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L-1 and L-2: Basic Principles and Representation of Instruments

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32 views17 pages

L-1 and L-2: Basic Principles and Representation of Instruments

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mayank7.thomso
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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

CHN-210: Industrial Instrumentation


(2-0-0); Credits – 2

L-1 and L-2: Basic principles and representation of instruments

Department of Chemical Engineering

Course Instructor: Dr. Komal Tripathi


Email: [email protected]
Course Evaluation
Lectures: 2/week
Class Timings: Tuesday, Thursday (10:00 – 10:55)

Class work session (quizzes + assignment Mid Term End Term Total
+ design project) Examination Examination
25 25 50 100

Grading: Relative

Quizzes: 3

Design Project:
5 marks will be awarded to the student(s) for design project. Topics will be provided for design project.
Student are also encouraged to propose good industrial topics, will be considered if found relevant.

Soft copy of lectures will be provided


Importance of Instrumentation in Industry
Industries: Steel, Petrochemicals, Fertilizers etc.

Safety: How instrumentation helps in monitoring and maintaining safe working conditions

Efficiency: How instrumentation improves the efficiency of industrial processes by providing


real-time data (eg., % of Carbon in steel industry)

Quality Control: How instrumentation contributes to maintaining product quality through


precise measurements (eg., Purity of Urea in Fertilizers)

Efficient measuring devices/sensors are essential!


Chemical Process Industry

Raw Materials Processed/Value added/Marketable Products


Commercial Scale Operations: Need to satisfy economy, safety, quality of the product
and sustainability conditions

Chemical Plant Chemical Plant Control Room of Chemical Industry

Many unit operations, controlled/measuring devices involved


Measurement: Motivation
Purpose of Measurement:

Measurement is an essential activity in every branch of science and technology.

In a chemical process industry, we will always want to know:

➢What is the temperature in the reactor or furnace or reboiler?

➢What is the pressure in a high-pressure reactor vessel?


Measurement: Motivation
Purpose of Measurement:

➢ What is the flow rate of a process fluid in a pipe? What is the flow rate of
reflux stream in the distillation column?

➢ What is the level of liquid in a storage tank or reactor?

➢ What is the concentration in the product stream coming out of reactor?

➢ What is the pH, moisture content, conductivity and density of a sample?


Measurement: Motivation
Fundamental purpose of measurements in industrial manufacturing and
processing is to obtain a numerical value corresponding to the variable being
measured so that we can determine and improve the quality of a product or the
efficiency of production.

Length, time, temperature, pressure, etc., to a unit of measurement, such as the meter, second,
degree Celsius, mmHg, etc.
Measurement: Motivation

Example: Control of Water Level in a Tank


Measurement: Motivation
Example: A Distillation Column
Typical Process Instrumentation System
Instrumentation in Process Industry
Coal to higher alcohols

✓ Types of process variables

✓ Pressure measurement
devices

✓ Temperature measurement
devices

✓ Level measurement devices

✓ Flow measurement devices


What you will learn..
Working principles of various measuring instruments and how to select an instrument!!
❖ Basic principles and representation of instruments

❖ Performance characteristics of instruments and data analysis

❖ Transducer elements

❖ Pressure measurements: High vacuum measuring instruments

❖ Temperature measuring instruments

❖ Flow measurement

❖ Level measurement

❖ Measurement of concentration, density, viscosity and pH

❖ Control valves, piping and instrumentation diagram


Course Structure
S.No. Course Content Contact Hours

1 Introduction: Measurement and its classification by physical characteristics, direct and 2


inferential measurement, on and offline measurement
2 Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Instruments 6
3 Sensor and Transducers: Classification, principles and applications 4
4 Building Blocks of an Instrument: Transducer, amplifier, signal conditioner, signal isolation, 4
signal transmitter, display, data acquisition modules, I/O devices, signal convertors, interfaces
Mid Term Exam: 21st Feb 2024- 24th Feb 2024
5 Process Instrumentation: Working principles, merits and demerits of 9
transducers/instruments employed for the measurement of flow, level, force, pressure,
temperature, density, viscosity, humidity, pH value, turbidity, etc.
6 Miscellaneous Instruments: Indicating, transmitting and recording type instruments. 3
Instrumentation symbols and P&ID diagrams. P&ID diagram for equipment like distillation
column, heat exchange, etc.
Total hours 28
End Term Exam: 29th April 2024 – 7th May 2024
Case study 1
Exothermic reaction in CSTR
Motor
Following diagram is of continuous stirred tank
reactor where gas phase exothermic reaction Reactants
is taking place.
The reaction temperature is to be maintained
at 250° C. Reactor is supplied with cooling Cooling
water inlet
water in the jacket outside the reactor. Cooling
Pressure inside reactor becomes danger when water exit
reactor becomes full of reactants. So
Products
continuous monitoring of pressure is also
required. CSTR
(Jacketed)
How these two factors can be controlled, and
which type of sensors will be used?
Case study 1
Exothermic reaction in CSTR

Solution

The temperature will be controlled by


controlling water outlet temperature. This can
be simply done by using thermocouple

Reactor pressure will be measured using


pressure gauge
Text/Reference Books

1. Nakra B.C. and Chaudhry K.K., “Instrumentation, Measurement and Analysis”, II Ed., Tata McGraw Hill, 2009.

2. Morris, A.S. "Measurement and instrumentation principles”, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001.


(https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-5081-6.X5000-0)

3. Doeblin, E.O. (2004). “Measurement Systems: Application and Design”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limited, New Delhi.

4. Johnson, C.D. (2006). “Process control instrumentation technology”, Prentice-Hall, New Delhi.

5. Patranabis, D. (2009). “Principles of Industrial Instrumentation”, Tata McGraw-Hill Education Private Limited,
New Delhi.

6. Eckman, D. P. (2004). “Industrial Instrumentation”, CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Thank You!!!

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