected to an antenna. By introducing the

 voltage across the two-conductor line transmission produces a strong

electric filed between the conductors. Both linear and half dipole comes
under this two-wire radiation mechanism

Figure 1.8 Two-wire Transmission line

1.6 SIMULATION TOOL USED

HFSS is a predominant full wave electromagnetic (EM) field test

system for subjective three-dimensional volumetric detached gadget

demonstrating that exploits the common place Microsoft W indows

graphical UI. It coordinates reproduction, portrayal, strong displaying, and

mechanisation in an easy to learn condition where answers for your 3D EM

issues are quickly and precise gotten. Ansoft-HFSS uses the Limited
Component Technique (FEM), versatile cross section, and magnificent

illustrations to give you unmatched execution and knowledge to the

majority of your 3D EM issues. Ansoft HFSS can be used to determine

parameters, for example, S-Parameters, Resounding Recurrence, and Fields.

Typical uses include:

• Package Displaying –Flip-Chip, QFP, BGA

• PCB Load up Displaying –Power or Ground planes, Work Network

Grounds, Back planes.
Silicon/GaAs-W inding Inductors, Transformers.

• Connectors –Cajole, XFP/SFP, Back plane, Advances.

• W aveguide –Channels, Resonators, Changes, Couplers.

 • Filters –Pit Channels, Miniaturized scale strip, Dielectric.

• HFSS is an intelligent reproduction framework whose essential work

component is a tetrahedron. This enables you to unravel any

subjective 3D geometry, particularly those with complex bends and

shapes, in a small amount of the time it would take utilizing different

methods.
• The name HFSS represents High Recurrence Structure Test system.

Ansys spearheaded the utilization of the Limited Component Strategy

(FEM) for EM recreation by creating/executing advances, for example,

digressive vector limited components, versatile cross section, and

Versatile Lancozos - pade Breadth (ALPS). Today, HFSS keeps on

coming out on top with advancements, for example, Modes to Hubs

and Full-wave Zest.

• Ansys HFSS has advanced over a time of years with contribution from

numerous clients and businesses. In industry, Ansys HFSS is the

apparatus of decision for High profitability research, advancement, and

virtual prototyping.
1.6.1
A PPLICATIONS OF HFSS

HFSS is utilized in different field to mimic and get required examples.

Some of them are

• Antennas

• Microwave advances

• W aveguide segments

• RF channels

• Three-dimensional discontinuities

• Passive circuit components

1.6.2 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS TO RUN HFSS

 ANSYS, CFX, Familiar, AUTODYN, HFSS, andMAXW ELLare

altogether bolstered on W indows 7 64-bit. This stage gives the

investigation network incredible figuring limit while conveyed at item

estimating. A multicore 64-bit processor framework can address a lot of

Smash and permit

huge document sizes. A recommended examination framework might be

something like:
- Double Six Center or Eight Center Processors

- W indows 7 64bit

- 1GB(orhigher)illustrationscard(DRD hashadgreat
involvement
with NVIDIA cards).

- 12-48 GB of Smash

- DVD R/W Drive

1.7 FABRICATION METHODS

Antennascanbefabricatedusingtwomethods.Theyare(1) Photolithography

process (2) PCB prototype machine.

1.7.1PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY PROCESS

The format is made utilizing CAD devices and print out of the

negative veil of the plan is made on a straight forward or a semi-

transparent sheet. To expel impurities from the metallization of the

substrate, it is cleaned with acetone. A blend of photoresist and more

slender in the proportion 1:1is made and covered over the substrate. In the

wake of drying, the veil is put over the substrate and is presented to the

UV light. The uncovered substrate is then plunged in the developer

 solution for solidifying the photoresist in the uncovered part. The

covered segment must be expelled. The substrate is plunged in the dye in

order to show signs of improvement perceivability of the uncovered

photoresist and washed utilizing water. The undesirable copper portions

are evacuated utilizing the etching procedure utilizing Ferric chloride. FeCl3

disintegrates the unexposed copper covering. Photolithography process is

shown in figure.1.9.

Figure.1.9 Photolithography process

1.7.2PCB Prototype Modelling

Hardware implementation of designed antenna is done using PCB

Prototype machine which is the process of removing the areas of

copperfrom a sheet of substrate material i.e., printed circuit board to

recreate the structures according to the designed antenna from HFSS

simulation software. PCB milling is a non-chemical process and it can be

done in a lab environment without exposure to hazardous chemicals.

 Figure.1.10 PCB Prototype machine

1.8 AMENITIES FOR ANTENNA MEASUREMENT

Testing of real antennas are measured using anechoic chamber and

vector network analyzer and the importance of these instruments
aredescribed below.

1.8.1ANECHOIC CHAMBER

An anechoic chamber is a room which absorbs all the reflections of either

electromagnetic waves or sound. In-addition they are confined from waves
entering from their environment. This means that a human can hear only

direct sounds, in effect simulating being inside a large room. For testing
antennas, radars RF anechoic chamber is used in which interior surfaces
are covered with radiation absorbent material instead of acoustically
absorbent material shown in figure.1.11. RF anechoic chambers are used for
measuring of antenna radiation patterns, electromagnetic interference.
 Figure.1.11Anechoic chamber

1.8.2VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZER

Vector network analyzers are used for testing and verifying

component specifications and design simulations respectively for making

sure that their elements work properly. A Vector Network Analyzer contains
both a source used for generating a stimulus signal and a set of receivers

which are used for determining the changes in the stimulus caused by

device-under-test or DUT. A VNA is a test system that enables the RF

performance of microwave devices and radio frequency microwave

devices to be analyzed in

terms of network scattering parameter, or S- parameters shown in figure.1.12.

Figure.1.12 Vector Network Analyzer

1.9 DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE

The one of the limitations of microstrip antenna is lesser bandwidth which

can be increased by introducing defected ground structure, altering the
shape of patch, low dielectric substrate. In DGS, the defectsin the ground
plane can be either periodic or aperiodic, thus the current distribution in

ground plane is disturbed and changes the current distribution and

enhance the bandwidth of the microstrip patch antenna . In DGS antenna,
we can alter the ground plane and patch by using various shapes like E-

shape, H-shape, T-shape, dumbbell, semi- dumbbell.

1.10 RESEARCH MOTIVATION

The growth of wireless communication and information transfer is in

demand for various applications. They created the need for

advancements of antenna designs which acts as an important part of any

wireless system. There are different types of antennas, one of those

antennas that is required for wireless communication is microstrip

antennas. These antennas have different configurations and presently

used as an active field in the research and development of antennas. Due

to advantages of microstrip antennas, there are wide range of

applications in wireless communications. Thus, using single antenna we

can make use of wideband or multiband applications.

1.11 OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH

The objective of our project is to design and simulate a novel

compact ultra wideband microstrip patch antenna using defected ground

structure. In the design of microstrip patch antenna we can the drawback

of narrow bandwidth by introducing defects on the ground plane. Thus, we

can obtain higher data rate and greater bandwidth using DGS.

Investigating the effects of including different defected ground structures.

In our proposed design circular slots are introduced in the patch and the

ground.

1.12 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS

The Thesis is organized into 6 chapters

 Chapter 1: Discuss about the introduction to microstrip antennas, mainly
about feeding techniques, HFSS simulation software and system

requirements of it. Motivation towards the present work is also discussed.

Chapter 2: Antennas in literature for different applications are reviewed.

Also, antennas with different Defected ground structures are surveyed

forboth wideband and multiband frequencies.

Chapter 3: Theoretical analysis of the proposed antenna is discussed and

also design specifications are mentioned. The design flow of the proposed

antenna is discussed.

Chapter 4: Describes how proposed antenna is designed using HFSS

simulation software and shows step by step procedure to design a

microstrip patch antenna.

Chapter 5 : Gives a detailed analysis of the proposed antenna

performance and final results are shown. The characteristics of the

proposed antenna are observed and plotted.

Chapter 6: Concludes the highlights of our work in the thesis and future

scope of the antenna are discussed.

LITERATURE SURVEY

CHAPTER 2

In this literature survey, how a microstrip antenna is designed is observed through

different research papers. The following survey describes the step- by-step analysis

of design of a microstrip patch antenna. The limitations of microstrip antenna are

less data transmission capacity and low gain. These limitations are improved by

using various shapes of patch antennas, defected ground structure etc.

 2.1 MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS

1. Shing-Lung Steven Yang, Ahmed A. Kishk and Kai-Fong Lee proposed by A

frequency reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna is presented. It is found

that the incorporation of a U-slot in the patch can provide a flat input

resistance and a linear input reactance across a wider bandwidth than the

conventional patch antenna. By placing a variable capacitor and an inductor

at the antenna input, the impedance matching frequency of the antenna can
be varied. The fabricated prototype antenna attains a tunable frequency

range from 2.6 to 3.35 GHz. The proposed antenna is simple in structure, and

the control circuitry is placed underneath the ground plane.

