Roll No: 103120117

Name: Thilakkumar V
Date: 26.11.2021
________________________________________________________________________________
_
Experiment 11: Determination of Tensile Strength

AIM:
To determine the tensile strength, elastic, and inelastic properties of Ductile Steel and to study its
behaviour. The specific properties to be determined are:
1. Modulus of Elasticity
2. Ultimate Tensile Stress
3. Nominal and Actual Breaking Stress
4. Percentage Elongation
5. Percentage Reduction in Area
6. Proof Stress

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Universal Testing Machine
2. Extensometer
3. Vernier calipers
4. Meter Scale
5. Punch for marking gauge length

FORMULA:
❑
1. E = ❑ Where E = Young’s Modulus (N/mm2)
 = Direct Stress (N/mm2)
 = Strain
2
d
2. Area of the rod =
4
Where d = Diameter of the rod (mm)
3. Ultimate Stress (N/mm2) = Ultimate load / Area of Cross Section
4. Nominal Breaking Stress (N/mm2) = Breaking Load / Area of Cross Section
5. Actual Breaking Stress (N/mm2) = Breaking Load / Final Area of Cross Section

6. Percentage Elongation = ( ( l ' −l ) ×100

l )
Where,
l = Initial Length (mm)
l’ = Final Length (mm)

_________________________________________________________________________________
CELR11 Strength of Materials and Concrete Laboratory
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli.
Roll No: 103120117
Name: Thilakkumar V
Date: 26.11.2021
________________________________________________________________________________
_

( )
2 '2
π d −π d
7. Percentage Reduction in Area = 2
×100
πd
Where,
d’ = Final diameter of the rod (mm)
d = Initial diameter of the rod (mm)

PROCEDURE:
 The given rod was weighed, and its length was measured. The average diameter (d) was
determined using the density of the specimen.
 The center point of the rod was marked using the punch and marks were made on either side
of the center mark at a distance of 5d.
 The given rod was then fixed in the tension grips of the UTM such that the top and bottom
marks already made, coincides exactly with the top and bottom of the wedge grips
respectively. The extensometer was fixed firmly to the specimen so that its axis coincides
with that of the specimen. The zero error in the extensometer and the testing machine are
eliminated.
 Extensometer readings are taken for different increment in loads which were applied within
the elastic limits.
 Load was applied until yield point was reached. The extensometer was then removed, and the
ultimate load and the breaking load were noted.
 The final diameter, d’ of the rod was measured at the neck of the ruptured section. The
broken parts were fixed together and the final length, l’ was measured between the previously
marked punch marks.

GRAPH:
The following graphs were drawn
1. Load vs. Elongation
Elongation is taken along the X-axis and Load is taken along the Y-axis
2. Stress vs. Strain
Strain is taken along the X-axis and Stress is taken along the Y-axis

_________________________________________________________________________________
CELR11 Strength of Materials and Concrete Laboratory
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli.
Roll No: 103120117
Name: Thilakkumar V
Date: 26.11.2021
________________________________________________________________________________
_

Load vs. Elongation

7

5
Load (Tons)

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Elongation (mm)

Stress vs. Strain

600

500

400
Stress

300

200

100

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Strain

OBSERVATION:
1. Weight of the rod (W) = 0.862 N
2. Length of the rod (L) = 10 cm
3. Density of the rod (  ) = 7624 kg/m3
4. Area of cross section of the rod (A) = 113.71 mm2
5. Diameter of the rod (d) = 12.03 mm
6. Final Length = 11.20 cm
7. Final Diameter (d’) = 7.60 mm
8. Breaking Load = 5.4 Tons

_________________________________________________________________________________
CELR11 Strength of Materials and Concrete Laboratory
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli.
Roll No: 103120117
Name: Thilakkumar V
Date: 26.11.2021
________________________________________________________________________________
_
9. Ultimate Load = 7.4 Tons
10. Extensometer gauge Length = 10 cm
11. Least count of Extensometer = 0.01 cm

S. Average Youngs
Load Extensometer reading Stress Strain
No. Extension Modulus E
(Tons) Left Right Average (mm) N/mm2 x 10-4 x 105 N/mm2
86.2726430
1 1 5 6 5.5 0.055 5.5 1.568593509
1
129.408964
2 1.5 7 8 7.5 0.075 7.5 1.72545286
5
3 2 9 9 9 0.09 172.545286 9 1.917169845
215.681607
4 2.5 11 11 11 0.11 11 1.960741887
5
5 3 13 13 13 0.13 258.817929 13 1.990907146
301.954250
6 3.5 15 16 15.5 0.155 15.5 1.948091939
5
345.090572
7 4 18 19 18.5 0.185 18.5 1.865354444
1
388.226893
8 4.5 20 20 20 0.2 20 1.941134468
6
431.363215
9 5 21 21 21 0.21 21 2.054110548
1
474.499536
10 5.5 23 23 23 0.23 23 2.063041463
6
517.635858
11 6 26 26 26 0.26 26 1.990907146
1

Average = 1.911409569

Calculation:
W
1. Area of the specimen, A = = 113.605 mm2
l
2. Diameter of the specimen, d = √ 4 A /π = 12.03 mm

3. Percentage elongation = ( ( l ' −l ) ×100

l ) = 12%

( )
2 '2
π d −π d
4. Percentage Reduction in Area = 2
×100 = 60.089%
πd
5. Ultimate Stress (N/mm2) = Ultimate load / Area of Cross Section = 638.418 N/mm2
6. Nominal Breaking Stress (N/mm2) = Breaking Load / Area of Cross Section = 465.872
N/mm2

_________________________________________________________________________________
CELR11 Strength of Materials and Concrete Laboratory
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli.
Roll No: 103120117
Name: Thilakkumar V
Date: 26.11.2021
________________________________________________________________________________
_
7. Actual Breaking Stress (N/mm2) = Breaking Load / Final Area of cross section = 1167.269
N/mm2
8. Average Extensometer reading = 0.1545 mm
Area
9. Stress,  = = 301.954 N/mm2
Load
10. Strain,  = Average extension / Gauge Length = 0.001545
❑
11. Young’s Modulus, E = ❑ = 1.91141 x 10 N/mm2

RESULT:
1. Young’s Modulus (E) = 191140.96 N/mm2
2. Ultimate Tensile Stress (u) = 638.418 N/mm2
3. Nominal Breaking Stress = 465.872 N/mm2
4. Actual Breaking Stress = 1167.269 N/mm2
5. Percentage of Elongation = 12%
6. Percentage of Reduction in Area = 60.089%

_________________________________________________________________________________
CELR11 Strength of Materials and Concrete Laboratory
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli.