MARCIAL O.

RAÑOLA MEMORIAL SCHOOL

San Fransisco, Guinobatan, Albay

Exploring the Viability of Kapok Fiber (Ceiba pentandra) as a Sustainable Alternative

Yarn for Textile Applications

Proponents:

Jhon Cristoef Olicia

Mark John Ace Napoles

Dave Orpiada

10 - Newton

Maria Kristina Sabit

Research Adviser

SY 2023-2024
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1

Background of the Study.......................................................................................................1

Statement of the Problem......................................................................................................2

Hypotheses............................................................................................................................3

Scope and Delimitation.........................................................................................................3

Significance of the Study......................................................................................................4

Review of Related Literature................................................................................................5

METHODS..................................................................................................................................8

Research Design....................................................................................................................8

Materials................................................................................................................................10

Materials and Budgetary Requirements................................................................................10

RESULT.......................................................................................................................................14

DEFINITION OF TERMS.........................................................................................................15

REFERENCES............................................................................................................................16
 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to explore the feasibility of using kapok fiber (Ceiba pentandra) as

an alternative material for yarn production. Specifically, the research will investigate the

following questions:

1. Is it possible to successfully spin kapok fiber into yarn for practical applications in

textile manufacturing?

2. How does the kapok yarn compare to conventional yarn in terms of:

 Cost

 Thread quality

 Production efficiency

3. How does the kapok yarn perform when compared to conventional yarn in terms

of:

 Strength

 Heat resistance

 Thread consistency

Alternative Hypothesis:

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 If yarn is produced using kapok fiber, it will exhibit significantly better durability,

texture, and feasibility compared to conventional yarn.

Null Hypothesis:

If yarn is produced using kapok fiber, there will be no significant difference in

durability, texture, and feasibility compared to conventional yarn.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses on the production and evaluation of kapok fiber (Ceiba pentandra) as

an alternative yarn material. The research will concentrate on exploring the properties of kapok

fiber in terms of its suitability for spinning into yarn, comparing its performance to conventional

yarn made from cotton. Key performance factors to be investigated include the durability,

texture, and feasibility of kapok yarn. The study is limited to the use of kapok fiber as the

primary material and will not extend to other natural or synthetic fibers. Additionally, the

research will not cover the cultivation or harvesting techniques of the kapok tree, but will focus

solely on the properties of the fiber itself and its potential use in textile applications. This study is

restricted to examining the properties of kapok fiber through a series of controlled experiments

and will not include a large-scale production analysis. The findings will be based on a

comparison between kapok yarn and cotton yarn in terms of quality, strength, and resource

efficiency. Other environmental, social, and economic impacts will be discussed briefly but will

not be the primary focus of the research.

Significance of the Study

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 The researchers will try to have a better quality of yarn along with maximizing the use of

kapok fiber, as the process of making it will be successful. This kind of yarn will further avoid

the use of toxic and harmful materials and lessen the environmental impact associated with

traditional fabric manufacturing, as it ensures feasibility and validity in terms of characteristics

and properties. The success of this study would develop a way of processing yarn in conjunction

with the developing fields of science and agriculture. The study may potentially impact the local

economy, clothing and textile industry workers particularly in regions where Ceiba pentandra is

abundant. This study would also help researchers to further their knowledge on how natural

resources can completely provide a source of attention in the field of research.

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 REVIEW OF RALATED LITERATURE

Kapok fiber exhibits a unique hollow structure with an oval to round cross-section, large

lumen, and thin walls. It is composed of two layers with differing microfibrillar orientations. The

outer layer has transversely oriented cellulose microfibrils, while the inner layer has fibrils

oriented nearly parallel to the fiber axis. (Zheng et al., 2015) The fiber's surface is smooth with

a thick layer of wax. Due to its brittleness and low cohesivity, pure kapok fiber cannot be spun

like cotton but can be blended with cotton fiber to form yarns. This study suggests that kapok

fiber's properties, such as large lumen and waxy surface, make it less favorable for dyeing but

more suitable for hydrophobic–oleophilic applications, such as buoyancy and oil-absorption.