2. Deepak Sabale et al proposed a V shape microstrip patch antenna which

is used for W IFI (2.4 GHz frequency range) applications. This antenna is

designed at 2.4 GHz frequency using the basic concept of electromagnetics.

The antenna parameters such as Radiation pattern, Input Impedance, Gain,

VSW R, and Return loss are considered for performance evaluation.

3. Gazala Pravin et al proposed a low cost microstrip patch antenna array for

wireless communications which is designed for high-speed wireless local area

networks, in which a good VSW R value was observed but this antenna

operates only at 5GHz frequency band.

4. Houda Werfilli et al designed a rectangular microstrip patch antenna

whose reflection coefficient is less than -10dB, operates at 3.1-5.1GHz, in which

they explained about different feeding techniques but works only for few

applications.

5. Le Chang et al proposed a Triple-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna and Its

Four Antenna Module Based on Half-Mode Patch for 5G 4 x 4 MIMO Operation

which operates at frequency bands of 2.47-2.75 GHz, 3.39-3.60 GHz, and

4.69-5.10 GHz, which makes a nice compromise between antenna volume and

impedance bandwidths. 5G has brought several new sub-6 GHz bands (such

as N77, N78, and N79) and the new 4 x 4 multiple-input multiple- output
(MIMO) specification, which greatly increase the antenna number of a 5G

device.
 2.2 MULTIBAND MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS

6. He Huang,Ying Liu, Shaoshuai Zhang and Shuxi Gong proposed by

Multiband Metamaterial- Loaded Monopole Antenna for W LAN/W iMAX

Applications A simple multiband metamaterial- loaded monopole antenna

suitable for net W LAN and W iMAX applications is proposed in this letter. The

rectangle monopole of the proposed antenna is originally designed to resonate

at around

5.2 GHz. W hen the inverted-L slot is etched, the antenna produces a second

resonance at around 4.1GHz. Then, with the addition of the metamaterial reactive

loading, the resonant frequency of the antenna will be shifted down, and a third

resonance covering the 2.4-GHz band occurs. Consequently, the antenna can cover

the 2.4/5.2/5.8-GHz W LAN and 2.5/3.5/5.5-GHz W iMAX bands with a very compact

size of only 12.9 ×6.5 mm 2 .

7. Viet-Anh Nguyen,Byeong-Yong Park,Seong-Ook Park and Giwan Yoon

proposed by A Planar Dipole for Multiband Antenna Systems W ith Self-

Balanced Impedance In this letter, we present a multi frame L-slot planar

dipole loaded with a single microstrip line for multiband antenna systems. The

antenna supports several wireless communication bands including: LTE bands

at 1.7 ~ 1.8 and

2.3 ~ 2.6 GHz; W LAN bands at 2.4 ~ 2.5, 5.2, and 5.8 GHz; W iBro/W iMAX bands at 3

~ 4 GHz. 8.Pedro Cheong, Ke Wu, W ai-W a Choia and Kam-Weng Tam proposed

Yagi–Uda Antenna for Multiband Radar Applications In this letter, a simple and

compact Yagi-Uda antenna with good antenna gains is proposed for multiband

radar applications. The prototype operates in three different frequency bands,

namely 1.9, 2.5, and 3.5 GHz.It demonstrates high performance of the designed

multiband Yagi-Uda antennameasured operating frequencies are 1.89, 2.54, and 3.51

GHz, respectively, and the realized antenna gains are 6.29, 4.63, and 6.77 dBi,
correspondingly. Measured front-to-back ratios are better than 10.8 dB, hence

making the design suitable for radar applications.

 9. Wei Hu,Ying-Zeng Yin,Xi Yang and Peng Fei proposed by Compact

Multiresonator-Loaded Planar Antenna for Multiband Operation A compact

multiresonator-loaded planar antenna for multiband operation is presented.

Multiresonator-loaded structures including a pair of symmetrical edge

resonators and a T-shaped stub resonator are employed. By loading these

resonators, a U- shaped monopole antenna can yield three independent

resonances while achieving a compact size of 18×19 mm 2 . The experimental

results demonstrate that the proposed antenna is capable of operating over

the 2.40-2.51GHz, 3.35-3.94 GHz and 5.02-6.63 GHz frequency ranges, which is

suitable for W LAN 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz and W iMAX 3.5 GHz applications.

