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Biometrics 0

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olakresearchconcept
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Biometrics

PARSA HOSSEINI
WHAT IS BIOMETRICS?
 refers to the identification of humans by their
characteristics or traits.
 Many different aspects of human physiology,
chemistry or behavior can be used for biometric
identification and authentication.
Rapid!
Know

Be Have
IN GENERAL

Biometrics can be sorted into two classes:

 Physiological
Examples: face, fingerprint, hand
geometry and iris recognition

 Behavioral
Examples: signature and voice
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A BIOMETRIC DEVICE
BIOMETRIC IDENTIFIERS

Common: Others:
DNA
Fingerprint Recognition
Retina recognition
Face Recognition Thermograms
Speaker Recognition Ear recognition
Iris Recognition Skin reflection
Lip motion
Hand Geometry Body odor
Signature verification Brain Wave Pattern 
Footprint and Foot 
Dynamics
1. FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION

 An extremely useful biometrics technology


since fingerprints have long been
recognized as a primary and accurate
identification method.
Acquisition Devices
 Ink & paper – the oldest way
 Ink-less Methods - sense the
ridges on a finger
“Livescan” fingerprint scanners 

 Optical methods (FTIR)


 CMOS capacitance
 Thermal sensing
 Ultrasound sensing
APPLICATIONS

Authentication, or 1-to-1: matches a


person's claimed identity to his/her
biometric and one or more other security
technologies (password, PIN, Token).

Identification, or 1-to-Many:
identifies a person from the entire
enrolled population. (See http://www.biometrics.dod.mil/bio101/index.aspx )
MINUTIAE

 Uses the ridge endings and bifurcation's on a


persons finger to plot points known as Minutiae
 The number and locations of the minutiae vary from
finger to finger in any particular person, and from
person to person for any particular finger

Finger Image Finger Image + Minutiae


Minutiae
Fingerprint scanning (Minutiae based approach)
MATCHING APPROACHES

Two basic classes of matching techniques:

 Image techniques
Use both optical and numerical image correlation
techniques

• Feature techniques
Extracts features and develop representations
from these features
Combining the above two techniques:

• Hybrid techniques (with improved accuracy)


2. FACE RECOGNITION

• Uses an image or series of images either


from a camera or photograph to recognize a
person.
• Principle: analysis of the unique shape,
pattern and positioning of facial features.
FEATURES

 Passive biometrics and does not require a


persons cooperation

 Highly complex technology and largely


software based.

 Primary advantage is that the biometric


system is able to operate “hands-free” and
a user’s identity is confirmed by simply
staring at the screen.
DETAILS

 Source of data: Single image, video


sequence, 3D image and Near Infrared
 Models: weak models of the human face
that model face shape in terms of facial
texture

 Face appearance

 Face geometry
EXAMPLES

Vision and Modeling Group

Face Recognition Demo


3. VOICE RECOGNITION

 Voice recognition is not the same as speech


recognition, it is speaker recognition
 Considered both physiological and behavioral
 Popular and low-cost, but less accurate and
sometimes lengthy enrollment
APPLICATION CATEGORIES

 Fixed text
 Text dependent

 Text independent

 Conversational
FEATURES

 Advantage
 Less requirements for users, such that they do not have to go
through a separate process for verification
 Very little hardware is required, and ideally suited to telephone-
based system for a remote identification

• Disadvantage
 Acoustic features : 1. Misspoken or misread phrases; 2. The
human voice's tremendous variability, due to colds, aging, and
simple tiredness
 Can be captured surreptitiously by a third party and replayed
4. IRIS RECOGNITION
 Analysis of the iris of the eye, which is the colored ring of tissue
that surrounds the pupil of the eye.
 Based on visible features.
 Widely regarded as the most safe, accurate biometrics technology
 high speeds, High accuracy.
Example Iris Images
APPLICATIONS

 Iris recognition is a highly


mature technology with a
proven track record in a
number of application areas.