Surface modifications, including chemical and physical treatments, were explored to enhance

intrinsic properties and alter surface characteristics, aiming to improve interfacial properties and

interactions.

In another study conducted by Gómez‐Maqueo & Gamboa‐deBuen, (2022) found that

kapok fibers, characterized by a hollow tubular structure with microtubes (10 µm mean external

diameter, 0.1 µm wall thickness), possess unique properties including superhydrophobicity and

porosity. Originating from the endocarp cells, kapok fibers are easily collectible and commonly

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used as fillers for pillows and cushions. When blended with other cellulosic fibers, such as cotton

or rayon, kapok fibers improve stability in textiles, potentially reducing water and resource

consumption during manufacturing. Additionally, kapok fibers are environmentally

advantageous due to biodegradability, acid/alkali resistance, and natural abundance. With a

cellulose content of up to 69%, kapok fibers offer promise as a source of cellulose and

nanocellulose for biotechnological industries. Notably, their hydrophobic nature (13% acetyl

groups) makes them excellent oil absorbents, presenting a cost-effective and biodegradable

alternative for oil spill recovery.

Sangalang (2021) states that kapok fiber, known for its high acetylation and cellulose

content, exhibits a hydrophobic nature due to its considerable wax content. Infrared absorption

analysis reveals distinctive peaks associated with cellulose, plant wax, lignin, and other

components. Mechanical properties, however, reveal low strength, stiffness, and high fragility,

limiting its suitability for textile applications. The study explores the reinforcement potential of

kapok in various composite materials, including bionanocomposite films, phase change

materials, and thermoplastic starch composites. The findings underscore the importance of

processing methods and fiber-matrix interactions to enhance mechanical performance and

leverage the ecological advantages of kapok fiber.

A recent study by Zheng et al. (2021) concluded that Kapok Fiber possesses unique

structural characteristics, including its cylindrical shape with a thin-walled large lumen, making

it exceptionally lightweight and environmentally friendly. This study highlighted kapok fiber's

potential for various applications due to its inherent properties such as antibacterial, anti-mite,

and mildew-proof characteristics. Through blending with other fibers, kapok fiber-based

materials exhibited enhanced properties such as warmth, UV resistance, and oil absorption

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capacity. Additionally, functional modifications like grafting polymers onto kapok fiber's surface

and coating it with polymers or metals further extended its applications in areas like

superabsorbents, catalysis, and adsorption. Moreover, carbonization of kapok fiber yielded

activated carbon fibers with high surface area and porosity, suitable for adsorption and catalytic

applications. The study emphasized the versatility and potential of kapok fiber-based materials in

traditional textile fields and emerging environmental and industrial sectors.

One study by Zhang et al. (2016) found that by utilizing a simple method involving the

coating of fibers with FTS-modified graphene, superhydrophobic kapok fiber (FGRKF) could be

fabricated. The FTIR and Raman spectra analysis indicated successful modifications, with

significant changes observed in absorption peaks and spectra patterns, suggesting chemical

alterations and graphene coating. Morphological analysis via SEM revealed rougher surfaces on

modified fibers, contributing to increased hydrophobicity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

confirmed successful grafting of Si and F onto the fiber surface. Wettability tests showed a

transition from hydrophobic to superhydrophobic behavior upon modification, significantly

enhancing oil sorption capacities, with FGRKF demonstrating superior performance compared to

unmodified and graphene-only coated fibers. Reusability tests indicated slight decreases in

sorption capacity over multiple cycles, likely due to graphene detachment. Overall, FGRKF

exhibited high efficiency in oil sorption and promising reusability, making it a potential

candidate for oil spill cleanup applications, owing to its ease of fabrication and outstanding

properties.

Several studies have revealed the distinctive structural characteristics of kapok fiber,

including its hollow tubular structure with microtubes, high cellulose content, and hydrophobic

nature due to wax and acetyl group content. Kapok fiber's properties make it suitable for various

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applications such as oil absorption, buoyancy, and biodegradable materials. Surface

modifications and blending with other fibers enhance its properties, expanding its potential in

textiles, environmental cleanup, and industrial sectors. Additionally, studies explore

reinforcement potential in composite materials, highlighting the importance of processing

methods and fiber-matrix interactions for mechanical performance improvement. Further

investigations indicate the successful fabrication of superhydrophobic kapok fiber with graphene

coating, showcasing promising efficiency in oil sorption and reusability for oil spill cleanup

applications.