10. Guangwei Yang,Shuai Zhang,Jianying Li,Yiming Zhang and Gert Frølund

Pedersen proposed by A Multi-Band Magneto-Electric Dipole Antenna W ith

W ide Beam-W idth A multi-band and wide beam-width magneto-electric (ME)

dipole antenna is proposed in this report. The proposed antenna

has a simple structure, which consists of four Γ -shaped electric plates which can

change the current distribution and realize four operating frequency bands. The
multi-band antenna can realize the operating frequency bands (the reflection

coefficient ≤ -10 dB) from 1.86 to 1.92 GHz (3.2%) in the first frequency band, from

2.30 to 2.65 GHz (14.2%) in the second frequency band, from 3.40 to

3.80 GHz (11.1%) in the third frequency band, and from 5.30 to 6.92 GHz (26.5%) in

the fourth frequency band.

2.3 W IDEBAND MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS

11. Jingli Guo, Yanlin Zou and Chao Liu proposed by A novel compact

wideband patch antenna is presented. The antenna consists of two simple

patch pairs with opposite phase feed. Considering the coupling between two
patches in the design, an antenna with a size about 54.5 × 22 × 20 mm 3 is

constructed and tested. The simulated and measured results show that the

antenna has the active reflection coefficient less than -9.6 dB in the band 2.6-6
 GHz. The radiation performance of the antenna is good over the whole

frequency band.

12. Hang Wong, Ka-Ming Mak and Kwai-Man Luk proposed by A wideband

directional antenna composed of a shorted bowtie patch antenna and an

electric dipole is presented. Through this composition, an equivalent magnetic

dipole due to the shorted bowtie patch antenna and an electric dipole are
excited together. Almost equal radiation pattern in the E-plane and H-planes is

obtained. The proposed antenna has a wide impedance bandwidth, which is

over 60% for SW R. < 2 ranging from 2.16-4.13 GHz.

13. Ka Yan Lam;Kwai-Man Luk;Kai Fong Lee;Hang Wong;Kung Bo Ng Proposed

a single-feed circularly polarized (CP) patch antenna at L-band is designed and

built using the recently developed U-slot loaded patch technique. W ith the

presence of the U-slot, the antenna fabricated on a high- dielectric-constant (ε

r = 10.02) substrate achieves a reasonable axial-ratio bandwidth. At the

operating frequency of 1.575 GHz, the size of the patch is 0.13λ o × 0.13λ o ,

while the ground size is 0.315λ o × 0.315λ o and the thickness of the substrate

is 0.05λ o . The measured gain is 4.5 dBi, and axial-ratio bandwidth is 3.2%.

14. S.-L.S. Yang and Kwai-Man Luk proposed by By supporting an L-probe

coupled circular patch antenna with four metallic posts at appropriate

locations, it is demonstrated that the conical and the broadside modes which

are excited separately by two different sets of L-shaped probes, can be

operated at the same frequency range. For a tested antenna operated at 1.85

GHz, the bandwidth (SW R<2) achieved is 24%,and the isolation between

the two input ports is 28 dB. The gains of the conical and broadside modes are

4 and 8.5 dBi, respectively. W ith suitable switching feed

networks, the antenna can be reconfigurable in radiation pattern. The antenna can also

be used as a pattern diversity antenna for modern mobile communications.

2.4 W IDEBAND MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS USING DEFECTED GROUND
STRUCTURE

15. Neha Tanzeem Sagar designed an Ultra W ideband Circular Ring antenna

with defected ground structure In this paper a round patch antenna is

designed with rectangular DGS structure and a slot is inserted in circular-

patch to enhance the bandwidth. Thus, it covers the frequency range of

2.4GHz- 10.4GHz below -10db.

16. Wen-Chung Liu et al Slots are used in the ground plane to excite

theresonant modes and improve the impedance matching. The obtained

bandwidth covers the W LAN standards (2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz) and W iMAX

standard (3.5/5.5 GHz). W ithout using defected ground plane antenna is not

matched.W ith the use of L-shaped strips improves impedance matching and

excite additional resonance.

2.5 DUAL BAND MICRO STRIP PATCH ANTENNA

17. Gerard Djengomemgoto Reha Altunok and 1.Gerard Djengomemgoto Reha

Altunok and Cem Karabacak prposed a novel single-layer Gemini-shaped

patch antenna with dual-band characteristics is presented. The proposed

patch antenna, with design operating frequencies of 6.53 GHz and 8.62 GHz,

is targeted for applications in C-band and X-band. More importantly, the

Gemini-shaped microstrip patch antenna exhibits a theta polarized radiation

pattern with gains of 6.036 dBi and

9.556 dBi with corresponding reflection coefficients of -18.69 dB (VSW R = 1.263) and

-24.31dB (VSW R = 1.129) at 6.53 GHz and 8.62 GHz, respectively.

18. Huachong Liu,Linglong Meng and Xingyue Huo a novel dual-band dual-

pattern radiation patch antenna is proposed. The structure adopts the

coplanar waveguide feed integrated on the ground plane to realize the design

of dual-band dual-pattern radiation. By carving branches around the radiation

patch and changing the current path and direction of the patch surface, more

resonant frequency points are excited. The measured results show that the
 design can produce resonance at two frequency points of 4.6 GHz (TM 01

mode) and 5.2 GHz (TM 02 mode), and the peak gain is
2.23 dBi and 4.40 dBi respectively. The E-plane dual directional radiation is maximum

at ±45°. 19.Shuai Gao, Lei Ge, 3. Shuai Gao, Lei Ge, Dengguo Zhang and Wei QinWei

Qin proposed a low- profile dual-band stacked microstrip monopolar patch antenna is

proposed. By utilizing a stacked- patch configuration, a dual-band property is

achieved. The measured results demonstrate that the antenna can achieve
impedance bandwidths from 2.24 to 2.53 GHz in the low band and from 5.42 to
5.98 GHz in the high band, separately. Besides, the proposed antenna possesses a
low-profile

structure with a height of 4.175 mm or 0.057λ 0 (where λ 0 is the free-space

wavelength of 4.1GHz), which can be easily hidden on the top of a vehicle. W ith

these merits, the proposed design is very appropriate for wireless local area

network (2.4-2.48 GHz and 5.75-5.825 GHz) and car-to-car (5.85-5.925 GHz)

communications.

20.Ka-Ming Mak;Hang Wong;Kwai-Man Luk proposed a Shorted Bowtie Patch

Antenna W ith a Cross Dipole for Dual Polarization A dual-polarized shorted bowtie

antenna integrated with a cross dipole is presented. The electric cross dipole is
added to generate a symmetric radiation pattern and to compensate the high back

radiation due to the shorted patches. This novel dual-polarized antenna is designed

for the existing DCS, PCS, and 3G mobile communication systems working between

1.71and 2.17 GHz. Stable and symmetric radiation patterns at slanted plusmn45deg

polarization have been obtained over the operating frequency bands. Measured

isolation between the two input ports is over 28 dB. The gain of the proposed

antenna is also stable with frequency. The average is about 6.6 dBi 20.Ka-Ming

Mak;Hang Wong;Kwai-Man Luk proposed a Shorted Bowtie Patch Antenna W ith a

Cross Dipole for Dual Polarization A dual-polarized shorted bowtie antenna

integrated with a cross dipole is presented. The electric cross dipole is added to
generate a symmetric radiation pattern and to compensate the high back radiation

due to the shorted patches. This novel dual-polarized antenna is designed for the

existing DCS, PCS, and 3G mobile communication systems working between 1.71and
2.17 GHz. Stable and symmetric radiation patterns at slanted plusmn45deg

polarization have been obtained over the operating frequency bands. Measured
isolation between the two input ports is over 28 dB. The gain of the proposed

antenna is also stable with frequency. The average is about

6.6 dBi

CHAPTER 3

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
3.1PROPOSED DESIGN

A rectangular patch antenna is designed by the arrangement of

partial slotted ground structure. Rectangular patch is created by

inserting a rectangle having dimensions 28x34mm2. The rectangular

patch is modified by introducing circular slot in the patch having radius

R1=12.5mm after that by making another circle at each corner of patch in

the shape of tricircle with radius R2=11.5mm .And consecutively making

other triangle with 3 segments each with different radii as mentioned

below R3=12, R4=10, R5=5.4, R6=4.4, R7=5.1, R8=3.1.It is fabricated on FR-4

substrate with dielectric constant r=4.4. The dimensions of the antenna

are Length=35mm and W idth=34mm and Height=1.6mm respectively. On

the back side of the substrate a defected ground plane is introduced to

achieve high bandwidth [9- 18]. The feeding method used to excite the

antenna is microstrip feed line.

 Figure.3.1Design of rectangular patch antenna with DGSTABLE

Table 3.1Dimensions of the proposed antenna

Parameter Notation Dimension (mm)

Length of the substrate Ls 28

W idth of the substrate Ws 34

Ground Length Lg 28

Ground W idth Wg 24

Feed line Length Lf -1.6

Feed line W idth Wf 2

Radius of circle 1 R1 12.5

Radius of circle 2 R2 11.5

Radius of circle 3 R3 12

Segments of circle 3 R3 3

Radius of circle 4 R4 10

Segments of circle 4 R4 3
 Radius of circle 5 R5 5.4

Radius of circle 6 R6 4.4

Radius of circle 7 R7 5.1

Segments of circle 7 R7 3

Radius of circle 8 R8 3.1

Segments of circle 8 R8 3

Length of the strip Lst 2.95

W idth of the strip Wst 1.5

3.3DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

The three essential parameters for the design of a rectangular Microstrip

Patch Antenna are

3.3.1 FREQUENCY OF OPERATION (F)

The resonant frequency of the antenna must be chosen properly. The

Personal Communication system (PCS) utilizes the frequency range from

1850-1990 MHz’s. Hence the antenna structured must be able to operate in

this frequency range. For our design 3 GHz resonant frequency is selected.

3.3.2 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF THE SUBSTRATE (Ε)

For our design FR4 EPOXY dielectric material is selected which is having

dielectric constant of 4.4. To reduce the dimensions of the antenna A

substrate with a high dielectric constant is selected. Here, FR indicates Fire

Retardant and number 4 indicates glass epoxy resin.

3.3.3HEIGHT OF DIELECTRIC SUBSTRATE (H)

 For the micro strip patch antenna to be used in cellular mobiles, it is
important that the antenna should not bulky in size. Hence, the height of

the dielectric substrate is selected as 1.6 mm.

1)Calculation of the width ‘W ’

2)Calculation of the Effective Dielectric Constant

3)Calculation of Length

W here fo= Resonant frequncy, h= thickness of substrate, R= Relative

permittivity.

4)Return Loss

Return loss is a figure that means the proportion of radio waves appearing

at the input of the antenna that are eliminated as a ratio against those
signals that are taken. For example, a reception apparatus. In the system
that the power given to the antenna under-test (AUT) is P (in) and the

power returned back to the input port is P(ref), the level of difference
between the occurrence and returned power in the travelling waves is
given by the proportion Pin/Pref. If this level results higher then,the better

the impedance matching is obtained.

Expressed in dB, return loss is defined

W hich is a positive quantity if ref in P < Pi. Also defined in another way, RL

is the difference in decibels between the power transferred towards the

AUT and the power reflected. It is a positive non-dissipative term

representing the decrease in strength of the reflected wave in

comparisonwith the incident one. This is the situation for a passive AUT. A
negative return loss is possible with active devices. Expressing the power

in terms of voltage (similar to field strength) in a transmission line (assuming

a passive AUT), then above equation becomes

W here ρ is the reflection coefficient at the input of the antenna under test
AUT. That is, return loss is the negative of the reflection coefficient

expressed in terms of decibels. In terms of the voltage standing wave ratio

(VSW R) then

The design flow of proposed antenna is shown in Figure.3.2

 Figure.3.2 Design flow of Proposed antenna

The above figure describes the design flow of the proposed antenna.

Initially, HFSS design environment is created. However, we know that

microstrip antenna consists of 3 layers. They are ground, substrate and

patch. First the ground plane is drawn using rectangle shape tool. The

ground and the patch are two dimensional. Substrate layer is created by
using box as it is having thickness of 1.6mm. Patch is also drawn using

rectangle tool and dimensions are given as per the Table.3.1. Now, the
 input to the microstrip antenna can be given by using offset feeding

technique and it is also drawn using rectangle shape. Since the ground and
patch are conducting materials, we assign boundary as Perfect E (copper

material) and substrate is taken as FR4 epoxy material. Excitation is

given through lumped ports. In this design as we are dealing with radio

waves, we need to simulate the results in a closed chamber. Thus, after

completion of design of antenna structure we go for validation check and

then checking results whether the results obtained are satisfied with our

requirements. If not, further we go for either modifying shape of patch or

introducing defected ground structure. After getting optimized results we

stop the process.

