STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND

CONCRETE LABORATORY
MANUAL

(July 2018-2019)

(IIIrd Semester)

Department of Civil Engineering

NIT Trichy
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT
SL. No.
a). Standard Consistency of Cement
1
b). Initial Setting Time of Cement
a). Specific Gravity of Cement
2 b). Fineness of Cement
a). Compressive Strength of Cement
3 b). Hardness Test

4 Deflection test on Simply Supported Beam

a). Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate

5 b). Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate
a). Fineness Modulus of Fine Aggregate
6 b). Fineness Modulus of Coarse Aggregate

7 Tension Test

a). Test on Closed Coil Spring

8
b). Test on Open Coil Spring

a). Crushing Strength test on Aggregate

9
b). Impact test on Aggregate

a). Compressive Strength of brick

10
b). Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube

1
 STANDARD CONSISTENCY TEST

Exp No: 1a
Date:

Aim:
To determine the consistency of given cement.

Apparatus required:
1. Vicat apparatus with standard plunger
2. Vicat Mould
3. Flat plate

Procedure:
 300 Gram of cement was weighed accurately.
 24% of water by weight of cement was mixed thoroughly with cement to form a thin paste.
 The cement paste was taken in a Vicat mould.
 The top surface of cement paste was leveled.
 The Vicat mould with cement paste was placed below the Vicat apparatus placed provided with a
plunger.
 The plunger was lowered near the surface of the mould and then released.
 The reading in the Vicat apparatus was noted.
 The test was continued in steps of 2% till the depth of penetration is between 5 to 7 mm from the
bottom of the mould.
 The corresponding water content was noted as the standard consistency of cement.

Observation:

Weight of cement taken = 300 g

Trial Water content by weight of cement (%) Depth of penetration (mm)

Result:

The standard consistency of cement was found to be =

2
 INITIAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

Exp No: 1b
Date:

Aim:
To determine the initial setting time of cement.

Apparatus:

1. Vicat apparatus with standard plunger

2. Vicat mould
3. Flat Plate

Observations:

Weight of cement taken = 300 g

Volume of water added =0.85 P (ml)

Procedure:
 300 Gram of cement was weighed accurately and mixed with 0.85 the water required for
consistency.
 The cement paste was mixed thoroughly with water so as to form a thin paste.
 The cement paste was taken in a Vicat mould.
 The top surface of cement paste was leveled.
 The Vicat mould with cement paste was placed below the Vicat apparatus placed provided with a
Vicat needle,
 The needle was lowered and then released immediately and the corresponding was noted.
 The above procedure was repeated for different time intervals and the readings were noted.
 The time interval between mixing and time at which the needle penetrates the test block to a depth
of 5-7 mm from the bottom was noted as the initial setting time.

Observation:

Weight of cement taken =

Sl. No. Time from the period of mixing (min) Vicat Apparatus (mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Result:

The initial setting time for cement was found to be =_____________________ (min)

3
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

Exp No: 2a
Date:

Aim:
To determine the specific gravity of cement using Le Chatelier Flask or Specific Gravity Bottle.

Apparatus:
1. Le Charelier Flask or Specific Gravity Bottle
2. Balance capable of weighing 0.1gm.

Observations:
Weight of cement taken = 300 g
Volume of water added =0.85 P (ml)

Procedure:
 Weigh a clean and dry Le Chatelier Flask or Specific Gravity Bottle with its stopper (W1).
 Place a sample of cement up to half of the flask (about 50g) and weight with its stopper (W2).
 Add Kerosene to cement in flask till it is about half full.
 Mix thoroughly with glass rod to remove entrapped air.
 Continue stirring and add more kerosene till it is flush with the graduated mark.
 Dry the outside and weigh (W3).
 Entrapped air may be removed by vacuum pump, if available.
 Empty the flask, clean it refills with clean kerosene flush with the graduated mark wipe dry the
outside and weigh (W4).