 Used very effectively all


over the world.
Heathrow Airport (London) - Iris

HAND GEOMETRY 5.

• Hand geometry systems are commonly


available in two main forms. Full hand
geometry systems take an image of the entire
hand for comparison while Two Finger
readers only image two fingers of the hand.
• Hand recognition technology is currently one
of the most deployed biometrics disciplines
world wide
HOW DOES IT WORK

 A camera capture an image of the hand, with the help of a


mirror to get also the edge. and some geometrical
characteristics stored.

( See Jain et al. A Prototype Hand Geometry-based Verification System )


APPLICATIONS

BenGurion Airport - Hand Geometry INSPASS - Hand Geometry


see INS Passenger
Accelerated Service System
6. SIGNATURE VERIFICATION

 Static/Off-line: the conventional way


 Dynamic/On-line: using electronically instrumented
device
 Principle: the movement of the pen during the signing
process rather than the static image of the signature.
 Many aspects of the signature in motion can be studied,
such as pen pressure, the sound the pen makes
Applications
For more technical information:
• IBM online signature verification

Examples of Commercial products:

• Cyber-SIGN PenOp

• CIC Communication Intelligence


Corp.
"The power to sign online"
BIOMETRICS IN EARLY STAGES

DNA Retina Thermograms


recognition

Gait Keystroke Ear recognition

Skin reflection Lip motion Body odor


I. DNA

 DNA has been called the “ultimate identifier”


 Identify information from every cell in the body in a
digital form
 Not yet fully automated, not fast and expensive
 Theoretical limitation: Identical twins have the same
DNA
 Privacy issue – DNA contains information about race,
paternity, and medical conditions for certain disease
COMPARISON CHART

DNA Conventional Biometrics


Requires an actual Uses an impression, image, or
physical sample recording
Not done in real-time; not Done in real-time; automated
all stages of comparison process
are automated
Does a comparison of Uses templates or feature extraction
actual samples
II. RETINA RECOGNITION

 The pattern of blood vessels that comes from


the optic nerve and disperse throughout the
retina depends on individuals and never
changes.
 No two retinas are the same, even in
identical twins.
 Commercial products: Retinal Technologies
III. THERMOGRAMS

 Thermograms requires an infrared camera to detect


the heat patterns of parts of the body that are unique
to every human being (such as the face)
 Normally expensive because of the sensors
Useful paper: Illumination Invariant Face Recognition 
Using Thermal Infrared Imagery (Solikinski & als)
GAIT IV.

 The final objective: to recognize


persons using standard cameras in
any conditions.
 Gait recognition is particularly
studied as it may enable
identification at distance.
Examples for measurements
(from Georgia Institute of
Technology)
V. KEYSTROKE

• The rhythms with which one types at a keyboard are


sufficiently distinctive to form the basis of the biometric
technology known as keystroke dynamics
 100% software-based, requiring
no sensor more than a home
computer
Example 
VI. EAR RECOGNITION

 Ear geometry recognition uses the shape of the


ear to perform identification
 Suggestions have been made that the shapes
and characteristics of the human ear are widely
different
 Might be recognized at a distance
EXAMPLE
VII. SKIN REFLECTION
 Lumidigm Inc. has established that the
absorption spectrum of the skin depends on the
individuals.

 In a range of wavelengths over 6mm patch,


several LEDs send light into the skin, and
photodiodes read the scattered light, which is
analyzed to perform the authentication.
VIII. LIP MOTION

 Compares the characteristic lip motions of


people while they speak.
 Identification needs associated with speaker
recognition.
 Different imaging conditions: Infrared (high
security & cost) and Near Infrared (cheap,
normally used for active sensing)
CONCLUSION

Security = Biometrics
RESOURSE

 1- Introduction to Biometric Authentication


 By Norman Poh

 2- Types of Biometrics By Chang Jia

 3- Wikipedia

 4- Internet Sources
Any Question?

THANK
YOU.

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