CHAPTER 4

DESIGN OF MICRO STRIP PATCH USING HFSS

4.1OUTLINE OF A PATCH ANTENNA

The objective of this section is to show how to create, simulate and

analyze a microstrip patch antenna at frequency of 3.4GHz,8.5GHz,9.6GHz
as shown in fig
Figure.4.1(a) Original Design of Antenna Top View
Figure 4.1(b)Original Design of the antenna Side view

To set the solution type:

o Select the menu item HFSS > Solution Type

o Solution Type W indow

o Choose Driven Model

o Click the OK button

Figure.4.2 Solution Type Selections

Set Model
Units To set
the units:
Select the menu item 3D Modeler > Units

Set Model Units:

Select Units: mm
 Click the OK
button To set the
default material:
Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, choose Select

Select Definition W indow:

Type FR4 epoxy in the Search by Name field; Click the OK button

Figure.4.3 Choose of default value

4.2 DRAW ING A SUBSTRATE

To draw the Substrate, click on the toolbar. Then draw a box by

filling the following data as shown below.
 Figure.4.4(a) Drawing Of substrate

Figure.4.4(b) Dimensions Of substrate

4.3PATCH

To draw the rectangular Patch, click on the toolbar. Then draw a box tool by
giving the following data as shown below.

Figure 4.5 Patch modelling

Figure.4.6 Patch dimensions modelling

As we all know that the Patch and Feed line are consideryed to be
single object and same material. So, we have to unite them. Click on both
objects that you need to unite that is Patch and Feedline in the history
tree. Click on one and hold the CTRL key and click on the other. Right Click
Edit > Boolean
> Unite. Thus, these 2 objects are united.
 Figure.4.7.1Uniting of Objects

Figure.4.7.2 Subtracting of Objects

4.4GROUND PLANE

To draw the Ground Plane, click on the toolbar. Then draw a box by giving

the following data as shown below.

 Figure.4.8.1Ground formation

Figure.4.8.2 Ground formation with dimensions

4.5MICROSTRIP FEED LINE

To draw the Microstrip Feedline, click on the toolbar. Then draw a planein

XY axis with corresponding dimensions as shown in the following figure.

 Figure.4.9.1Feed line formation

Figure.4.9.2 Feed line dimensions

4.6 ASSIGN EXCITATION

In Microstrip feed line the conducting strip is connected to edge of

the patch. Antennas are excited through Lumped port in this feeding

technique. To draw the input port, click on the toolbar. Then draw aplane
as per the dimensions by giving the following data as shown below.
Choose the object Port from history-tree, right-click and assign
excitation. In our case, it is lumped port. Click lumped port, name it asyour
 preference.
To assign Lumped-port excitation

Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign > Lumped port Lumped

port: General
Name: p1

Click the Next button

4.7 ANALYSIS SETUP

After design is completed it is ready to run. Now, we have to give

analysis setup. To create an analysis setup, select the menu item

HFSS > Analysis-Setup > Add.

4.8 SOLUTION SETUP

In the Solution-Setup window, click the general tab, Solution frequency is 5

GHz, Maximum Number of Passes are 19 and loss tangent per Pass is 0.02.

4.9 ADD FREQUENCY SW EEP

To add a frequency sweep, select the menu item as

HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Sweep. Select Solution Setup: Setup-1. Click

OK button. Then Edit Sweep W indow. Sweep Type: Fast, Frequency Setup

Type: Linear Count, start: 1GHz, Stop: 16 GHz, Count: 1000. Click OK button.
4.10 MODEL VALIDATION

To validate the designed model, select the menu HFSS > Validation

Check. Click the Close button. If any errors or warnings messages

 occurred go to the Message Manager.

Figure.4.10 Validations checked

4.11 ANALYZE

To run the simulation, click the green exclamation point in the

toolbar (located next to the green validation check mark). This will run all
simulation setups associated with the current design. Alternatively, you
may right-click on an individual solution setup (such as in the Project
Manager and select 'A nalyze').
4.12 CONCLUSION

In this chapter the complete design of the microstrip patch antenna using
HFSS is discussed and mentioned about analysis setup, solution setup. In
next chapter, the parametric analysis is done to analyze the characteristics
of proposed antenna and experimental results are observed.

CHAPTER5

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
5.1ANTENNADESIGN

The recursive process of designing the proposed antenna is

carriedout by changing iteration-1to iteration-3 to obtain high impedance
bandwidth
 5.1.1 Antenna design with circular patch (Iteration-1)

Initially, a circular patch antenna with dimensions of 28 x 34 mm2 is

designed. This antenna operates at frequency range 8.0-9.4GHz

Figure 5.1Iteration-1

Figure.5.2 waveforms for Iteration-1

5.1.2Antenna design with circular patch (Iteration-2)

Further, square patch antenna is modified by introducing circular

slots at each corner of the circle 1having radius of 12.5mm and a circular
slot at the center of patch with radii 15.4mm and 4.4mm as shown in

figure.6.3.
 Figure.5.3 Iteration-2

Thisantennaoperatesatfrequencyrange6.14-9.44GHz.