METHODS

Research Design

This study employs an experimental research design to investigate the viability of kapok

fiber (Ceiba pentandra) as an alternative yarn compared to cotton. The research aims to evaluate

the kapok yarn in terms of durability, texture, feasibility, and compare these properties to

conventional cotton yarn. The methodology will involve both quantitative and qualitative

approaches to ensure a comprehensive evaluation.

Quantitative Component:

 Durability Tests: The kapok yarn and cotton yarn will undergo standardized tensile

strength tests to assess the maximum load each can withstand before breaking. The test

will measure the force required to stretch the yarn until failure.

 Texture Analysis: Surface roughness will be measured using a texture analyzer,

providing quantitative data on how smooth or rough the yarn is. This test will offer a

numerical basis for comparing the feel of kapok and cotton yarn.

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  Statistical Analysis: The quantitative data collected (e.g., tensile strength, surface

roughness) will be analyzed using statistical methods such as t-tests or ANOVA to

identify any significant differences between the two yarn types.

Qualitative Component:

 Texture and Feel Assessment: A panel of assessors will evaluate the texture and hand

feel of both kapok and cotton yarn. Their feedback will be collected through

questionnaires, rating the yarns based on softness, pliability, and comfort.

 Production Feasibility: The researchers will document the ease and challenges

encountered during the spinning and weaving process of both yarns, noting the time,

effort, and energy required for each.

Sampling and Testing:

Yarn samples (kapok and cotton) will be produced using the same spinning and weaving

techniques to ensure uniformity. At least 30 samples of each type will be produced to provide a

statistically valid comparison.Each sample will undergo at least three tests for each property

being examined, ensuring the reliability and accuracy of the results.

Data Gathering Procedure

For durability, the results of tensile strength tests will be averaged and compared between

kapok and cotton yarn using standard deviation and confidence intervals.

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 For texture, both numerical values from the texture analyzer and subjective assessments

from the panel will be analyzed. Inter-rater reliability will be computed to assess the consistency

of the evaluators.

Feasibility will be assessed through direct observation and time logs, documenting the

number of steps, time spent, and energy used for the production process.

Ethical Considerations:

This study ensures that all materials are sustainably sourced, and no harmful chemicals

are used during the yarn production process. Additionally, the feedback from assessors is

collected with informed consent, ensuring their participation is voluntary and anonymous.

Materials

Kapok Fiber (Cieba Pentandra) 5kg

Water 4L

Spinning wheel or Spindle (hand maiden)

2pcs Wheels

Stick 8 pcs (4cm x 1cm)

Needle

Thread

Materials and Budgetary Requirements

Particulars Quantity or Source Cost

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 Measurements (Php)

Kapok fiber (Cieba 5kg At some places in No cost

Pentandra) Catomag, Camalig,

Albay

Water 4L At home No cost

Spinning wheel or 1 At home 100

Spindle (hand maden by the

researchers)

Sticks 8 pcs (10cm x 1cm) At home 200.00

Needle As needed At home 50.00

Thread 2 spools At home 150.00

Bike Wheels 2pcs Local Junkshop 5

Procedure:

Step 1: Harvesting and Cleaning Kapok Fiber

Harvest Kapok Pods:

 Collect mature kapok seed pods from the kapok tree (Ceiba pentandra). Only fully

developed pods are harvested to ensure the fiber quality is at its peak.

Extract Fibers:

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  Open the pods carefully using a knife and manually separate the fibers from the seeds.

Kapok fibers surround the seeds, and this step requires gentle handling to avoid damaging

the fibers.

Clean the Fibers:

 Rinse the fibers thoroughly with water to remove any dirt or impurities. After cleaning,

allow the fibers to air dry in a shaded area to prevent degradation caused by direct

sunlight.

Step 2: Spinning and Weaving

Prepare for Spinning:

 Once dried, the kapok fibers are fluffed manually by hand to separate clumps. This step

ensures that the fibers are evenly distributed before spinning.