Observations

Weight of empty flask, W1 =

Weight of the flask + Cement, W2 =
Weight of the flask + Cement + Kerosene, W3 =
Weight of the flask + Kerosene, W4 =
Specific gravity of kerosene = 0.79

Calculations:
(W 2  W 1)
Specific Gravity = =
(W 2  W 1)  (W 3  W 4)  0.79

Result:

Specific Gravity of Cement =

4
 FINENESS OF CEMENT

Exp No: 2b
Date:

Aim:

To determine the fineness of cement sample by dry Sieving

Apparatus:

I. S.: 90 micron sieve, Rice plate, weighing balance (Sensitive to: 0.1g).

Procedure:

 Weigh accurately 100g of cement and place it on a standard IS 90 micron sieve breaking down any
air-set lumps in the cement sample with finger.
 Continuously sieve the sample by holding the sieve in both the hands. Sieve with a gentle wrist
motion for a period of 15 minutes, rotating the sieve continuously throughout the sieving, involving
no danger of spalling the cement.
 Weigh the residue after 15 minutes of sieving.
 Repeat the procedure for two more such samples.

Observations and calculations:

Weight of cement taken on IS: 90 micron Sieve = 100g.

Weight of residue after 15 minutes of sieving = …....g.

𝑊𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒
Fineness of cement (%) = × 100
𝑊𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒

Sample No. Weight of Sample (g) Weight of residue (g) Fineness (%)
1 100
2 100
3 100

Average fineness of cement = ………%

Results:

Fineness of cement by dry sieving is = ….... %

5
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT
Exp No: 3a
Date:

Aim:
To determine the compressive strength of cement.

Apparatus:
70.6mmx70.6mm (50𝑐𝑚 2) cube moulds, apparatus for gauging and mixing mortar, compression
testing machine etc.

Procedure:

 Gauge a mixture of cement and regarded Indian Standard sand in the proportion of 1:3 by weight
using (P/4 +3.0)) percent of water where P is percentage of water required to produce a paste of
standard consistency.
 Fill the cube moulds by compacting it for 2 minutes on a vibrating machine at a speed of
12.000±400 vibrations per minute.
 Smoothen the top surface of the cubes with flat side of a trowel.
 Immediately upon completion of moulding, place the cube moulds in an atmosphere of 27±20 C
and relative humidity over 90%. After 24 hours, remove the specimen from the moulds and keep
them in water till testing.
 Test the cubes at 3 days and 7 days age in the compression testing machine at such a rate that
maximum load is reached in 80-100 seconds.
 Report the average compressive strength in N/mm2(kg/cm2 ).

Observations and Calculations:

Weight of cement for one cube = 200g

Weight of sand (3 particle sizes 200 +200+200 =600 g) for one cube
= 600g.

Weight of water for one cube = (P/4+ 3.0) %

Area of cube face = 50cm2 = 5000mm2

Where P = Standard consistency of cement as determined earlier by Standard consistency test of

cement.

6
 At 3 days age At 7 days age

Sample Load (N) Compressive Average Load Compressive Average

No. Strength (N) Strength
(𝑁/𝑚𝑚2) (𝑁/𝑚𝑚2)

Results:

The average value of compressive strength of cement sand mortar cubes at 3 and 7 days age were
found to be

=……..…… 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 at 3days

=……….… 𝑁/𝑚𝑚 2 at 7days

7
 HARDNESS TEST

Exp No: 3b
Date:

Aim:

To determine the Brinell’s hardness, Rockwell’s hardness and number for the given specimen.

Apparatus Required:

1. Mild steel specimen.

2. Aluminium specimen.

3. Scheleroscope.

Procedure:

 The surface of the test specimen was polished with smooth emery sheet.

 The specimen to be tested was placed in proper position and clamped.

 The loading screw was fully rotated and then released.

 The dial gauge reading was noted corresponding to Brinell, Rockwell and shore’s hardness
number.

 The experiment was repeated for other specimens.