Figure.6.4 W aveforms for Iteration-2

5.1.3. Antenna design with circular patch (Iteration-3)

Further, square patch antenna is modified by introducing circular

slots at each corner of the circle 1having radius of 12.5mm and a circular
slot at the center of patch with radii 5.1mm and 3.1mm and with 3
 segments each as we made them as trinangles as shown in

figure.6.5 .

Figure.5.5 Iteration-3

Figure.5.6 waveforms for

Iteration-3
 The
recursive process of designing the proposed antenna is carried out by
changing iteration-1to iteration-3 to obtain high impedance

bandwidthshown in Fig.6.7. Parametric analysis was carried out for

different iterations of the proposed antenna and comparative variations of
returnloss for design iterations (1), (2), (3) are illustrated in Fig.6.8. The
frequency spectrum covered by the iteration (3) is from 3.4GHz to 9.6 GHz.
Fig 5.7 comparison of 3 iterations

Figure.5.7 Schematic configuration of Iterations-1,2,3

Figure.5.8 Simulated Return loss for different iterations (1, 2, 3)

5.2 ANALYSING OF VARIOUS SUBSTRATES

5.2.1FR-4 EPOXY SUBSTRATE

Structure from iteration -3 was finalized. In the same structure analysis of

antenna with different substrate material is observed.

Figure 5.9 Representing the structure along with properties of substrate with
material FR-4 epoxy
W ave forms are as follows

Figure 5.10 Representing the S11and VSW R plots for FR-4 epoxy
substrate

5.2.2ROGERS RO4003 SUBSTRATE

Changing of substrate is very simple, just click on substrate and edit the material as
“duroid”
 Figure 5.11Representing the structure along with the properties of substrate with
material Duroid

W ave forms are as follows:

 Figure 5.12 Representing the S11and VSW R plots for Duroid material substrate

5.2.3Rogers RT/duriod 6002(tm) RO3006 SUBSTRATE

similarly change the substrate as Rogers RO3006 and observe the result.
 Figure 5.13 Representing the structure along with properties of substrate with
Rogers material

W aveforms are as follows:

 Figure 5.14 Representing the S11and VSW R wave forms for Rogers substrate

5.2.4ANALYSING THREE SUBSTRATES TOGETHER

According to the analysis it is found that the antennas gives better performance
only with the FR-4 epoxy substrate . hence it is finalized for the design.
 Figure 5.15 Representing the S11plots for three substrates

Figure 5.16 Representing the VSW R plots for three different substrates

Parameter Variation Frequency Impedance

band (GHz) Bandwidth (%)

1 7.9-8.1 2.5
2 9.3-9.5 2.128
Iteration
3 3.38-3.4 0.589
 8.5-8.7 2.326
9.58-9.7 1.245
W idt of 1 1.5 2.5
h
Strip fee
d
W f (mm) 2 1.5 2.128
3 1.5 0.589,2.326,
1.45
FR 4 εr= 4.4 3.38-3.4 0.589
8.5-8.7 2.326
9.58-9.7 1.245

Table.5.1: Parametric Performance analysis of various parameters variation

5.3 VSW R

VSW R stands for Voltage Standing W ave Ratio, which is a function of the

reflection coefficient, which describes the amount of reflected power from

the antenna. If the reflection coefficient is given by Γ, then VSW R is defined

as

5.4 CONCLUSION

In this chapter, the characteristics of the proposed antenna areobserved

along with measured results, return loss, radiation pattern, VSW R

measurement, peak gain, surface current and analysis.

CHAPTER6
CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
6.1 CONCLUSION
 Hence a microstrip patch antenna is designed which works under
different frequencies. The substrate used here is FR4 epoxy having relative

permittivity of r=4.4. Thus, the improvement is accomplished for compact

microstrip patch antenna structure.

The optimized dimensions of the proposed antenna were realized,

fabricated and tested used for obtaining good impedance matching along
with improvement in Bandwidth. Operating frequency range of

3.4GHz,8.5GHz,9.6GHz was observed for the designed antenna which is

appropriate for wireless applications such as X-band and lower

frequencies. The simulated results are observed and compared with

measured results for the proposed antenna.

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE

The future scope of our project is that we can make the microstrip

antenna work at number of frequencies. Additionally, we can improve the

bandwidth by utilizing various defected ground structures and also, we

can reduce the size of the antenna to operate at same number of

frequencies as mentioned in this project.

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