Spin the Fibers into Yarn:

 Using a handmade spindle or spinning wheel, twist the kapok fibers to form yarn. This

process is delicate because kapok fibers are brittle and require slow, controlled twisting to

avoid breakage. Add water in small amounts during spinning to help the fibers bind

together.

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Operational Procedure:

Harvesting and Cleaning

Spinning and Weaving process

Finishing and Weaving process

Testing for different qualities

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Data Collection and Analysis

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Results (Not Done)

The study focused on evaluating the durability and performance of pure kapok fiber spun

into various thread and yarn forms. The trials conducted used different spinning techniques to

assess how the number of spun fibers impacted the strength and durability of the resulting yarn.

Trial 1: Single Thread Spun from Pure Kapok Fiber

In the first trial, a single thread of pure kapok fiber was spun. This thread was the thinnest

and, as expected, demonstrated the lowest durability. The fiber broke apart easily when pulled,

indicating that a single thread of kapok lacks the necessary tensile strength for practical

applications. Due to the nature of the fiber, this thread was fragile and unsuitable for high-stress

uses. No quantitative measurements yet were taken in this trial.

Trial 2: Two Threads Twisted Together

The second trial involved spinning two kapok threads together to form a slightly thicker

yarn. This resulted in a yarn that was marginally stronger than the single-thread counterpart but

still exhibited significant weaknesses. While the durability was improved compared to the first

trial, the yarn remained prone to breaking with minimal pulling force. The fiber still could not

support much tension, limiting its usefulness for durable textile applications.

Trial 3: Multiple Threads Twisted Together

In the third trial, several kapok threads were spun together to create a thicker yarn. This

multi-thread yarn exhibited the highest durability of the three trials. However, the increased

strength came with a notable drawback: the fibers remained loosely bound, resulting in a yarn

that was still structurally weak. The kapok fibers tended to slip and unravel due to their naturally

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slippery, waxy surface, which prevented the fibers from tightly interlocking. Despite the

improvement in strength, the yarn was still not sufficiently durable for practical textile

production, particularly for products requiring significant tensile strength.

Figure 1: Comparison of Three Yarn Types –

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Kapok, (Ceiba pentandra) - seed-hair fiber obtained from the fruit of the kapok tree or

the kapok tree itself.

 Cellulose - a complex carbohydrate, or polysaccharide, consisting of 3000 or more

glucose units.

 Superhydrophobicity - is the tendency of a surface to repel water drops.

 Hydrophobic - is a property of molecules that do not mix with water.

 Lignin - is an important organic polymer which is abundant in cell walls of some specific

cells.

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 REFERENCES

Zheng, Yian & Wang, Jintao & Zhu, Yongfeng & Wang, Aiqin. (2014). Research and

application of kapok fiber as an absorbing material: A mini review. Journal of Environmental

Sciences. 27. 10.1016/j.jes.2014.09.026

Gómez-Maqueo, X., & Gamboa-deBuen, A. (2022). The Biology of the Genus Ceiba, a

Potential Source for Sustainable Production of Natural Fiber. Plants (Basel, Switzerland),

11(4), 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11040521

Sangalang, R. H. (2021). Kapok Fiber- Structure, Characteristics and Applications: A

Review. In Oriental Journal Of Chemistry (Vol. 37, Issue 3, pp. 513–523). Oriental Scientific

Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370301

Zerga, A. Y., & Tahir, M. (2022). Biobased Kapok Fiber Nano-Structure for

Energy and Environment Application: A Critical Review. In Molecules (Vol. 27, Issue

22, p. 8107). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228107

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2024, January 15). kapok. Encyclopedia

Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/kapok

Zheng, Y., Wang, J. & Wang, A. Recent advances in the potential applications of hollow

kapok fiber-based functional materials. Cellulose 28, 5269–5292 (2021).

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03834-6

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 Zhang, X., Wang, C., Chai, W., Liu, X., Xu, Y., & Zhou, S. (2016). Kapok fiber as a

natural source for fabrication of oil absorbent. Journal of Chemical Technology and

Biotechnology, 92(7), 1613–1619. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5155

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