Observations:

Brinell’s Rockwell’s Shore’s

Sl.
Material Trial No. Hardness Hardness Hardness
No
Number Number Number
1
1. Mild Steel 2
3

1
2. Aluminium 2

8
Result:

Mild steel specimen:

1. Brinell’s hardness no. =

2. Rockwell’s hardness no. =

3. Shore’s hardness no. =

Aluminium specimen:

1. Brinell’s hardness no. =

2. Rockwell’s hardness no. =

3. Shore’s hardness no. =

9
 DEFLECTION OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

Exp No: 4
Date:

Aim:
To conduct a deflection test on a simply supported beam and to find modulus of elasticity and flexural
rigidity.
Apparatus:

Loading Bar, Meter Scale, Vernier Scale, Deflectometer

Formula:

11Wl 3
Young’s Modulus (E) = N/mm 2
768I
Flexural Rigidity (K) = E I N/mm 2

W=Load (N) l = Length of beam (mm)  = deflection (mm) I = moment of inertia (mm 4 )

Procedure:

 Length, breadth and thickness of the beam has been measured using metric scale.
 Deflectometer has been arranged at the bottom of the beam at one fourth the length of the
support.
 Load has been applied at the center of the beam with weights of 0.5, 1, 2 …5 kg.
 Readings of the deflection has been taken from the deflectometer and tabulated.
 Young’s Modulus has been calculated for each of the reading and average was found.
 Graph was drawn with deflection on X-axis and load on Y-axis.
 From graph (w/  ) was noted and Young’s Modulus and Flexural rigidity has been noted down.

Observations: (STEEL)

Length of beam (l) = mm

Breadth of beam (b) = mm
Thickness of beam (t) = mm
Least count = mm

10
 Sl. Load Deflectometer Readings Deflection Young’s modulus
no (W) (kg) Loading Unloading Mean (mm) (N/mm 2 )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10

Model Calculations:

bt 3
I= =
12
11l 3 W 
Young’s Modulus (E) =   =
768I  
Flexural Rigidity (K) = E I

Graph:
 A graph is plotted between load and deflection with Load on Y-axis and deflection on X-axis.
W
 Slope has been calculated from the graph.


W
=

11l 3  W
E= =
768I  

Observations: (WOOD)

Length of beam (l) = mm

Breadth of beam (b) = mm
Thickness of beam (t) = mm
Least count = mm

11
 Sl. Load Deflectometer Readings Deflection Young’s modulus
no (W) (kg) Loading Unloading Mean (mm) (N/mm 2 )

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10

Model Calculations:

bt 3 11l 3  W 
I= = Young’s Modulus (E) =   = Flexural Rigidity (K) =
12 768I   
EI=

Graph:
 A graph is plotted between load and deflection with Load on Y-axis and deflection on X-axis.
W
 Slope has been calculated from the graph.

W
=

11l 3  W
E= =
768I  

12
Result:

For Steel

(i) Modulus of elasticity E

Analytically =

Graphically =

(ii) Flexural rigidity K

Analytically =

Graphically =

For Wood

(i) Modulus of elasticity E

Analytically =

Graphically =

(ii) Flexural rigidity K

Analytically =

Graphically =

13
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE

Exp No: 5a
Date:

Aim:
To find the specific gravity of fine aggregate

Apparatus:

1. Specific gravity bottle

2. Balance

Procedure:

 The weight of the specific gravity bottle is measured as W1 grams

 The empty bottle is then filled with one-third of fine aggregate and its weight is measured as W2
grams
 The bottle with one-third of fine aggregate is then filled with water and its weight is measured as
W3 grams
 Then the bottle is emptied and dried and then filled with water and its weight is measured as W 4
grams
 The specific gravity of fine aggregate is then calculated using the formula given

Formula:

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒

Specific gravity of fine aggregate =
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑊2 −𝑊1
= (𝑊
4 −𝑊1 )−(𝑊3 −𝑊2 )

Observations:

Sl. No. Observation (g) Trail 1 Trail 2

1 Weight of empty bottle (W1)

Weight of empty bottle + 1/3rd of fine

2
aggregate (W2)

Weight of empty bottle+ 1/3rd of fine

3
aggregate + water (W3)

4 Weight of bottle + water (W4)

14
Model calculations:

𝑊2 −𝑊1
Specific gravity of fine aggregate=
(𝑊4 −𝑊1)−(𝑊3−𝑊2 )

Result:

Specific gravity of the given fine aggregate sample =

15
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE

Exp No: 5b
Date:

Aim:
To find the specific gravity of coarse aggregate

Apparatus:

1. Pycnometer
2. Balance

Procedure:

 The weight of the Pycnometer is measured as W1 grams

 The Pycnometer is then filled with one-third of coarse aggregate and its weight is measured as W2
grams
 The Pycnometer with one-third of coarse aggregate is then filled with water and its weight is
measured as W3 grams
 Then the Pycnometer is emptied and dried and then filled with water and its weight is measured as
W4 grams
 The specific gravity of coarse aggregate is then calculated using the formula given

Formula:

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate =
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑊2 −𝑊1
= (𝑊
4 −𝑊1 )−(𝑊3 −𝑊2 )

Observations:

Sl. No. Observation (g) Trail 1 Trail 2

1 Weight of empty bottle (W1)

Weight of empty bottle + 1/3rd of coarse

2
aggregate (W2)

Weight of empty bottle+ 1/3rd of coarse

3
aggregate + water (W3)

4 Weight of bottle + water (W4)

16
Model calculations:

𝑊2 −𝑊1
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate=
(𝑊4 −𝑊1)−(𝑊3 −𝑊2 )

Result:

Specific gravity of the given coarse aggregate sample =

17
 FINENESS MODULUS OF COARSE AGGREGATES AND FINE AGGREGATES

Exp No: 6a&b

Date:

Aim:
To determine the fineness modulus of coarse and fine aggregates.

Apparatus:
a) Balance: The balance or scale shall be such that it is readable and accurate to 0.1% of the
weight of the test sample.
b) Sieves: Sieves of the sizes given in Table 19.1 and 19.2 conforming to I.S. 460.1962
specification for Test Sieves (Revised) shall be used.
c) Sample: The weight of the sample available shall not be less than the weight given in Table
2.1 The sample for sieving shall be prepared from the larger sample either by quartering or by
means of a sample divider.

Procedure:
Each sieve shall be shaken separately over a clean tray for period of not less than 2 min. the shaking
is done with a varied motion backwards and forwards, left and right, circular clock-wise and anti-
clockwise and with frequent jarring so that the material is kept moving over the sieve surface in
frequently changing directions. Find the weight of aggregates retained on each sieve taken in order.

If sieving is carried out with a nest of sieves on a machine, not less than 10 minutes sieving will be
required for each test.

Observations:
TABLE 19.1 Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate

Weight of coarse aggregates taken for sieving= (kg)

I.S. Sieve Weight % weight % weight Cumulative% wt. Remarks

Size Retained retained passing retained
80mm
40mm
20mm
10mm
4.75mm
Residue
Check
C=

C+500
Fineness Modulus of coarse aggregates= =
100

18
 TABLE 19.2 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate

Weight of fine aggregates taken for sieving=

I.S. Sieve Weight % weight % weight Cumulative% wt.

Remarks
Size Retained retained passing retained
4.75mm
2.36mm
1.18mm
600 Micron
300 Micron
150 Micron
Residue
Check
F=

𝐹
Fineness Modulus of fine aggregates = =
100

Result:

1) Fineness Modulus of coarse aggregate=

2) Fineness Modulus of fine aggregate=

19
 TENSION TEST

Exp No: 7
Date:

Aim:
To determine the tensile strength, elastic and inelastic properties of Ductile Steel and to study its
behaviour. The specific properties to be determined are:
1. Modulus of Elasticity
2. Ultimate Tensile Stress
3. Nominal and Actual Breaking Stress
4. Percentage Elongation
5. Percentage Reduction in Area
6. Proof Stress

Apparatus Required:
1. Universal Testing Machine
2. Extensometer
3. Vernier calipers
4. Meter Scale
5. Punch for marking gauge length
Formula:

1. E = Where E = Young’s Modulus (N/mm 2 )

 = Direct Stress (N/mm 2 )
 = Strain
d 2
2. Area of the rod =
4
Where d = Diameter of the rod (mm)
2
3. Ultimate Stress (N/mm ) = Ultimate load / Area of Cross Section
2
4. Nominal Breaking Stress (N/mm ) = Breaking Load / Area of Cross Section
2
5. Actual Breaking Stress (N/mm ) = Breaking Load/Final Area of Cross Section
 (l 'l )  100 
6. Percentage Elongation =  
 l 
Where
l = Initial Length (mm)
l’ = Final Length (mm)

(d 2  d ' 2 )
7. Percentage Reduction in Area =  100
d 2
Where
d’ = Final diameter of the rod (mm)
d = Initial diameter of the rod (mm)
20
Procedure:

 The given rod was weighed and its length was measured. The average diameter (d) was determined
using the density of the specimen.
 The center point of the rod was marked using the punch and marks were made on either side of the
center mark at a distance of 5d.
 The given rod was then fixed in the tension grips of the UTM such that the top and bottom marks
already made, coincides exactly with the top and bottom of the wedge grips respectively. The
extensometer was fixed firmly to the specimen so that its axis coincides with that of the specimen.
The zero error in the extensometer and the testing machine are eliminated.
 Extensometer readings are taken for different increment in loads which were applied within the
elastic limits.
 Load was applied until yield point was reached. The extensometer was then removed and the
ultimate load and the breaking load were noted.
 The final diameter, d’ of the rod was measured at the neck of the ruptured section. The broken
parts were fixed together and the final length, l’ was measured between the previously marked
punch marks.
Graph:

The following graphs were drawn

1. Load vs. Elongation

Elongation is taken along the X-axis and Load is taken along the Y-axis

2. Stress vs. Strain

Strain is taken along the X-axis and Stress is taken along the Y-axis

Observation:
1. Weight of the rod (W) =

2. Length of the rod (L) =

3. Density of the rod (  ) =

4. Area of cross section of the rod (A) =

5. Diameter of the rod (d) =

6. Gauge Length =

7. Final Length =

8. Final Diameter (d’) =

9. Breaking Load =

10. Ultimate Load =

11. Extensometer gauge Length =

21
 12. Least count of Extensometer =

Average Young’s
Extensometer Reading (mm)
Sl. Load Extension Stress Strain Modulus
No. (tons) X LC (N/mm2) X 10-4 X 105
Left Right Average
(mm) (N/mm2)
1

2
3

5
6

8
9

10

11
12

Model Calculation:

W
1. Area of the specimen, A = =
l
2. Diameter of the specimen, d = 4A /  =

 (l 'l )  100 
3. Percentage elongation =  
 l 

(d 2  d ' 2 )
4. Percentage Reduction in Area =  100
d 2
2
5. Ultimate Stress (N/mm ) = Ultimate load / Area of Cross Section
2
6. Nominal Breaking Stress (N/mm ) = Breaking Load / Area of Cross Section

2
7. Actual Breaking Stress (N/mm ) = Breaking Load/Final Area of cross section

22
 8. Load =

9. Average Extensometer reading =

Load
10. Stress,  =
Area

11. Strain,  = Average extension / Gauge Length


12. Young’s Modulus, E = =


13. Proof Stress ( From Graph ) =

Result:

1. Young’s Modulus (E) =

2. Ultimate Tensile Stress (  u ) =

3. Nominal Breaking Stress =

4. Actual Breaking Stress =
5. Percentage of Elongation =
6. Percentage of Reduction in Area =

23
 TEST ON CLOSED COIL SPRING

Exp No: 8a
Date:

Aim:
To conduct test on the given spring and to determine the rigidity modulus and spring constant.
Apparatus Required:
1. Spring testing machine
2. Meter Scale
3. Vernier Calipers
Formula:

 8WD 3 n 
Modulusof rigidity =  
 d 4
 
Where
W = average load (kg)
N = number of turns
 = deflection (mm)
D = average diameter
d = diameter of coil
p = pitch (mm)
Procedure:

 The length of spring, the inner and outer diameter was noted.
 The spring is placed in the correct position.
 The least count of the dial gauge is noted.
 Load is applied and the deflection of the spring was noted down for every 10 kg.
 The deflection is measured from the scale attached to the machine and the same procedure is repeated
for each unloading.
 The spring constant and modulus of rigidity are calculated analytically.

Graph:

The graph is plotted between load and deflection. Load is along Y-Axis and deflection along X-Axis.

