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L-8 & L-9: Performance Characteristics of Instruments and Data Analysis

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12 views24 pages

L-8 & L-9: Performance Characteristics of Instruments and Data Analysis

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mayank7.thomso
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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

CHN-210: Industrial Instrumentation


(2-0-0); Credits – 2

L-8 & L-9: Performance characteristics of instruments and data analysis

Department of Chemical Engineering

Course Instructor: Dr. Komal Tripathi


Email: [email protected]
Static Characteristics

Desirable Undesirable
Accuracy Static Error Threshold

Sensitivity Dead zone


Hysteresis
Precision Drift
Desirable Static Characteristics
Linearity

It is desirable that the instrument has a linear relationship between


input and output. In that case the change in output becomes
proportional to the change in the value of the measuring quantity.

Deviation from true linearity is called linearity error.


Desirable Static Characteristics
Accuracy

Accuracy of a measurement describes how close the measurement


approaches the true value of the process variable.

Accuracy is expressed in many ways:

“Accuracy with in “±x%” means “accurate to within ±x% of


instrument span at all points of the scale”
Desirable Static Characteristics
Accuracy
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 −(𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)
% 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = *100
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 −(𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)


% 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 − 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = *100
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

If a pressure gauge of range 0-10 bar has a quoted inaccuracy of ±1.0% of


full-scale reading, then the maximum error to be expected in any reading 1
bar, the possible error is 10% of this value.
Desirable Static Characteristics
Precision

Ability of an instrument to reproduce a certain set of readings within a given


accuracy

Measurements that are close to each other are precise


Desirable Static Characteristics
Accuracy Vs Precision
Measurements can be:

High P Poor P ✓ Precise but inaccurate


✓ Neither precise nor accurate
Poor A Poor A
✓ Precise and accurate

P: Precision
High P Poor P A: Accuracy
High A Good Av A
Desirable Static Characteristics
Accuracy Vs Precision
High accuracy signifies that the mean is close to the true value

High precision means that the standard deviation σ is small


Desirable Static Characteristics
Reproducibility Vs Repeatability

Repeatability describes the degree of agreement among the output readings


when the same input is applied repetitively over a short period of time, with the
same measurement conditions, same instrument, same observer, same location
and same conditions of use maintained throughout.

Reproducibility describes the degree of agreement among the output readings for
the same input when there are changes in the method of measurement, observer,
measuring instrument, location, conditions of use and time of measurement.
Desirable Static Characteristics
Reproducibility Vs Repeatability

Both Reproducibility and Repeatability describe the spread of output


readings for the same input

This spread is referred to as repeatability if the measurement


conditions are constant and as reproducibility if the measurement
conditions vary
Desirable Static Characteristics
Reproducibility Vs Repeatability
Reliability is the probability that a device will adequately perform (as specified) for a period of
time under specified operating conditions.

Some sensors are required for safety or product quality, and therefore, they should be very
reliable

Tolerance: This is closely related to accuracy and defines the maximum error that is expected in
some measurement.

If an electric resistor has a nominal value of resistance as 1000 ohm and tolerance 5%, then it
might have an actual value between 950 to 1050 ohm
Desirable Static Characteristics
Static Sensitivity

Ratio of change in the output (response) of instrument to a change of input or


measured variable
Slope of calibration curve
Desirable Static Characteristics

∆ 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
∆ 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

The resistance value of a Resistance Thermometer changes when the


temperature increases. Therefore, the unit of sensitivity for Resistance
Thermometer is Ohm/°C

For a mercury-in-glass thermometer, if mercury levels moves by 1 cm when the


temperature changes by 10 °C, it’s sensitivity = 10 mm/10°C = 1 mm/°C
Desirable Static Characteristics
Sensitivity
Example: Output of a platinum resistance thermometer (RTD) is recorded as follows.
Calculate the sensitivity of the RTD. Input (°C) Output (°C)
0 0
100 200
200 400
Answer:
300 600
Draw an input versus output graph and the sensitivity is the 400 800
slope of the graph.

Slope of graph = (400-200) ohm/ (200-100) °C = 2 ohm/°C

Above data produces a linear relationship.


Undesirable Static Characteristics
Static Error

Difference between the true value of the quantity (under static condition)
and the measured value (value indicated by the instrument)

Static error is expressed as +a units or –a units

True value + Static error = Instrument Reading


Undesirable Static Characteristics
Dead Zone/Threshold:

Largest range of values of a measured variable to which the instrument does


not respond Output

Resolution:

Smallest increment in the measured value that can be detected with


certainty. It can be least count of instrument. Input
Dead zone
Undesirable Static Characteristics
Hysteresis
Characteristics loop we find when the instrument is calibrated first in one
direction and then in the other. This is caused by friction and backlash.

Backlash is a
clearance or lost
motion in a
Mechanism caused
by gaps between the
parts
Undesirable Static Characteristics: Zero Drift
Drift

Change in the indicated reading of an instrument over time when the


value of the measuring quantity remains constant
Scale
Reading
Zero drift (zero error)

The whole instrument calibration may


gradually shift by the same amount
(Cause: permanent set or slippage)

Zero drift is also known as Bias


Undesirable Static Characteristics: Span Drift
Span Drift (Sensitivity Drift)

A gradual change in which the calibration from zero upward changes a


proportional amount (Cause: gradual change in spring characteristics)
Undesirable Static Characteristics: Span Drift
Zero Drift + Span Drift
Desirable and Undesirable Dynamic Characteristics
Dynamic Characteristics
✓ Attributes associated with dynamic measurement

✓ Set of criteria that are used when we measure a quantity that is rapidly
varying with time

Desirable Characteristics Undesirable Characteristics


Speed of response Lag
Fidelity Dynamic error
Desirable and Undesirable Dynamic Characteristics

Dynamic Characteristics

Speed of Response: Rapidity with which an instrument responds to changes in


the measurand medium

Lag: Delay in response


Desirable and Undesirable Dynamic Characteristics

Dynamic Characteristics

Fidelity: Degree to which an instrument indicates the changes in measured


variable without the dynamic error (faithful reproduction)

Dynamic Error: True Value – Value indicated by the instrument (under


dynamic environment)
Desirable and Undesirable Dynamic Characteristics

Generalised mathematical model of an instrument

An ordinary differential equation of nth order with constant coefficients can be


considered to be a generalized model for an instrument

Solution of this equation for known input will give us the dynamic response

q0= output quantity


qin = input quantity
a, b = constant coefficients, combination of system parameters

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