Observations:

Number of turns (n) =

Length of spring (L) =
Diameter of coil (d) =
Inner diameter of spring (D1) =
Outer diameter of spring (D2) =
24
Mean Diameter D =  D1  D2 
 2 
 

Radius of coil = d/2 =

Pitch = L/n =

Axial Deformation (mm) Spring

Modulus of
Sl. Load(W) Constant
Loading Unloading Average Rigidity (N)
no (kg) (K)
(N/mm 2 )
(N/mm)
1.
2
3
4
5
6

Model Calculations:
 8WD 3 n 
Modulus of Rigidity =  
 d 4
 
From Graph:

W
K= =


8D 3 N  W 
N=   =
d4   

Result:

(i) Spring Constant (k)

a) Analytically =
b) Graphically =

(ii) Modulus of Rigidity (N)

a) Analytically =
b) Graphically =

25
 TEST ON OPEN COIL SPRING

Exp No: 8b
Date:

Aim:

To conduct test on given open coil spring and to determine rigidity modulus and spring constant.
Apparatus required:

Spring Testing Machine, Meter Scale, Vernier Calipers.

Formula:

8WD 3 n  2 2 sin 2 n 
Modulus of rigidity = 4   cos   
d  cos   E 
Where, W = Average Load (in kg)
n= Number of turns
 = Deflection (in mm)
D = Average Diameter (in mm)
d = Diameter of coil (in mm)
N = Rigidity modulus (N/mm 2 )
 p 
  tan 1  
 2R 
p = Pitch (in mm)
R = Radius of spring (in mm)
Procedure:
 The lengths of spring, the outer and inner diameters are noted.
 The spring is placed in the correct position.
 The least count of the dial gauge is noted.
 Load is applied and the deflection of spring was noted for every 10 kg.
 The deflection is measured from the scale attached to the machine and the same procedure
is repeated for each unloading.
 The spring constant and rigidity modulus were calculated analytically.

Observation:

Number of turns (n) =

Length of spring (L) =

26
Diameter of coil (d) =
Inner diameter of spring (D1) =
Outer diameter of spring (D2) =
𝐷1 +𝐷2
Mean diameter D = =
2

Radius of Coil = d/2 =

Pitch = L/n =

Sl. Axial Deformation (mm) Spring Modulus of

Load(W) Constant
no Loading Unloading Average Rigidity (N)
(kg) (K)
(N/mm) (N/mm 2 )

6
7

Graph:

A graph was plotted between load and deflection with Load along Y-axis and deflection along X-axis

Model Calculation:

8WD 3 n  2 sin 2 n 
Modulus of rigidity =   cos 2    =
d 4 cos   E 
From graph:
W
K= =


8WD 3 n  2 sin 2 n 
N=   cos 2   
d 4 cos   E 

27
Result:
(i) Spring Constant (k)

a) Analytically =

b) Graphically =

(ii) Modulus of rigidity (N)

a) Analytically =

b) Graphically =

28
 CRUSHING TEST ON AGGREGATE

Exp No: 9a
Date:

Aim:
To find the crushing strength value for the given sample of aggregate.

Apparatus Required:
1. IS Sieve (12.5mm, 10mm, and 2.36mm)
2. Tamping rod
3. Test sample
4. Hammer of weight 40 tons.
Formula:
𝑊2
Crushing Strength = (𝑊1) × 100

Where,
W1 = Weight of dry sample in g.
W2 = Weight of fraction passing through IS 2.36mm sieve in g.

Procedure:
 Aggregate passing through IS 12.5mm sieve and retained in IS 10mm sieve was taken as the
sample.
 The test sample was filled in a mould in 3 layers by giving 25 blows for each layer using tamping
rod and leveled.
 The dry weight of the sample was noted as W1.
 The sample was transferred to a cylinder with base plate and was carefully leveled.
 The plunger was inserted horizontally on the surface.
 The apparatus was placed in the UTM and a total load of 40 tons was applied.
 The fraction passing through IS 2.36 sieve was weighed and noted as W2.
𝑊2
 The crushing strength value was calculated using the formula: (𝑊1) × 100.

Observation:
Empty weight of the mould =

Empty weight of the mould + aggregate =

Weight of dry sample, W1 =

29
Weight of fraction retained on IS 2.36mm sieve =

Weight of fraction passing through IS 2.36mm sieve, W2 =

Weight of fraction Crushing Strength

Weight of the dry
Sl. No. passing through IS 𝑾𝟐
sample, W1 (g) ( ) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (%)
2.36mm sieve, W2 (g) 𝑾𝟏

Model Calculations:
Weight of dry sample, W1 =
Weight of fraction passing through IS 2.36mm sieve, W2 =
𝑊2
Crushing Strength = ( ) × 100 =
𝑊1

Result:
The crushing strength of the given aggregate is = __________.

30
 IMPACT TEST ON AGGREGATE

Exp No: 9b
Date:

Aim:
To find the Impact value for the given sample of aggregate.

Apparatus Required:
1. IS Sieve (12.5 mm, 10 mm, 2.36 mm)
2. Tamping rod
3. Test sample
4. Hammer of weight 14 kg.

Formula:
Impact value = (W2 / W1) x 100
Where,
W1 = Weight of the dry sample in g
W2 = Weight of fraction passing through IS 2.36 mm sieve in g.

Procedure:
 Aggregate passing through IS 12.5 mm sieve and retained in IS 10 mm sieve was taken as the
sample.
 The test sample was filled in a mould in 3 layers by giving 25 blows for each layer using tamping
rod and leveled.
 The dry weight of the sample was noted as W1.
 The whole sample was filled in a cylindrical steel cup.
 The hammer was allowed to fall freely from a height of 38 cm on the aggregate.
 The sample was subjected to 15 blows and it was sieved using IS 2.36 mm sieve.
 The fraction passing through sieve was weighed and noted as W2.
 The impact of the aggregates was calculated using the formula (W2 / W1) x 100.

Observation:
Empty weight of the mould =
Empty weight of the mould + aggregate, a) =
b) =
Weight of dry sample, W1, a) =
b) =

Weight of the dry Weight of fraction passing through Impact value

Sl. No.
sample, W1 (g) IS 2.36 mm sieve, W2 (g) (W2 /W1) x 100%

1
2

31
Model Calculations:
Weight of the dry sample, W 1 =

Weight of fraction passing through IS 2.36 mm sieve, W 2 =

Aggregate Impact value (W 2 / W 1 ) x 100 =

Average Impact value =

32
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF BRICK

Exp No: 10a

Date:

Aim:
 To determine the compressive strength of Brick.
 To find the percentage of water absorbed by the Bricks.

Apparatus required:

1. Bricks
2. Weighing Machine
3. Compression testing machine
4. Metric scale

Formula:

1. Compressive Strength = Crushing Load /Area (N/mm 2 )

𝑊2 −𝑊1
2. Percentage water absorbed = × 100
𝑊1

Where,
W1= Weight of Brick before soaking in water
W2= Weight of brick after soaking in water
Procedure:

 Three different Brick blocks were taken and were weighed(W1), then the bricks were soaked in
water for 30 minutes following which the bricks were weighed again(W2)
 The brick blocks were kept in the compression testing machine and the reading corresponding to
the maximum load was noted.

Observation:

Sl. Dimension (mm) W1 W2 % Water Crushing Compressive

Brick
No L B H (g) (g) Absorbed Load (kN) Strength(N/mm2)

1.

2.

3.

33
Model Calculation:

Weight of Brick before soaking in water, W 1

=

Weight of brick after soaking in water, W 2

=

 W  W 
Percentage absorbed =  2 1
  100 =

 W 1 

Compressive Strength = Crushing Load /Area =

Result:

Percentage water absorbed by:

1. Brick A =
2. Brick B =
3. Brick C =

The compressive strength of

1. Brick A =
2. Brick B =
3. Brick C =

34
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE CUBE

Exp No: 10b

Date:

Aim:
To determine the compressive strength of the given concrete cube

Apparatus required:

Concrete Cube

1) Compression Testing Machine

2) Metric Scale
Formula:

Compressive strength = Crushing load/Area (N/mm 2 )

Procedure:

 Three different concrete cubes are taken; using the metric scale the length of the sides was
measured.
 The concrete cube was kept on the Compression Testing Machine and the reading
corresponding to the maximum load was noted.
Observation Table:

Dimension
Sl. (mm) Area % Water Crushing Load Compressive
Cube
No. (mm2) Absorbed (kN) Strength (N/mm2)
L B H

1.

2.

3.

Model Calculation:
Compressive strength = Crushing Load / Area =

Result:

The compressive strength of:

Cube A =

Cube B =

Cube C =

35